Top chi Khoa hoc 21112 23b 50 S9 Trwmg Dai hoc Cdo Tha XAY DtTNG TIEU CHl DANH GIA LUAN VAN KHOA HOC GlAO DUG Trdn Thanh Ai ABSTRACT In many universities around the world, thesis is required for Maste[.]
Top chi Khoa hoc 21112 23b 50-S9 Trwmg Dai hoc Cdo Tha XAY DtTNG TIEU CHl DANH GIA LUAN VAN KHOA HOC GlAO DUG Trdn Thanh Ai ABSTRACT In many universities around the world, thesis is required for Master's programs, especially research-oriented Master The assessment of thesis is usually conferred to the councils of thesis This approach hides many problems for universities which don't have experience in scientific research and postgraduate training: it can lead to inaccurate assessments and can even cause negative impacts to training This article aims to set out objective and scientific criteria for evaluating Keywords: Assessment, thesis, educational sciences Title : Assessment crderiafor a thesis in educational sciences TOM TAT nhiiu trudng dai hoc tren thi gidi viec ldm lugn vdn Id dieu kien bdt bugc cho chuang trinh ddo tgo Thgc sl nhdl Id Thgc si theo dinh hudng nghien ciru Vi4c ddnh gid ludn vdn thudng dirac nhieu trudng dgi hgc " ihdc " cho cdc hgi ddng bdo ve ludn vdn Cdch ldm ndy dn chua nhieu bdt cdp doi vdi nhirng noi chua cd nhieu kinh nghiem ve nghien ciiu khoa hgc vd dao tgo sau dgi hgc cd the khiin cho vi?c ddnh gid thieu chinh xdc thdm chi cd the gdy nhiing ldc ddng tieu cycc den cdng tdc ddo tgo Bdi viet ndy nhdm de nhiing lieu chi ddnh gid khdch quan, khoa hgc TU khda : Ddnh gid, ludn vdn, khoa hoc gido dtic D.J.TVANDE Tu trudc ddn na\ \ iec danh gia luan van^ thudng dugc nhieu trudng dai hgc "phd thac" cho cac hdi ddng danh gia (hdi ddng bao ve luan van hoSc luan an) PhSn ldn cac hgi ddng chu ydu chi dya vao kinh nghidm nghidn ciiu va luong tri ciia cac vien de dua quydt dinh ve thu hang ciia cdng trinh, chii khdng dya Udn mdt khung danh gia cu thd chi tiet de tang muc chinh xac cua vide ludng pham chat khoa hgc cua luan van Cach lam tidm an nhidu bat cap, khidn cho vide danh gia mang nSjig cam tinh, thieu chinh xac, tham chi cd the gay nhung tac ddng tieu cyc den cdng tac dao tao Vi thd, yeu cau can phai xay dung cac tidu chi danh gia luan van la rat cap thiet Ngoai muc dich bao dam tinh khach quan, viec xa> dung cac tieu chi cdn cd y nghia rat quan ttgng Uong day hgc tich cyc ca cho ngudi da> lan ngudi hgc 1.1 Dam bao tinb ktaach quan va chinh sac viec danh gia luan van Yeu cau cap thiet phai bao dam tinh khach quan va chinh xac xuit phat tu tinh hinh danh gia luan van hidn vdi nhung dac didm nhu sau: Kh.>j Su Phgni Trucmg Dai bpc Can Tho - Trong bai viel na> tii lugn van du-jc dung de chi luan van tot nghiep dgi hpc va luan A Sn Thac si r' cd the dan den ngu\ co iam gia tang sy bat cap Uong vide danh gia luan \'an nhat la Uong giai doan phat trien dao tao dai hgc va cao hgc manh me d nudc ta nhu hidn Vi the vide xay dung cac tidu chi danh gia luEin van la can thiet de kiem soat dugc cac bidn tham gia vao qua trinh danh gia giup vide tham dinh chat lugng cua luan van dat dugc chinh xac cao han 1.2 Dinh faudng cho ngudi Iam luan van Day hgc tich cyc bat bugc ngudi day phai thdng bao cho ngudi hgc biet ttudc lg trinh tri thuc se di qua ttong sudt hgc ky, 6% ngudi hgc chu dgng co nhiJng chuan bi can thidt vd mat tri nhan (muc tieu mdn hgc, ngi dung se h o c ) va vd mat vat chat (tai lieu tham khao, phuang tien ) Trudc iam luan van, sinh vidn cung phai y thuc dugc nhiing tieu chi danh gia luan van dd hg cd the phat huy tinh tich cyc va chu ddng Trong chidu hudng viec bien soan khung danh gia dong vai ttd dac biet quan trgng uong qua ttinh dao tao lay day hgc tich cyc Iam nen tang cho cdng cudc ddi mdi giao due Hon nira lam luan van sinh vidn thudng tidp can vdi nhidu quan diem phuang phap luan khac ndn it nhidu hg sd gap bdi rdi Vi the khung danh gia se ddng vai ttd cua cgc tidn tidu giup sinh vidn dinh hudng Uong qua uinh Iam luan van 1.3 Thong nh^t phmmg phap khoa hoc doi ngu giang vien Ngay ttong cimg mdt bd mdn giang vidn cd the cd nhieu quan niem khac vd phuang phap nghien cuu va ve each thuc tidn hanh lam luan van, vi hg thudc nhieu chuyen nganh hep khac n h a u cd trinh hgc van khac dugc dao tao tir nhidu ngudn khac Cd nhiing sy khac cd the chap nhan dugc (chang han vd each trinh bay luan van vd each ggi tdn timg dd muc cua luan van, ), nhung ciing cd khdng it sy di bidt can phai md xe dd di ddn thdng nhat dd bao dam tinh khoa hgc cua cdng ttinh nghidn cuu ' Nea\ ca MCC danh gia cac bai lam theo cuDg mot d^ ihi (nghia la co cimg dap ani cung kfaoag tranh khoi s\f sai lech d6i~khiratlon NhanlS" *i w tai tai Hiap (ihang 6/20101 bao/Xiuiiimf da lam moi thir nghiem nho ; hp mm 10 giam khao cune chim doc lap mot bai lam mon Triet Ket qua la co giam Uiao chim tu 11 dan 13 diem (Uiang diem 20) va hu ^amkbao cham diem Tham cbi \aonam 2008 da co tniong hop mot bai thi mon Tnel duoc nguoi danh gia chodt^ lech den 14 di^m (I'^O^a-'-^"'iheo Z Express, son%a\ 17/6/2010)• Di CO truong h(ip mot luan an tien sT bi mot \ ien hgi d6ng danh gia cho diem cac vien khac cho diem \-a 51 Tap chi Khoa hgc 2012:23b 50-59 ? > - " ^ ^ O'^'" ''^ ^ ^ " ^ Tren nguyen tac, ngudi giang vidn phai hdi du mdt sd didu kien nhat dinh mdi cd thd hudng dan va tham gia hdi ddng cham lu?n van thac sT Nhung tten thyc te thi nguyen tic ay khdng duac thuc hien day dii vi nhu cau dao tao cac cap d nuoc ta cang gia lang Vi thd, vide xay dyng mgt khung danh gia thdng nhat se la ca sd dd giang vien hudng dan luan van de dang han ma van dam bao tinh da dang cua cac dd tai va phat huy kinh nghiem cua giang vidn tir cac ngudn dao tao khac Tdm lai khung danh gia vira la mdt djnh darig chung cho cac hgi ddng danh gia ddng thdi la kim chi nam cho mgi can bg, nhat la can bg Mh ttong hoat ddng nghien cuu khoa hgc PHlTOfNG PHAP NGHIEN C t r u Bk cd thd xay dung chuin myc chung ttong each danh gia, can phai di tim nhimg khai nidm chung cho co sd dao tao (Bd mdn Khoa) De thyc hien chiing tdi tidn hanh cac cdng doan sau day : 2.1 Khao sai each danh gii cua cac trudng d i o tao nganh khoa hoc giao due Diu tien, chiing tdi khao sat cdc khung danh gia dugc ap dung tai nhidu trudng dai hgc tten thd gidi: Dai hgc Louvain (Bi) De KELETE J.M bien soan nam 2003 trudng EESP Lausanne (Thuy ST) bien soan nam 2006 Khoa Khoa hgc Giao due Dai hgc Lumiere - Lyon (Phap) P Meirieu bidn soan 2008, Khoa Giao due va Cdng tac Xa hdi thugc Dai hgc Sydney (2009) Khao sat cac tai lieu tten day cho thay la phin Idn cac khung danh gia ddu dugc bien soan de danh gia cac cdng ttinh nghidn ciru ap dung phuang phap thuc nghiem su pham The ma ttdn thyc td cac bg mdn Khoa Su pham hudng dan sinh vien ap dung nhieu loai hinh nghidn cim khac nhau, nhu didu tra tham dd, phan tich ndi dung, md ta hien ttang, nghien cuu danh gia Vi thd, chiing tdi khdng the su dung cac khung danh gia cua cac trudng ndi trdn lam khuon mau 2.2 Khao sat cac phirong phap nghien ciru khoa hoc giao due Khi ndi den nghien cuu khoa hgc giao due, ngudi ta thudng nghT den phuang phap nghien cuu thyc nghiem, nhu thd la phuang phap nhat dugc cong nhan la khoa hgc Dinh kidn khdng phai khdng cd co sd: rit nhieu tai lieu va giao ttinh dai hgc ve nghidn cuu khoa hgc giao due chi gidi thidu phuang phap thyc nghidm ma thdi vi nhiing tai lieu dat Ugng tam vao muc tidu giiip sinh vien nim bat dugc quy trinh nghien cuu Trong thuc te, ngudi ta da su dung nhidu phuang phap nghidn cihi khac 2.2.1 Cdc logi phuang phdp nghien cuu gido due : Luge khdo mgt sd each phdn logi Cac tai lieu hudng dan nghien cdu khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van, cd khoa hgc giao due, dugc phat hanh trdn thd gidi khdng cd su thdng nhit cao vd each phan loai cac phuang phap nghien cuu cung nhu vd tdn ggi cac phuang phap dd That vay chi cin diem qua mdt vai tai lieu vd phuang phap luan nghidn cim khoa hgc ciing dii thay sy da dang Theo dieu b cua Qu^' che dao tao Thac s! Bg GD&DT ban hanh thang nSm 2008 giang vien phai co trinh - ^^Zu^ " ^ " "' ^"'^ ^°^^ ' ' ' " ' *'^° ^^ ^'^ ^'^° ^'^ •"*" '^"^'^ '^^^ S'^ ^ ^ ^ ''^> - ^ " ' ^ S dan va cham luan vSn thac Sl O Phap phai la giao su hoic c6 bang habin (Habilitation a dinger des recherches thuong d u a c \'iet til la HDR) moi duoc huong dan luan \in master s a luan an ti6n si T^ chi Khoa hoc 2012:23b 50-59 Truong Dgi hoc Cdn Tha M.-A.Tremblay phan chia nghien cuu khoa hgc cac phuang phap sau day : Nghien ciiu c a ban Iy thu\et (recherche fondamentale theorique), bao gdm nghidn ciiu xac dinh khai niem va nghidn cuu xay dyng khai niem Nghien cuu co ban thudng nghidm (recherche fondamentale empirique), bao gdm nghidn cim tham dd va nghien cuu kiem chung Nghien cuu ung dung (recherche appliquee) (Tremblay M.-A tt 57-70) 1968 Jack R Fraenke! & Norman F Wallen (sach tai ban lin thu ba, 1995) thi phan chia cac phuang phap nghien cim chi tiet han: Nghidn ciru thuc nghidm (Experimental Research) Nghien cim tuong quan (Correlational Research), Nghien cuu nhan qua — so sanh (Causal-comparative Research) Nghien cuu didu tra tham dd (Survey Research), Nghidn ciiu phan tich ngi dung (Content Analysis Research), Nghidn cuu dinh tinh (Qualitative Research) Nghidn cuu lich su (Historical Research) (ttong cac Ian tai ban tir nam 2003 cac tac gia da bo sung them nghien ciru chu the dan le (Single-Subjet Research) va nghien ciiu hdnh dgng - Action-Research) T Neville Postlethwaite liet ke cac loai nghien cuu chu ydu sau day bang each dua trdn loai thdng tin ma nghien cdu mang Iai: Nghien cuu lich su (Historical Research), Nghien cuu md ta (Descriptive Research) Nghien ciru tuang quan (Correlational Research), Nghien cuu nhan qua (Causal Research), Nghien ciru thuc nghidm (Experimental Research) Nghien ciiu trudng hgp (Case study research), Nghien ciiu chiing tdc hgc (Ethnographic Research) Nghien cim phat tridn (Development Research) (Neville Postlethwaite T., 2005, U.2-4), Cdn ddi vai G Tsafak ttong khoa hgc giao due co cac loai nghidn cuu chii ydu sau day: Nghidn cuu co ban (Recherche fondamentale) Nghidn cihi iing dung (Recherche appliquee), Nghidn cuu md ta (Recherche descriptive) Nghidn ciiu thuc nghiem (Recherche experimentale) Phan ti'ch ndi dung (Analyse de contenu) Nghien cuu lich su (Recherche historique) Nghien cuu phucmg phap luan (Recherche methodologique) (Tsafak G , 2001 U.70) Tap chi Kboa boc 2012 23b SO-59 ^^^^S S " ' boc Cdn Tha Vi cd qua nhidu each phan loai nhu thd, ndn \ iec bien soan khung danh gia chung cho tit ca cac luan van va cdng trinh ngliien cdu khoa hgc khd dat dugc tinh kha tfii 2.2.2 Ve khdi niem phuang phdp khoa hge Ciing nhu mgi kidn thuc khoa hoc phuang phap nghidn ciiu khdng ngimg dugc phat tridn tuang ung vdi su tidn bd ciia loai ngudi Vi thd, vide ddng khung cac nghien cdu theo mdt khudn mau cu the nao cung se din ddn nguy ca kim ham sy sang tao cua ngudi nghien cuu De vide nghien cuu khdng di theo ldi mdn cjuen thudc, chung tdi cho ring khdng nen xay dung khung danh gia dua trdn bat cu phuong phap ngfaien cihi nao; ma phai dua trdn tinh khoa hgc cua cdng trinh nghien cuu Dd la cac nguyen tic ma mgi nghien cuu ddu phai tuan theo dii thugc ITnh vyc nao, chuydn nganh gi, ddi tugng nghien cuu la gi Cac nguyen tac dd dugc ggi \kphuangphdp khoa hgc ma Le Thanh Khdi da dinh nghia nhu sau : "Phuang phap khoa hgc chu ydu khdng dua ket luan nao ma khdng cd chiing c u : phai dua tren nhiing ket qua cu the dugc kiem soat mdt each khach quan chd khdng phai dya tren nhimg y kien ca nhan thudng xuat phat tir kinh nghiem han hep : phai phan bidt nhihig dd lieu va sy dien dich nhung dii lidu khdng gd cac sy viec vao ly thuyet ma phai dieu chinh ly thuyet cho phu hgp vdi sy vide ; phai cd tinh phd phan, nghTa la phai chap nhan viec xem xet lai ly thuydt, du cho no da hoan chinh den dau chang nda" (Ld Thanh Khdi, 1981, dan Iai tii Tsafak G., 2001 U 77) M.-A Tremblay (1968) xac dmh phuang phap khoa hgc bang each Hdt kd cac tieu chi sau day de mdt phucmg phap nghien cuu dugc cdng nhan la phuang phap khoa hgc : Cd su dung mdt khung tham chieu (nhim xac dinh cac gidi han cua nghien cuu va cac bien tac ddng den hien tugng dang nghidn cdu), Cac du lieu phai tuong thich v gdm cac phin sau day : Md ta tien trinh thyc hien nghien ciiu Trinh bay ket qua phan tich da tidn hanh Danh gia tinh xac dang ciia kdt qua xu Iy dir lidu nghidn cuu Dien giai kdt qua dd bing each ddi chidu vdi gia thuydt nghien cuu va vdi nhirng cdng ttinh nghien cuu trudc day, dd lam noi bat sy dong gdp ciia cdng ttinh hoac cai mdi cua nghidn cim Trinh bay gidi han cd nghTa cua kdt qua dd tai (cac didu kidn de kdt qua cd gia tti) Phan kit lugn nham tdm tit cac kdt qua tiiu dugc va nhiing dien giai quan ttgng dugc xem nhu la phan ddng gdp ciia cdng ttinh ddng thdi chi nhimg gidi han cua nghien ctm dd xac dinh pham vi khai quat hoa ciia kdt qua (y nghia ly thuydt va tiiyc hanh) Tu nhdng gidi han nay, tac gia se dh hudng nghien cuu tidp tiieo Tap chi Khoa hqc 2012 23b 50-59 Truang Dgi hgc Cdn Tlia 3.1 Ve each trinh bdy cdc xudt xii trich dan vd thu muc Day la phan cd rat nhieu di bidt ttong gidi nghien ciiu d Vidt Nam cac nha khoa hgc dugc dao tao tu rat nhieu ngudn, va thudc nhidu thd he Vi the vide "chuan hoa" each trinh bay xuat xd ttich din va thu muc la rit can thiet Nguyen tac chii dao lam ndn tang cho vide chgn lua "chuan" ia su tien dung cho ngudi dgc va tiet kidm cdng sue cho ngudi vidt den muc tdi thieu''*' nhung vin dat dugc hieu qua thdng tin cao Hidn ttdn the gidi, cd rat nhidu chuan khac Tuy nhidn, nhieu tap chi khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van cung nhu khoa hgc giao due ttdn thd gidi yeu cau cac nha khoa hgc su dung chuan APA (American Psychological Association) hoac nguydii ban hoac co didu chinh cho phu hgp vdi timg ngdn ngii Vi the, td vai thap nien ddn nay, chuan APA ban gdc hoac ban dieu chinh da dugc su dung rgng rai tten toan the gidi, rat nhieu linh vyc nghien cuu khac 3.2 Thong nhat ve thang diSm danh gia Vide thdng nhat barem diem khdng khd mgt hdi ddng dao tao thdng nhat dugc khung danh gia (Xem dd nghi cu thd ttong phin Phu luc) KET LUAN VA DE NGHI Danh gia viec hgc tap la mdt cdng doan vd cimg quan trgng ttong qua trinh dao tao Nd vua co chuc nang tdng ket qua trinh xay dung kien thuc va ky nang cua sinh vien (fonction sommative) vda mang y nghia dao tao (fonction formative) Danh gia lu^n van tdt nghiep Iai cang quan ttgng va phuc tap hon vi ddi tugng dugc danh gia la mdt hoat ddng khoa hix: ciia sinh vidn vua mang tinh chat kd thira tti thuc ciia cgng ddng khoa hgc vua la mgt san pham tti tue sang tao ciia ca nhan xd ly mdt tinh hudng nghidn cuu dac thu Vi the, cdng viec danh gia luan van nhit thidt phai dya trdn mdt khung danh gia tuan tini nhiing nguydn tic khoa hgc chat chd mdi cd the gop phan dao tao dugc cac the he cac nha khoa hgc cd nang luc nghidn cdu viing vang Chung tdi da dy thao mdt khung danh gia (xem Phu luc) nhim phat huy tdi da nhung nguyen tic khoa hgc da uinh bay d ttdn va de nghi cac dan vi dao tao ttong nganh Su pham nghien cuu ap dung Thang didm dy kidn chi mang tinh tham khao, vi thd cac don vi cd the dieu chinh cho phii hgp vdi ttgng tam ma don vi minh nhim den Tac gia chan cam on Hdi ddng Khoa hoc va Dao tao ciia Khoa Su Pham da ddng gdp y kidn cho bai vidt TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Centre Jeunesse de Montreal, 2009, Criteres tl'evaluation scientifique, www.cenlrejeunessedemontreal.qc.ca/recherche/Doc%CER/Grille_eval_scientifique.doc Truy cap 25/9/2009 Dawoud Mamdouh, 1994, Recherche en educalion, Nxb Editions Nouvelles, Ottawa, Canada De Kelete J.M, 2003 Grille d'evaluation d'un rappoit scientifique, Rediger un rapporl scieniiftque Bulletin Universitaire de Pedagogie n''27, Dai hpc Louvain, Bi '*' Thang 10 nam 2009 nhan ky niem 40 nim nga> dm Internet Google da th6ng ke hien co hon I 000 ty trang web va ngiioi ta d3 tmh loan ring cu nh& ta> cua nhirng nha sang lap go dtr mot dau / ihii tue khai bao dia chi web http //W'v^1^ d3 chiem mot dung luong khong Id Tgp chi Khoa h^c 2012:23b 50-59 T'^'^S Gai lioc Ca,i Tba EESP 2006 Guide de realisalion de presentation et devaluation des memoires defin deludes pour I obienlion des diplomes HES, Lausanne, www.eesp-ch Faculty of Education and Social Work 2009, MTeach Honours Assessment Rubric, Universit>' of Sydney FESP, 2006, Preparer sa these ou son memoire : Guide pour les etudiants diplomes et les direcleurs de recherche, Dai hoc Ottawa, Canada Fraenkel Jack R & Wallen Norman P., 2003 How lo Design and Evaluate Research of Education Mc Grawhill Meirieu P 2008 Grille de relecture et devaluation d'un memoire de sciences de I'education, Dai hpc Lumiere - Lyon 2, Phap, tniy cap 24/12/2009 tai dia chi www.meirieu.com''COL'RS grillederelecture.pdf Neville Postlethwaite T., 2005, Educational research- some basic concepts and terminology, UNESCO Intematioanl Institute for Educational Planning Paris Oliva F, Peter, 2006 Xdy dung chucmg trinh hoc Nxb Giao due Ha Noi Key O 2006, Qu*est-ce qu'une « bonne » recherche en education ? tap chi Veille scientifique el lechnologique, n° 18 — 5/2006 Tremblay M.-A,, l % Initiaiion d la recherche dans les sciences humaines, Montreal, McGraw-Hill, 425 tr Tu sach dien tii "Les classiques des sciences sociales" ph6 bien tren mang tii thang nhm 2010 Tsafak G 2001, Comprendre les sciences de I'education, L'Harmattan, Paris Universite du Quebec en Abitibi-Temiscamingue, 2007, Document d'informaiion sur le programme de mailrise en psychoeducation, Canada Univereite du Quebec a Montreal, 2008, Guide du memoire, truy cap tai dia chi w wu.travailsocial.uquam ca/Profil/Document/Maitrise/GuideMaitriseMemoire.doc 25/9'2009 T