I NGHIEN Clill Ll LUAN ca sd TAM Ll GIAO DUG HOG GUA VIEG XAG DjNH N O I DUNG GIAO DUC PHO THONG THEO TIEP CAN NANG LUC N G U Y I N HdNG THUAN men Khoa hoc Gido due VI£t Nam Email hongthuan70@gmall co[.]
I NGHIEN Clill Ll LUAN ca sd TAM Ll - GIAO DUG HOG GUA VIEG XAG DjNH N O I DUNG GIAO DUC PHO THONG THEO TIEP CAN NANG LUC N G U Y I N HdNG THUAN men Khoa hoc Gido due VI£t Nam Email: hongthuan70@gmall.com Torn tdt: Bdi cdnh todn cau hda vd hdi nhdp qudc tiddi hdi nin gido due Viet Nam phdi doi mdi mgt cach can bd vd todn diin ttftriit li, muc tieu din ndi dung, phuang phdp vd hinh thdc gido due - ddo tga Viic phdt tnen chuang trinh gido ducpho thdng theo tiip edn ndng lue Id Itfa ehgn tdtyeu khdeh quan vdphu hgp vdixu the chung Trong dd, muc ti gido due phdi thi hiin rd he thdng cdc ndng lUc vd phdm chdt cdt loi cdn hinh thdnh dngUdi hge Dd Id edn cdca bdn H xde dinh npi dung vd hinh thtfc gido due phu hgp Npi dung gido due thdng edn tinh gidn, tich hgp, khoa hge, hien Ha vd phdi Id cdng cu Id nen tdng vdng chdedingudi hge cd thi phdt triin tdi da ndng Itfc hogt dpng cua moi ed nhdn thuc tien cupc sdng Ddng thdi npi dung gido due thdng phdi phCi hgp vdi ddc diem phdt tdm li vd nhdn thtfc cda sinh Viet Nam; mang bdn sdc ddn tde vd phd hap vdi diiu kiin cCia moi nhd trUdng dja phUdng vd ddt nudc Ttf khda: Npidung gido ducpho thdng; tdm lihgc; gido due hge (Nhdn bdi ngdy 23/11/2016; Nhdn kit qud phdn biin vd chinh stfa ngdy 05/01/2017; Duyit ddng ngdy 25/01/2017 I.OItvlnde Bdi d n h toln d u hda va hdi nhap qudc t l , ddi hdi nin gilo due (GD) Vilt Nam phli ddi mdi mdt d c h d n bin v l toan diln tQ triet li, mue tieu d i n ndi dung, phuong phIp va hinh thQc GD, dIo tao, nhlm phIt triln cho ngudi hpe he thdng nlng lye (NL) d n thiet de cd t h i tham gia vIo thi trUdng lao ddng nUdc va qudc t l Viec phat triln NL cho mdi d nhan bit dau tQ giai doan GD cO sd nin phat triln chuong trinh GD phd thdng (CTGDPT) theo tiep can NL 11 iUa chpn tat yeu khich quan va phu hop vdi xu t h i chung Ngly 27/3/2015, Thu tudng Chinh phu da Quylt djnh sd 404/QD-TTg, phe duyet O l an ddi mdi ehUong trinh, sleh giao khoa GD phd thdng, theo tinh thin Nghi quylt 29-NQ/TW ngly 4/1/2013, Nghi quyet 88/2014/ QH13 ngly 28/11/014 v l Tuyen bd eiia Td ehdc UNESCQ: "Hpe de bilt - Hpe de llm - Hoe de chung sdng - Hoe de ty khlng djnh minh", gdp phan tao chuyen bien can ban ve chit luong, hilu qua GD va phIt trien ngUdi Viet Nam toln dien v l OQc, Tri, The, MT, hudng tdi "edng dan toln du" Theo dinh hudng nay, npi dung CTGDPT can duoc xay dung de tao lap NL theo nang ciia mdi c l nhan va g i n vdi d e hoat ddng (HO) dac thu ciia hpe sinh (HS) q u i trinh GD Odi vdi nudc ta, van de cdn kha mdi m^ va can dupe nghien cQu hit sdc ki ludng tQ nhilu gde dp khoa hoc hen quan, tQ dd, xac dinh ndi dung GDPT (NDGDPT) d i p Qng yeu d u mdi, Dudi day la phan tich tQgde nhin cuaTIm li hoc va GD hoe, nhlm dUa nhQng tieu chi co ban, mang tinh nguyen tac hole yeu d u chung viec xlc dinh NDGDPT theo t i l p d n NL S8 • KHOA HOC GlAO DUC Khai niem noi dung gido due thong Theo nghTa hep, ndi dung GD II he thdng kien thQc khoa hpe va kT nang (KN) thQc hinh cung nhucic y tudng triet hpe, dao dQc va tham mT m l HS d n nlm vQng qua trinh hpe tap (HT) Vdi tiep d n khae (day dd hon), NDGDPT Id mptbd phdn cua CTGDPT, nd bao gdm he thdng tri thtfc, KN th dp vd gid tn ca bdn cdn bPi dUdng cho HS thdng vd cdc yiu td vdn hdnh eua nd nhdm ddp tfng muc tiiu GD Theo dd, d u true cda NDGDPT bao gdm: Ndi dung hpe vin (gdm:Tri thQc, PhQPng thQc HD, Gil trj - CIm xuc, ); Cic yiu tdvdn hdnh eua ndi dung hpe v l n (gdm: Ndi dung ele HD GD; Mdi trUdng GD; Odng lUc GD v l tU GD; SSn pham cua GD, ) Ctf sd tam H hoc vd giao due hoc ciia viec phIt trien noi dung giao due phd thdng 3.1 Qud trinh nhdn thtfc vd bdn chdt cda hoc tap Trong nhan thQc t h i gidi, ngQdi ed t h i dat tdi nhQng mQc dd nhan thQc khlc nhau, tQ thap den cao, ti/ don giln d i n phQc tap Lenin da tdng kit quy lult chung nhat cua HD nhan thQc nhQ sau: "TQ trQc quan sinh ddng d i n tQ trQu tuong va tQ tQ trQu tQpng den thilc tien, la dQdng bien chQng cua sU nhan thQc chan li, cua sy nhan thQc thQc tai khich quan" Hoc la HO chu dao d HS, II HO ed ddi tQong va coy thQc Odi tuang ciia HD hoe 11 tri thQc, KN v l gia tri, di/oc ea nhan tai tao vdi vai trd II ehu the tieh eye, ChQc nang cua su hoe ia t l i tao nhQng tri thQc da cd kho tang van hda loli ngudi, qua dd, tao sU phIt triln ciia chii th^ Mudn hinh thinh HO HT d HS, trUde h i t can hinh d cac em ddng co v l mue dich hoc tap dung din NGHIEN CUrULfLUANtQ 3.2 Ndng Itfe vd stf phdt trien ndng Itfe cda ngUdS nghi nghiip va chuan bj cho giai doan hoc sau thdng cd chit lupng Ndi dung GD phli d i m b i o tinh phd thdng, cd b i n , NL II td hpp nhQng thuoc tinh ddc dIo cda d nhan, :d nghTa la: (1) NL gdm nhilu thudc tinh k i t hpp, tuong toan diln, cd su dinh hudng nghi nghiep, cd tinh he ae lan nhau, die trQng cho mdi d nhan; (2) NL eua c l thdng, g i n liln vdi thyc t i l n cudc sdng va phii hpp vdi ihan chi gdm nhCmg thudc tinh tuong Qng vdi ddi hdi tam - sinh If IQa tudi HS PhUPng phIp va hinh thQc GD la su the hiln tdng hpp viec td chQc ele HO thue t i l n GD :ua mdt HO nhat djnh, lam cho HO dd dat k i t q u i cao Sdnchdf cua A/L-NLkhdng phli la nang (ability), va tu GD cOa ngudi nhlm giup ho ITnh hdi mdt elch thdng phli tiem nlng (potential) ma la d i tdn tai that tieh cue, sing tao d c g i l tri van hda, ddng thdi gdp phIn III ciia d nhln, dupc the hien thdng qua HO cd k i t q u i tao nen cle g i l tri mdi eho ddi sdng xa hdi [peri'ormance) nhu: Hilu suit, nang suit va chat lupng 3.4.2 Quan diim ve ndi dung hge vdn thdng sin pham._TQehat eua mdi d nhan I I nhQng dac diem Trong bdi d n h t o l n d u hda, hdi nhap qudc t l , bam sinh va di truyin Id tiin di vdt chdt can thiit eho stf Chinh phu v l nglnh GD d l dUa quan dilm chi dao hinh thdnh vd phdt triin NL, Inh hudng d i n sukhle bilt va djnh hudng phIt trien GD; ddng thdi, ele nghiin cQu vlNL d va ngoai nudc deu xlc djnh, NDGDPT phli d i m Quy trinh bdi dudng NL HS cd nhieu budc, nhung bio: (1) Cap nhat su phat trien cua khoa hpe; (2) Gin vdi quan trpng nhat 11 xac dinh dupc nang nhan thQc, thyc tien cudc sdng; (3) Phii hpp vdi t h i gidi hien dai; nhu d u , hQng thu v l thai dd cQa HS ddi vdi HO HT TQ (4) Lam co sd eho hpe tap suot ddi; (5) Hinh thinh, phIt dd, nha GD cd phQOng phIp ren luyen, bdi dQdng phu trien tu phe phIn, sing tao, NL gili quylt vln de hpp va hieu qui Ben canh dd, vile tham gia d c HO t r l i va hop tie; (7) Hinh thai dp, gia trj; (8) Quan tam nghiim sang tao II ^ l u kiln diJ d l HS holn thien nhCmg tdi ele van de toan d u ; (9) Tich hpp/ nhan manh tdi GD ICT, ngoai ngQ; (10) DUa ndi dung GD hudng nghiep vIo NL d n t h i l t capTrung hpe thdng, GD nghi cho HS (dc module/ 3.3 t>dc diim tdm - sinh licda ngUdi hge mdi thin kl, c l nhln the hien nhQng net t i m - sinh mdn hoc v l iCT, kinh doanh, ) li mang tinh dac thu, t i e ddng den sy nhan thQc eua hp 3.4.3 Quan diem ve vdn hdnh npi dung gido due Nha GD cIn nlm duoe dieu de thilt ke ndi dung thdng GD phii hop, nhlm dat dupc myc tieu da dat Vi vly, Cac nha khoa hpe GD tren t h i gidi va d V i l t Nam ndi dung GD can cd su k i t hop giQa kien thQc, thdng tin da dua nhieu quandiem.tutudng, lithuylt liln quan ciing vdi d c HO hole ed kem theo hinh minh hpa ey t h i d i n HO day - hoe Trong dd, cd nhilu ludng tQ tQdng t i l n Vi the xa hdi va cle mdi quan he xa hdi ciia HS phd bd vdi nhQng li thuylt v l day - hpe ed gia trj khoa hpe thdng ed sU thay ddi theo IQa tudi, cung vdi nhQng van cao t h i gidi dQong dai, nhQ: de cua euoc sdng, lam xult hien d HS phd thdng nhu cau Cdc li thuyet sinh U hge vi HT: Li thuylt liln t u ^ g ; nhan thQc t h i gidi, hieu bilt x l hdi v l d c chuan myc Li thuylt phIn xa cd dilu kiln; Li thuylt bd mIy hpe; Li quan he ngUcri - ngudi, hilu minh v l ty khlng djnh minh thuyet trj lieu lam sing; xa hdi Cdc /(' thuyit tdm li hge vd xd hpi hge vi HT: CIc li Odi tQpng nhan thQc x l hpi d HS phd thdng chd thuylt tam li hoc nhln thdc (gdm: Li thuylt phIt sinh yeu la ngQdi thin, ban be eung trang IQa; nhutig ngUdi nhln thdc; Li thuyet i l l nhan thQc; Li thuylt tri t u l da ndi tieng xa hdi nhQ: Ngdi ca nhae, clu thCi dang va phong elch hoc; Li thuylt vung can phIt triln; bdng d l , dien viln, ngQdi mau va bin than d c em Lithuylt hanh ddng tri tue theo giai doan; Li thuylt khIi Nhan thQc xa hdi ciia HS phd thdng chUa thyc sy holn quit hda ndi dung; Li thuyet nhln thQc linh hoat ); Cle thien v l dn d\nh chu y l u dua tren cae phuang tien cdng li thuylt tam li hpe hanh vl va xa hdi (gdm: Li thuylt nhu nghe thdng tin va truyin thdng eau ngUdi; Li thuylt hinh vi HT; Li thuylt nhdm HT; Li 3.4 Mpt sd quan diim vd li thuyet gido due dUOng thuylt tri tue xQc elm; Li thuyet kiln tao day hpe; dgi tiiu bieu Li thuylt HT trli nghiem; Li thuylt hoc x l hdi; Li thuyet 3.4.1 Triet livd mue tiiu gido due thdng hoc hop tac } Triet li GD theo tinh t h i n Nghi quylt Oai hdi XI 11: Cde /(' thuyit qudn li vi HT: Li thuylt dilu khien hoc; Xay dung nin GD nhan vln, thyc hpe, thyc nghiep, hinh Li thuyet he thdng; Li thuyet xQ li v l gili ma thdng tin; Li va phat triln, phIt huy gil trj bin than d ngudi thuyet ve tinh san sang HT; hpe nhlm phye vy dac iQc eho sQ phat triln ngQdi Cdc li thuyit sUphgm vi HT: Li thuyet hoc dUa vIo - muc tieu va ddng lye cua sQ phat tnen kinh te - xa hdi van de va giai quylt van de; Li thuylt HT tinh hudng hda; TQdd, muc t i l u GD phd thdng la: Tap trung phIt trien tri Li thuyet £-Learning; Li thuylt HT chuong trinh hda; Li tue, t h i chit, hinh pham chat, NL cdng dan, phat thuyet hoc IQ xa; Li thuylt HT dya vIo Graph/So dd tU hien v l bdi dudng nang khilu, dinh hudng nghe nghiep duy; cho HS; Trong dd, bao dim eho HSed trinh dd trung hoe Phuang phdp GD d n dam bio: (1) Day - hpe tich cue CO sd cd tri thQc phd thdng nen tang, phan ludng manh nham phIt triln cac NL eho HS; (2) Cho HS thUc hanh, sau trung hpe co sd; trung hoc phd thdng phai tiep can van dung kiln thQc, KN vIo d c tinh hudng thUe te toe sti 136-THANG 1/2017 • 59 Q NGHIEN Cim Li LUAN b i n v l nen ting, thiet thuc, cd van dung vIo thuc tien lien quan den mdn hoc, giup HS v l n dung d l gili quyet nhilu van de khlc cudc sdng thQc tiln sinh ddng v l da dang Tranh vile dUa nhiftig tinh hudng mIy mdc, hinh thQc va chi ed sach vd Ddng thdi, thdng qua viec gili quylt d c nhiem vy mang tinh thi/c tien, HS mdi ed cd hdi the hien NL v l pham chat d nhan Nhd do, GV cd CO sd va bIng chQng de dinh gil kit quj HTcQaHS 4.5 Ddm bdo tinh tiip ndi Hen thdng CTGDPT d n d i m b l o tinh chinh the eua chuong trinh GD d c d p hpe va trinh dIo tao, d i m blo tiep ndi tQ CTGDPT mam non d i n CTGDPT va chQong trinh GD nghi nghiep, dai hoe; lien thdng giQa d c mdn hoc v l b l i hpe; the hiln dQOc sU ke thQa, phIt triln, gin kit, Cy the II, ndi dung GD dQpc lUa chpn d mdn hpe hay linh VUC HT nly phli d i m b l o II eP sd, II cdng cy eho vile HT d c ITnh VUc hay mdn hoc khlc Su t i l p ndi va liln thong giQa d e mdn hoe hay ITnh vQc HT cdn giup dam blo sy thdng nhat, trinh m l u thuan v l trung lap ndi dung giQci ele bd mdn 4.6 Binh hudng tich hop vdphdn hda Chuong trinh khdng chi thuIn bao gdm cac mdn hpe theo truyin thdng m l cdn dUpc tich hop, qua vile xly dung cle mdn hpe; cle ITnh vQc HT; cae"chCi He HV rdng, liln mdn, g i n vdi thyc t i l n v l mang tinh toSn d u SQtich hop ed t h i thyc hien "ndi bd"m6n hoc hole giQa d e ITnh vQe khlc ChUPng trinh dupe tich hop cao d d c Idp dudi, phan hda rd tQ trung hpe co sd va sau hon d trung hoc phd thdng Gilm sd mdn hoc bit budc mdi dp hpe, Idp hpe v l t i n g cle mdn hpe ty chpn, Ldng gh^p d c ndi dung lien quan d i n cua mdt sd ITnh vi/c GD/mdn hpe hien hinh, hinh thinh d c mdn hod 4.2 Ddm bdo tinh cabin, cdn ddi, todn dien chuyen de tich hop, bit bude hole tu chpn d trung hoc De mdi d nhan phat huy duae tdi da tiem nlng, phd thdng d i p Qng nhu cau, nlng khilu v l dinh hudng ed nhQng kiln thQc, KN can thiet cho cudc sdng xa hpi nghe nghiip ciia HS hien dai, eho "HT sudt ddi" Cy the, NDGDPT ed the bao 4.7 Phil hgp quy ludt phdt trien, quy ludt nhdn gdm: GD ngdn ngQva ngoai ngd, toln, cdng nghe, khoa thtfc cua ngUdi hge hpe ty nhien, khoa hoc x l hdi, the chat, , GD pham chat 4.7.1 Phil hap quy ludt phdt trien sinh li vd vdn ddng nhan elch, gia tn sdng, KN sdng, thdng qua HO GD trli eua ngudi hoc nghiem, tU chpn, nhU: GD van hda, tham mT, GD mdi Trong qua trinh phat trien cua ngUdi, mdi giai trudng, GD truyin thdng ljch sQ, doan hay IQa tudi lai cd nhQng net die trQng rieng mi 4.3 Phil hgp logic kiin thtfc mdn hge/linh vtfe hgenhl GD can nlm dQoc de dQa chUOng trinh GD phO tap hop nhlm dat hieu q u i cao, g i n vdi myc tieu da dat ra, MOI mdn hoc hay ITnh vyc HT se ed die thu nlng, Chang han, d HS Tieu hoc, he co v l xuong chifa vdi nhQng mach kien thQc dam bao tinh he thdng va duoc phat trien holn thien, sQc manh, ben, kheo cua cac logic, tQ dan giln den phQc tap, tQ de den khd tQ cu the em cdn nhieu han che, ndi dung GD the chat hay cac HD den trQu tupng Do dd, du ehi lua chpn v l xle dmh ndi hpe tap d n phli vQa sdc, thdi gian cho mdi HD v l cQdng dung tdi thieu can thiet de HS cd the sQ dung gili quyet dd HO d mdi tiet hoe, bli hoc eung d n gidi han it hon nhdng nhiem vy HT mang tinh thuc tien cao nhUng van so vdi d p tren can dam bao tuan thu tinh logic die thii cua mdn hpe 4.7.2 Phu hgp quy ludt nhdn thtfc cua ngUdi hge hay hnh vUc HT Trong viec nhan thQc t h i gidi, ngQdi cd t h i dat 4.4 Ddm bdo cdn doi gitfa li thuyit va thUe hdnh, tdi nhQng mQc dp nhan thQc khae nhau, tQ thap den cao, van dung thtfc tiin tQ don gian den phQc tap Do dd, viec lya chon dc n6i Noi dung GD duoc lua chon phli dim bio tinh co dung GD cho HS can cln cQvao cle quy luat (3) Oa dang hda ele HO hoc; cho HS tim tdi khIm pha, nghiin cQu, thUe hien ele d i i l n HT-tham gia HO xa hdi; (4) Tang Qng dyng cdng nghe thdng tin; (S) GD KN sdng eho HS qui trinh day hpe; (6) Tao thuan Ipi eho sU tham gia, gin kit, phdi hpp cda gia dinh, cdng ddng vdi nhl trQdng Hinh thtfc tochdc GD d n d i m bio: (1) PhIt huy tich eye eua HS: HO nhdm, HO thyc hinh, HO trli nghiem sing tao, (2) Phat huy NL ciia HS Tieu chi phat trien noi dung giio due thong theo tiep cln nang life Chuong trinh GD d n dupe xly dyng dya tren Chuan Dudi dly la nhQng tieu chi cu t h i , mang tinh nguyIn tie xay dung NDGDPT 4.1 Phd hop vdi muc tiiu gido due Khi thilt ke hay phat trien mdt chQOng trinh GD, trQdc hit can xac djnh rd mue t i l u dau cua chuong trinh dd CTGDPT mdi hucffig den viec hinh thinh d c NL cdt Idi, dd la: NL tu duy, NL gili quylt van d l , NL giao tiep, NL hop tac NL ty hoe, NL quIn li bin than, NL sing tao, Dly ehinh 11 sucy thehda cua myc tieu GD, la eancQde xle ^ n h ndi dung, phQong phap, hinh thQc GD v l xle djnh elch dinh g i l k i t q u i GD Theo do, vile lya chpn v l xle djnh ndi dung GD (kiln thQc, KN, thai do, gia tn) phu hpp v l thilt yeu de phat trien nhQng NL, pham chit cdt Idi Xem xet iQpc bd nhQng kiln thQc it dQpe sQ dung de gili quylt nhutig van de phd biln thUe tien, trinh vile qua le thudc vIo tri thUe khoa hoc ciia tQng bd mdn mang tinh han lam, Ben canh dd, can lya chpn nhQng ndi dung GD phii hop d l giup phat triln d HS dc suy luan khoa hoc, tri tudng tuong khdng gian va tinh sang tao gili quylt van de khoa hoc v l cude sdng • KHOA HOC GIAO DUG NGHIEN CUU U LUAN ^ Oua phan thUdng ed g i l trj cho d e nhilm vu HT don giln; (4) Cdng khai rd rang d c phIn thudng ed sin; (5) Cho HS CO hdi quan sat hinh mau; (5) Tao co hdi d l HS tham gia d c HO xa hdi; (7) Cung d p d e hinh m l u d l sQa chQa d c khuylt diem dupe gdp y, 4.S Phu hap quy ludt hinh thdnh vd phdt trien ndng Itfe eua ngUdi hoc NL ciia ngudi hpe dupe d u true bdi: Tri thQc, KN va t h l i dd/gil tri Vi vly, GD mudn hudng tdi phIt triln NL ngudi hpe d n ed su tie ddng day dO v l toln dien len d ba tiianh td nay,Trong dd, KN eua ngUdi hpe II thinh td cdt IdL D l c l nhan hoan thien KN cua minh, phli ed stf hudng dan cua ngudi GV Dae bilt, phIt triln NL cua HS tieu hoc chu ylu thdng qua HD t h i chat va hinh ddng b i t chude theo hudng dan cCia GV va khuyen khich tre sang tao theo y rilng cua minh Odi vdi t r i Idn, viec phIt triln NL lai thudng bit dau tQ vile nhln thQc v l the gidi tQ nhien v l x l hdi, tQ dd tre tu suy nghT v l lua chpn hanh vi va i ^ g xQ phu hpp Odi vert bdi dudng t l i nang, d n tao ca hpi eho HS cd t h i phat trien nang khilu bIng d c HO bd sung, nang cao Quy trinh de bdi dudng HS d n ed nhilu bUde, nhutig quan trpng nhat I I xle djnh ehinh xlc dUpc khuynh hudng NL, nhu d u hQng thu cua tre ddi vdi HO 4,7J Phu hap vdi ddc diim tinh edm eua hge sinh hoc tap mdi IQa tudi, 6nh d m cua HS cung cd sU khlc 4.9 Phil hop bdi cdnh vd dieu kien gido due biet Vi dy: Tinh d m cQa HS t i l u hoc thudng kem b i n a) Phu hap vdi ddc trUng vung miin vCfng va dupe xay dUng dua t r l n sy say me va y l u thich Khi GD ve mdi trQdng thi ddi vdi nhQng tinh mien mot dieu gi dd Vi the, xay dung ndi dung GD, d n cd nui phia Bic, ndi dung GD d n hudng tdi de cap van d l nhiifng hinh tupng minh hpa hoac nhCmg nhan v l t cu Inh hudng cua lu quet, IQ dng, sat dat Odi vdi ele tinh t h i di hinh thinh d HS tinh elm dao dQc miln Nam II hien tupng xam thUe dat, nUde dang cao 4.7.4 Phu hgp vdi ddc diem xu hudng cua hge sinh lam ngap vung ddng bang Xu hucmg eua d nhln II y dinh hudng tdi ddi tupng b) Phil hap vdi diiu kien dgy hge eua dia phuang mdt thdi gian llu d i i nhlm thda mIn nhi^ig nhu Chang han nhU: Td chQc cle HO trli nghiem sang d u hay hQng thu eua ban than Vi du Vdi HS trung hpe tao hoac thQc hanh cln gan vdi mdi trQdng ty nhien phd thdng, GV cd t h i GD hudng nghiep de d c em v l xa hdi cua dia phuang; cho HS di tham quan hole hudng v l mdt nganh hoc nao dd tUcmg lai phu thUe hinh sin xuat tai d c doanh nghiip hay d c ndng hpp vdi sd thich, NL va dap Qng nhu d u x l hdi trudng, ddng rudng, nJTig,., 4.7.5 Phu hgp vdi ddc diem dpng cacua hge sinh Ddi vdi viing khd khan, cle trang thilt bi day hpe Viec kiem solt ddng co HT d HS, thudng di theo edn han ehe thi vile thilt k l ndi dung mdn hoc can phIt hudng chinh: Kilm soat d c loai ddng co ben ngoai (tie huy tdi da dieu kien hien cd hole huy ddng sU sing tao ddng eua nhdm ban be, gia dinh ); Kiem solt ddng co tu lam thilt b| day hpe, dua tren ngudn nguyIn lieu sin ndi tai thdng qua d c tests xa hdi Cln Qng dung nguyen cd tic T i e ddng qua lai giQa kit q u i HT vdi ddng co HT Khi day hpe mdn Ljch sQ, thay vi nhung noi ed dieu cua HS' Vl nhd ddng eo ndi tai m l HS cd tfch hpe kien eho HS di tham quan, xem phim tU lieu thi ed the t i p cao, d i n lUcJt minh bin than tich HT lai cd tac huy ddng HS, GV tU SQu tam tU tieu, ve, md ta cle tran dung nhu mdt ngudn ddng lye mdi, danh, cupc chien chdng xam lupc GV tdng eudng dpng ca HT npi tai eua HS: (1) Gili e) Phu hgp vdi dudng Idi chinh tri tich v l t i m quan cua ndi dung hole KN cy t h i ; (2) Cac NDGDPT dap Qng yeu d u ehinh tri eua dat Cho HS ca hdi d l lua chpn myc tieu HT v l nhiem vu; (3) nude mdt giai doan cu t h i Vi du: Mdn Dia li d Tao va tri sU td md; (4) Dua HD va yeu td kich Trung hoc co sd de cap den chu quyen bien dao ciia dat hoat (stimulations) elm giac; (5) Cung d p trd choi v l md nude nhu Hoing Sa, Trudng Sa de hinh d HS Idng phdng; (6) Kit ndi viee HT vcl d e nhu d u ciia HS; (7) Trp yeu nudc, tinh than dan tdc giup HS phat trien k l hoach hanh ddng d) Phu hgp vdi bdi ednh quoe tehda GVtdng cUdng dpng ca HTben ngodi eua HS: (1) Oua Trong bdi d n h md rdng giao luu hpp tac qudc t l , ki vong rd rang; (2) Gdp y kien phan hdi sQa chQa; (3) NDGDPT can hudng tdi hinh thinh d ngUdi hpe nhQng Viec iQa chpn ndi dung GD cho HS d n tinh den hilu bilt, xu hudng, hQng thQ, KN da cd v l t i m t h i nhan thQc cda HS Odng thdi, bp nhd cOa ngQdi ehi iQu trQ hieu q u i d mQc -t-/-2 dem vj thdng tin nen lua chpn ndi dung eho khdng vupt qua mdi loot t i l p d n cua HS Khi thdng tin mdi dupc m l hda vao bd nhd vTnh cQu, viec truy xuat ngUpc trd lai vao bd nhd lam viec s i giup HS nhd lau hem Vi vay, kit thue mot ndi dung GD d n cd d c ndi dung goi lai van de de cung co kiln thQc E>di ven' HS d tudi vi nien, NL nhan thQc dat mQc titao t i e HO chinh thQc, nhQng chQa hoan thien nhQ d ngQdi Idn Do vay, NDGDPT d n dUpc xly dung va phIt triln theo chu trinh bdn budc chat ehe: 1/Tao lap bdi d n h eu t h i d l HS sy d m nhan va t r l i nghiem thuc sQ theo ehu dleuatOtig bai hpe; 2/Td chdc cho HS dope xem, quan sat v l phIn Inh vao nlo nhQng gi d l dupc trli nghiem d budc tren; 3/ Tao lap d c khai nilm trQu tQOng tren co sd kinh nghiem v l d m nhln d l dQpc phIn anh nao; 4/ Lam thd hay thQ nghiim d holn d n h nvS Oay la md hinh phIt triln ndi dung CTGDPT hiln dai, ngupc lai vdi kilu day hpe hiln d Viet Nam chi cd hai budc Thay doc (thuylt gilng) - HS ghi nhan phan anh may mdc vao nao S0136-THANG1/2017*61 Q NGHI£N CUU Li LUAN phIm chit va NL cdt Idi mang tinh toln clu nhlm thich Qng vdi bdi d n h md rdng hop t i c vdi d c nQdc Vi du: NDGDPT hudng tdi tang cQdng d ngQdi hpe ele NL v l ngoai ngQ, hop tie, gili quylt van de, sing tao, .Odng thdi can nghiin cQu d l dUa d c ndi dung GD g i l tri sdng co bin, mang tinh toln d u (gil tri Hda binh, Bao dung Da vln hda,,.,) vIo d c mdn hpe va thdng qua HD trli nghiem sang tao S Ket luan Trong bdi d n h hien nay, nhat thiet phli doi mdi cln bin nin GD, tQ trilt li, myc t i l u den ndi dung, phuong phIp v l hinh thQc GD nhlm tao ngudn nhan lue ed du nlng thich Qng va canh tranh t r l n toan d u T r o n g d d , myc tieu G D d n t h i hien rd h i thdng d c NL v l pham chat cdt Idi cln hinh d ngUdi hpe Od I I d n cQ CO bin d l xac djnh ndi dung v l hinh thQc GD phu hop NDGDPT d n tinh giln, tieh hop, khoa hoc, hien dai v l phli 11 cdng cu, la nen t i n g vQng chic de ngUdi hpe cd t h i phIt triln tdi da NL HD cua mdi c l nhln thuc tien cude sdng Odng thdi, NDGDPT phli phu hop vdi dac dilm phIt t i m li v l nhln thQc cua HS Viet Nam; mang bin sic d i n tdc v l phu hop vdi dieu kien cda mdi nha trudng, dja phUOng va dIt nUdc Cau true NDGDPT bao gdm nhilu d p dd: Llnh vUe HT; d c mdn hoc; d c module; Xly dUng c^c chii de HT rdng, xuyen sudt nhilu mdn hpe tao CO sd cho viee phIt trien cle NL cua HS Thue hien day hpe phan hda, dap Qng nhu d u phIt trien NL, khuynh hudng sd thich d nhan HS.Trong dd, d d p Trung hoc phd thdng, cln g i l m bdt sd mdn hpe bit budc v l t i n g cUcmg tU chpn; Khdng dm ddm, dUa vIo qua nhieu kiln thQc Can phan d p manh hon eho cP quan GD dja phUPng v l n h l trudng de hp cd the chd ddng, linh hoat hon phIt trien v l thUe thi ndi dung GD Oa dang hda ve tai lilu day hoc: Cd nhQng tai lieu hd trp day hpe phu hpp vdi d e vung miln, ddi tupng Mpt sd mdn hoc cd t h i cd v l i bd saeh d l n h l trQdng lya chon phii hpp vdi dilu kiln thQc t l TAILI£UTHAMKHAO [1] Department for Education, (2014), National Curriculum in England: framework for key stages -4 [2] Nguyen Anh Dung, O l t l i B, 2007, Xu thi phdt tnen ndi dung hge vdn thdng d Viit Nam sau 2015, Viln Khoa hpe Giao due Viet Nam, [3], Nguyen Lde - Vu Qudc Chung (ddng chQ biln), {2011), Kinh nghiem qudc te ve phdt trien chuang trinh gido due thdng NXB Dai hpe Qudc gia Ha Ndi [4] VQThi Nho, (2008), Tdm li hge phdt trien NXB Oai hoc Qudc Gia HI Ndi [5], Nguyen Hdng Thuan, (2015), Casdtdm ll hge vd gido due hge cua viec phdt trien npi dung gido due thdng theo tiip edn ndng Itfe, Viln Khoa hpe Gilo due Viet Nam [6] Vu Trpng Ry, Mpt sd vdn di li ludn viic xde dinh ndi dung dgy hge d trUdng thdng Tap ehi Khoa hoe Gilo dye, thing 5/2015 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION BACKGROUND WHEN IDENTIFYING CONTENT OF GENERAL EDUCATION TOWARDS COMPETENCE APPROACH Nguyen Hong Thuan The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Emaih hongthuan70@gmail.com Abstract; Wetnamese education needs to reform fundamentally and comprehensively, from its philosophy, target to contents, methods and forms of education - training in the context of globalization and international integration Developing general curriculum towards competence is indispensable and consistent with the overall trend In particul its goal must clearly reflect competencies and core qualities need to be shaped for learners That is the fundamental ba for determining the appropriate content and education form Its content needs streamlining, integrated, scientific, mode and as a tool and foundation for learners to develop the individual maximum operational competence in actual life At the same time, its content must be consistent with characteristics of psychological and cognitive development of Vietname students; express national identity and appropriate to conditions of each school, area and nation Keywords: Content of general education, psychology; education - K H O A HOC GIAO DUC ... vCfng va dupe xay dUng dua t r l n sy say me va y l u thich Khi GD ve mdi trQdng thi ddi vdi nhQng tinh mien mot dieu gi dd Vi the, xay dung ndi dung GD, d n cd nui phia Bic, ndi dung GD d n hudng... l trung lap ndi dung giQci ele bd mdn 4.6 Binh hudng tich hop vdphdn hda Chuong trinh khdng chi thuIn bao gdm cac mdn hpe theo truyin thdng m l cdn dUpc tich hop, qua vile xly dung cle mdn hpe;... che, ndi dung GD the chat hay cac HD den trQu tupng Do dd, du ehi lua chpn v l xle dmh ndi hpe tap d n phli vQa sdc, thdi gian cho mdi HD v l cQdng dung tdi thieu can thiet de HS cd the sQ dung gili