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CONBHIINCDU VAN DE MO HINH HOA TRONG CHU0NG TRINH SACH GIAO KHOA MON TOAN PHO THONG TS NGUYlN DANH NAM TrUAog Bal hoc SU pham, Sal hoc Thdi N ThS HA X U A N THANH Bfi BMa due vd Bdo tao I DatvSndl Chd[.]
CONBHIINCDU- VAN DE MO HINH HOA TRONG CHU0NG TRINH SACH GIAO KHOA MON TOAN PHO THONG TS NGUYlN DANH NAM - TrUAog Bal hoc SU pham, Sal hoc Thdi N ThS HA X U A N THANH - Bfi BMa due vd Bdo tao giii quyet vin d l thdc tiln CT SGK eCia Viet Nam hifn I.DatvSndl Chddng trinh (CT) giio due phd thdng eua nhieu nhU: khii nilm dao him v i bii toin tlm vin toe t ^ t ^ nude tr§n t h l gicM dddc xay dimg theo hddng hinh ki eua mdt chit diim chuyin ddng thing; khii ni§m ticliplian nang, dd CT sich giio khoa (SGK) mdnToan va h i thdng v i bii toin tfnh diln tfch, t h l tfch; khdi nilm cap sd nhin ^ dinh gii nang Idc hpc sinh (HS) cung dupe thilt k l difa bii toin v l gijrt tiln tilt kilm, Ngoii ra, SGK edn dda vio vio cic tinh hudng thifc tiln cudc sdng Tl^u chuan mpt s6 hinh inh v l cic ddimg cd-nfc thyc t | W i ^ "bieu diln" CT toin hpc thdng cCia Hoa Ki neu niim bit phUdng trinh v i bii toin kinh t l ; xie suit, t i i % rd: "HS edn tao vd s& dung cdc iogi bieu diin khdc de t6ke md t i v i h i thdng cic bii t i p thdc hinh, Tuy nhiln, s6 chdc thiit tdp vd giao tiip cdc y tudng todn hoc; lUa chon, dplUcffig tinh hudng, md hinh toin hpc v i bii toan thuc tien eon qui it v i ehda thi/c sd trd thinh quan diem chi dao, dung vd phlin dleh cdc dang bieu dien todn hoc khdc de gidi quyit vdn di; sd dung bieu dien de mo hinh hda vd hieu xuyen sudt qui trinh day hpc cdc hiin tUpng vdt II, xd hoi vd todn hpc" [11 Vi the, bd sach Theo kit qui khio sit chung tdi thu th?p ddpe cho "Toin hoe ngd cinh" eua Hoa Ki duac rat nhieu giao thay dai da sd HS dlu mudn bilt nhdng md hinh toan hoc viln (GV) sd dung d l phit triln CT day hpc mon Toin gin thuc tiln nhdng cic em dlu khdng thucftig xuylntM lien vdi ngd cinh thuc t l Ddi vdi Cf cda Ha Lan, khoing minh tlm hieu dilu niy VI v|y, HS mong mudn S(^ 30 nam trddc Vifin Freudenthat da phit triln CT mdn Toan can ed nhilu vf du, hinh ve, md hinh sinh dpng hdnxuJi tilp cin theo hudmg gin tlln vdi thue tien Khung CT dUa phit td chinh thdc tien cudc sdng cCia cac em Nhieu Wt tren quan nilm ring toin hpc Ii boat ddng va HS can ddpe cung quan t i m din vile day hpc theo hddng tang ediHn^ tril nghldm d l khim phi tai nhiing trI thdc toan hoc bang mdi lien h i toin hoc vdi thuc tiln nhdng sd quan tam n^ cich eCia chfnh minh hay ndi each khic ti toin hpc hda sudt chi ddng lai d eip dtf thip v i chua thudng xuyen Nhieu t\(j\ qui trinh hpc Vin d l toin hoe SGK nham giiip HS dung kiln thUe CT ning v l tfnh hpc thuit khdng c6 phat triln nang life giii quylt vin dl CT SGKcOa Phap djnh nhilu vi dp, md hinh toin hoe thifc tien Cd khoing 50% sj hudng eho HS thye hinti "phuong phip tilp can khoa hoe", GV dUde khio sit cho ring lip khdng thudng xuyfin c h o ^ dd HS phii bllt: M Quan sit, dit cau hdi, trinh biy giii quylt nhdng tinh hudng thUe te ngoii SGK-Thitv^ mdt gii thuylt v i hpp thdc hda nd, tranh tuan, md hinh hda vl&etlm cic tinh hudng liln quan din thuetien h o ^ c ^ theo cich ca bin; 2/ Hilu sU ll^n he glBa cic hien tUdng tu md hinh toin hpc de minh ho? eho bii giing ddi h d i - ^ nhi§n v i ngdn ngd toin hpc ddpe i p dung d dd v i hd trd phii cd SL( tlm tdi, suy nghT tfch cife v i mIt nhieu thM gian md t i cic hidn tupng niy" [2], sif am hilu eic ITnh vyc eiia cudc sdng cCia n h ^ Nhd viy, vin d l md hinh hda va gin toin hpc vdi thue GVcon han ehl v i thdc trang "thi gl, hoe nay" van cdnMn tien rit dUpc coi trpng CT SGK ciia nhilu nUde tr§n t h l tai, Chfnh tutddng niy ciing vdi eic de thi khdng ed b i i f " gidi Dae bi^t, d cic nddc Hoa K), Australia, Ddc Canada va ed Mdn quan din thifc tlln ndn dan din viec day hpc cd Iffl Anh, ed rit nhilu t i i li^u ve day hpc md hinh hda dupe ehinh ghep cic md hinh toin hpc bj xem nhe, thim chi bd gt thdc phit hinh d tit ei eic cap dp tU tieu hoe den trung hoe mac dii ed mdt sd md hinh la din xuat de gitip HS hieu d% phd thdng v i dai hoe Trong eic t i l lieu di xiy dUng bin chit cic khii nilm toin hpc Die bilt, d l giii quy^^ dddc nhOtig vf du, nhiing tinh hudng cu t h l de ho trd GV bii tap ed lien quan din xay difng md hinh toin hpc ddi r vlfie triln ktiai day hpc md hinh hda Tuy nhien, HS ptiit cd nhdng kiln thdc, kT ning v i sU hieu b\& nt SGK mdn Toin eCia V\iX Nam, viec thiet ke eae md hinh toin djnh v l chinh cic tinh hudng thUe tien eua md hinh dd hpc v i cic bii toin ed ndi dung thUc tien phue vu cho viee Chiing tdi quan nilm bii toin ed not dung thi^ec ^ day hoe din chua ddoc nghiln cdu mot each diy du cd hai loai chinh, dd t i : bdi todn cd tinh hudng gid dinh vi Trong SGK v i cie t i i ti?u tham khio ve mdn Toan thudng chi bdi todn chUa tinh huSng IhUc Bii toan cd tinh hudng ^; ehii y tip trung lim rd nhutig van dl, nhiing bai toan cHnh Ii nhGtig bai toan cd ndi dung liln quan den thdeti^ ndi bp toin hpc Mdt sd bii tip md hinh hda chi mang tfnh chf mang tfnh chit md phdng, theo :^ chu quan eua ngiiS hinh thdc khdng khuyin khich HS tim tdi, khim phi van d l bien soan, cic dd kien khdng phin inh dung hoin to^ theo diy dii eic bude eua qua trinh md hinh hda ma ehii yeu diing vdi hi§n thdc t d dd, chdng tdi de xuit tang cuim tip tnjng vio bddc giii bii toin ngdeanh toin hoe [3] dda cic tinh hudng thUe tien vio CT SGK mdn Toin thS Hem nuci, nhilu bii toin hiu nhu mdi chi difdc xiy dung theo eic hinh thile sau diy: l/fid/ todn md dau nhSm gpi d ^ eic tinh hudng gii dinh ma ehud xuat phit tif nhifng tinh Cd, tao hdng thu eho HS va giup GV dUa tinh hudngi^ hudng thuc t l sinh ddng vin de" trddc tilp cin mdt khil nldm mdi hoac ndi d^unc Dua vin d l md hinh hda vio ehuong trinh sach mdt dinh ly mdi; 2/ Hoat ddng md hinh hda dddc thilt ke sat hoc xong mdt ddn vi kiln thdc giiip HS tjllt v|n du^ gido khoa Toin hpc cd ngudn gdc td thdc tiln, phin anh thue lien he v i sddung nhifng edng eu toin hpc phii hdp tt tien v i cd dng dpng thdc tien Tif dd, ed t h l thay moi giii quylt vin d l thdc tiln; 3/ Bdi tdp md hinh hda d\ quan h | mit thilt gida toin hpc v i thUe tiln, do viec day bii hoe giiip HS cCing c6, dio sau va md rdng kiln thCfel hpc toin khdng t h l tich rdi vin d l ll^n he vdi thdc tien [4] gi^i bii toin nhutig ngd cinh khic nhau; A/DUdn n Chiing ta cd t h l liet kd mdt sd y tddng vin dung toan hpc hinh hda giiip HS ed dilu ki|n lim viec theo nhdm trdtig IO*KKOAHQCGlAODUC NGHIEN ciiuQ thdi gian khoing hai ngiy va trinh bay bio cao ket qui tai yeu eau HS md hinh hda toan hoc, van dung kiln thdc vao cie budi xemina hoac ngoai khda toin hoe; 5/Bdi doc them giai quylt nhiing van d l thUe tien Khi giii quylt van de d cud) bii hoac cudi chddng giiip HS tim hilu v l Ijeh sdtoan tnang thyc tien ddi hdi HS phat huy ddng v i van dung kien hpc v i ngudn gdc eua cdc;/tudng toin hoc quan trpng Ddi thdc tdng hpp liln quan din nhieu mdn hpc nhd vat Ii, sinh v ^ cdc hinh thdc 1,4,5, can tang edcmg dua vio cic tinh hpc hda hpc kT thuat Nhilu md hinh toin hpc cung ddpe hudng thdc (cd tinh din sif phii hdp vdi trdi nghiem thdc te GVcac mdn hpc khdc sddung de giii thfch v i dd bao ve cac cCia HS); vdi eic hinh thdc 2,3 thl cie tinh hudng gii dinh hien tupng tif nhien, xa hpi v i mdi trddng cd the chilm du t h l Ngoai ra, SGK can dim bao tinh tham Vi du 1: Do hien tuang tan bdng, nUdc bien ddng nen mi, trinh bay nhieu hinh inh v i md hinh toin hpc sinh ddng dien tich mdt hon dda tren Thdi B'inh Duang mdi ndm bi chim gan gijl vdi cudc sdng xung quanh HS thim 2% Gid sit ndm 2015 diin tich ddo Id 1.200 km', hdi ndm Tich hop md hinh hda qud trlnh day hoc 2030 diin tich cua ddo bao nhieu? Tfch hop md hinh hda qua trinh day hpc toan Diy la bii toin HS phii huy ddng kiln thdc v l toan phii dat ddpe hai muc dich cd bin sau diy: l/MdhJnhhda hpc v i kiln thdc v l ^ a Ii, mdi trudng Kit qui thdc nghiem de hpc todn ed nghTa I i col md hinh hda I i mdt phddng tien cho thay da sd HS cd the chuyen van de thUe te sang bii ho trd viec hpc eae y tddng va khii niem toin hpc cda HS, toin sddung eip sd nhin ma khdng gap bat ki trd ngai nao vi du nhdtao ddng cd, cOng ed, vdn dung khai niem va lien fte.«i ,.^.(if' is t> t^.Ai^, L d^ J.XJ^U^TX he vdi kien thdc cua cic mdn hpc khic; 2/ Hpc todn de md hinh hda cd nghIa la coi md hinh hda ta mdt muc dich cua ^ il7i:^ i \ iJ .:a //» L, Sw t- P £,.JIL HI imu ibf viec hoc toan, qua dd bdi dUdng cho HS nang life giil quylt tnff £i£M'.n^ c£^.S^'.-JM dM van d l , nang tdc tdduy phe phin, ning lUc sddung cdng cu va ngdn ngd toan hpc de md t i , giii thich hien tuong thdc tien Ngoai ra, day hpc gin vdi mo hinh hda I i mpt cich thdc tdt de thdc hien day hoc lien mdn, day hpc tfch hdp Mia v i truyen thu "vin hda toin hpc" [5].Tfch hdp md hinh hda day hpc toin giup chuan bj tdt cho HS budc vio cudc sdng da dang sau bac hpc phd thdng, cd nang nhln mot van de dudi nhilu gdc dp khic giil quylt van de vdi nhuTng kiln thdc tdng hpp ciia nhilu mdn hpc Cach tiep cin niy t i can thiet vl moi hien tdpng cua tu nhien v i x i hdi deu tdn tai vdi tU each mpt thife the thdng nhat hdu cd Td nghidn eUu thUc tien chiing tdi de xuat mdt sd bien phap sau diy day hpc mdn Toin: i A^MW «».ar*l o) Bien phdp 1: Tdng cuiatg gcrf dpng ca md dSuxudt phdt tCr tinh hu6ng thUc tien vd yiu cdu HS thudng xuyen • ^ \ iiin hi vdi thUc tien Vile gpi ddng cd md dlu day hoe ed the xuat phdt td van d l thuc tien hoic ndi bd toin hpc L»"J « »JH Khi gpi ddng ea xuat phit td thuc tien GV ed the nlu ten: MaJ:.-.l\ =.9l'°'t „.-,.M? 7/ Thur tegdn guixung quanh cudc song cua HS; 2/ Thuc ti ^ (^ = M» xd hdi rdng Idn (kinh ti, ki thudt, quoc phdng, ); 3/ Thdc re d £03.0.r i«.Ar lS"" nhdng mdn hpc vd khoa hpc khdc (vdt ii, hda hoc, sinh hoc, ki thudt, ) Viec xuat phdt td thuc te gin giji xung quanh HS -3*-« = iC.+ d ^