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TAP CHI KHQA HQC BAI HQC VAN LANG Dodn Hug Dung va ^ THirC TR4NG VA CHAT LlTQfNG PHAT TRIEN KY NANG NGHE NGHIEP 6 BAG DAI HOC TRONG MOI QUAN H$ VOfI DOANH NGHIEP STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF EMPLOYABILITY SK[.]
TAP CHI KHQA HQC BAI HQC VAN LANG Dodn Hug Dung va ^ THirC TR4NG VA CHAT LlTQfNG PHAT TRIEN KY NANG NGHE NGHIEP BAG DAI HOC TRONG MOI QUAN H$ VOfI DOANH NGHIEP STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF EMPLOYABILITY SKILL IN UNIVERSITY ON RELATIONSHIP WITH ENTERPRISES DOAN HUE DVNG^'^ vd LE THI TUYET MAf"^ TOM TAT: Hiin nay, ty li sinh vien tdt nghiep dgi hgc thdt nghiep gia tdng mdi ndm Gido due dgi hge dang ddi mat vai viec ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tgo vd gidm ty le that nghiip cho sinh vien sau tru&ng Mdt nhiing nguyin nhdn ddn din thdt nghiep & sinh vien Id thiiu ky ndng nghi nghiip Kit qud nghiin cieu vi ky ndng nghe nghiep dugc tiin hdnh tgi Truang Dgi hgc Ndng Ldm Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh m&i ddy cho thay doanh nghi$p vd sinh viin ddnh gid cao vai trd cda ky ndng nghi nghiip Tuy nhien, hinh thicc ddo tgo ky ndng nghe nghiep cua nhd tru&ng hien chua phong phu vd chua phu hgp, ddn din chdt lugng ddo tgo fty ndng nghi nghiip eua nhd truang chua cao Tie khoa: ky ndng nghi nghiep, ehdt lugng ddo tgo, sinh viin, doanh nghiip ABSTRACT: Currently, the unemployment rate of student graduated from universities has increased every year Higher education presently faces the constrains of cutting down on student intakes on one hand and improving the qualities of graduates on the other hand Deficiency in employability skills is one of the reasons that make students unemployed Based on an experimental study carried out at Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City (formerly University of Agriculture and Forestry), the research describes how employability skills have been perceived by students and enterprises However, the current employability skill's training system of University is not various and insufficient, it makes the quality of the training is not as good as expected Key words: employability skills, training quality, student, enterprise D ^ T VAN DE Xd hdi phdt triin vd dang thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda hien nay, myc tieu dao tao cua cac trudng nhdm tgo ngudn lao dpng chdt lugng cao dap ung yeu cdu ctia doanh nghiep khdng chi vl kien thue chuyen mdn ma cdn hudng den cd vl k^ nang, thai dO, dgo ddc nghe nghiep Trong do, ky ndng nghe nghiep la mdt nhung vdn dl cdn dugc nha trudng ehu trgng "Ky ndng nghi nghiep" vdn cdn la khdi niem mdi d Viet Nam va '** TS Trudng Dai hoc Nong Ldm, Email: doanhuedung@gmail.Ci '"' ThS Tru&ng Bai hpc Nong Lam, Email: lttmai@hcmuaf.edu v TAP CHl KHOA HQC BAI HQC VAN LANG thudng bj nhdm ldn vdi eae loai ky ndng khdc Theo nghien cuu "Thuc trgng thi tru&ng lao ddng ndm 2010 - 2014, dir bdo nhu edu nhdn luc giai dogn 2015 - 2020 din 2025 tgi Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh" cua Trung tdm Dy bao nhu cdu nhdn lye va Thdng tin thi trudng lao ddng Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, thang ndm 2015, nhdn djnh nguyen nhdn thdt nghiep cdt loi Id vdn dk ddo tgo nghe, ky nang nghi nghiep, du bdo nhu cau, phan bd ngudn nhdn luc vd edc chinh sach thu hut, su dung ngudn lao dpng eon mdt edn ddi, chua ddp dng yeu cau thyc te kinh te - xd hgi thdnh phd phat trien [!]• Nghi quylt sd 29-NQ/TW ngdy 4/11/2013 cua Hgi nghi Trung uong khda XI ve "ddi m&i cdn bdn, todn dien gido due vd ddo tgo " cd neu "ddi vai gido due nghi nghiep, tgp trung ddo tgo nhdn luc cd kiin thice, ky ndng vd trdch nhiem nghe nghiep Hinh thdnh hi thdng gido due nghi nghiip vol nhiiu phucmg thuc vd trinh ddo tgo ky ndng nghi nghiip theo hu&ng dng dung, thice hdnh, bdo ddm dap ung nhu edu nhdn luc ky thudt cdng nghi cua thi tru&ng lao dgng nu&c vdqudc ti" [2] Viet Nam la mdt nude dang cd sy phdt triin nhanh vl hien dai hda va chuyen nghiep hoa ndng nghiep cdng nghiep Su cdn thilt phdt trien ngudn nhan luc, dac bi^t Id nhdn lyc ky thudt eao td cdc trudng cao dang, dai hpe Id di6u kien can thilt giai doan hiSn va thdi gian sdp den Ky ndng nghe nghiep edn dugc chu trgng va cd phuong phap dao tao thich hgp tgi cae eo sd dao tgo So 04/2017 Viee de cao vai tro eiia ky ndng nghe nghiep xudt phdt tu viec nhd trudng khdng edn Id noi nhdt de chung ta tiep can kien thde, viec tiep can kien thdc dugc thdng qua nhieu phuang tien nhu internet, sdeh, bao va cdc phuong tien thdng tin dai chung, Tuy nhien, ngoai kien thuc ngudi hpe edn ren luyen eho ban than gid tri sdng, mpt sd ky ndng edn thiet budc vao mdi trudng lam viec nhu: kha ndng lap luan vd sd dyng ngdn ngd ndi vd viet, ky ndng ddnh gid vd nhdn xet tinh te, cd khd ndng ldm viec nhom, biet each giao tiep, thuong lugng vd xu ly mdu thudn, Tu biet den hieu, den lam viec chuyen nghiep vdi nang sudt cao Id mpt khodng cdch rat ldn, nha trudng khdng ehi la noi dao tao kien thdc md cdn la moi trudng giup sinh vien trdi nghiem nham mang lai cho sinh vien nhdng pham chdt vd ky ndng dap dng ddi hoi eua xa hdi Neu trude ddy, xa hdi yeu cau edn cd sy phdn eong lao ddng eu thi cho timg ca nhdn, eho tap the, yeu cdu cdn co sy chuyen mdn hda cao thi ngdy xa hgi yeu cdu cdn cd nhdng giai phap tdng the mang tinh thiet thye hon bdng cdch phdi hgp giiJa kien thde vd ky nang, ly thuyet va thue hanh, giiia kha nang van dung, dng bi6n linh hoat vao cdng viee thuc te de tu ngudi su dyng lao ddng ddnh gid dua tr6n nang lyc vd hieu qud mang tinh linh boat eua sinh vien Viec xac dinh day dii y nghTa vd npi dung cda ky nang nghe nghiep giup chdng ta dinh hudng dugc each tiep can vd hge tap Ky nang nghi nghiep Id kha nang ung dung thdnh thao tri thue va ky thudt, cdng nghe mdi qua trinh lao dpng sdn xudt; ddng thdi CO kha ndng dng biln linh hogt TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG mpi hodn cdnh, nhdng bien doi khdng ngung cda mdi trudng vd dieu kien song dl lao ddng sang tao Ky ndng nghi nghiep bao gdm ky ndng chung dp dung vdo nghi nghiep (ky ndng mem) vd ky ndng dac thu nghe nghiep (ky nang cdng) Nhu vdy, c6 the coi ky ndng nghe nghiep la mot loai ky nang tdng hgp Tac gid James W., djnh nghTa k j ndng mem hay ky ndng nghe nghi?p Id mdt cdch de md ta edc khd ndng hay nang lue md mgt ngudi CO the mang din cho td chuc noi hg ldm viee [3] Theo tdc gid Hoang Thj Tuyet, ky nang nghi nghiep (ky nang hanh nghe) la ky nang can thiet khdng ehi de cd dugc viee lam ma de tien bp td ehde thdng qua vi6e phdt huy tiSm ndng ca nhdn va ddng gdp vdo dinh hudng chien luge eua td chuc [4] Do do, ky ndng nghe nghi6p la mpt nhung nhdm ky ndng quan trpng nhdm phat huy nang lyc cd nhdn vd phat trien nghe nghiep eua sinh vien sau trudng Ky nang nghe nghiep cdn thilt khdng chi de ed duge viec lam ma de tien bd td ehuc thdng qua viec phdt huy tiem nang ed nhan vd dong gdp vao dinh hudng chien luge cua td chuc vdi cdc dieu kien nhdt dinh, dya vao sy tich hgp nhuan nhuyen gida ky nang cung vd ky ndng mem Su phdt triin ky nang nghi nghiep cung dugc xem xet mot mdi quan he md Theo Lugt Phdt triin ky ndng nghi nghiep ciia Malaysia, ky nang duge hiiu Id kha ndng duac hgc vd duge thye hanh dl thyc hien thdnh thao mgt nhiem vy hay mdt cdng viee [5] Thudt ngd ky ndng nghi Poan Huf Dung va 1^ nghiep cd ngudn gdc tu thudt ngd k j nang (Skill), nhung ngi hdm dugc md rdng theo hudng kha nang vd ndng lyc thuc hien ciia eon ngudi Theo quan niem nay, nang lyc thyc hien dugc coi la sy tich hgp nhuan nhuyin eua ba thdnh td kien thuc, ky nang, thdi dg edn thiet di hodn thdnh dugc tieng cdng viee cu thi cua nghi, chie khdng phai Id SIC tdn tgi ddc lap giira chung v&i vd it lien quan din cdng viec eua nghe Theo Dgo lugt TESDA 1994 ciia Philippines [6], phdt triin ky ndng la ragl qud trinh, qua ngudi hpe va ngudi lao ddng duge tiep can mdt cdch eo he thong vdi eae co hdi hgc tap de ITnh hdi hoac boi dudng, hoac cd hai ve kien thuc, ky nang va each thue ung xd can co nhu Id dieu kien tieu chuan can thiet cua m^t cdng viec hoac mdt loat cdng viec mot ITnh vyc nganh nghe Theo Lugt Khuyen khich phdt Pien tf ndng nghi nghiip Thdi Lan [7], phdt trien ky ndng cd nghTa Id mgt qud trinh cho phep hge vien va nhdng ngudi dp tuoi lao dgng ed duge kien thuc, ky ndng va dao due nghe nghiep, thdi dd ldm viec tit bang each ddo tao va eae hoat ddng lien quan khde Ngodi ra, Lugt Phdt trien ky nang nghi nghiep eho ngu&i lao ddng Hdn Qude, phat trien ky nang nghi nghiep ed nghTa la hoat ddng dao tgo eho ngudi lao dpng de giup cung cdp va cdi thien ndng lyc thuc hien cdn thiet cho cdng viec cda hg [8] Phai trien ky nang nghe nghiep nhdm phat then cdc phuong tien vd cdc khda dao tao phat trien ky ndng nghe va tien hdnh cdc cugc dieu tra hay nghien cuu ve phdt trien kj nang nghi TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAI HQC VAN LANG Bdi viet eiia chung tdi d l cap din thye trang va viec phdt triin ky ndng nghi nghiep cho sinh vien tai Trudng Dai hpc Ndng Ldm Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, mdt nhijng don vj dao tao cung cdp nhdn lue chat lugng cao ITnh vyc ndng nghiep NGHIEN CUU THyC TRANG DAO TAO KY NANG NGHE NGHIEP TAI TRU'6NG DAI HOC NONG LAM THANH PHO HO CHI MINH Nhdm nghien cdu da tien hanh khdo sat 468 sinh vien cda Trudng Dai hpc Ndng Lam Thanh Hd Chi Minh va 21 doanh nghiSp eo nhu eau tuyen dyng sinh vien eua trudng nham tim hieu thyc trang ddo tao ky nang nghi nghiep cho sinh vien DS tdi da phdi hgp edc phuang phap nghien cuu, dd phuong phap dieu tra bang bang hdi la phuong phap chinh, cdc phuong phdp nghien cdu edn Igi Id ede phuong phap bd trg KET QUA VA DANH GIA Hien nay, ky nang nghe nghiep Id vdn de dugc quan tam va ehu trgng viSe ddo tao nham giup ca nhan lam phong phu them vdn sdng, phdt trien ndng lye ban than va de dang hoa nhap edng ddng bdi canh Viet Nam da gia nhap Cdng ddng Kinh tl (AEC) 3.1 Co' hpi lam vi|c sau tdt nghifp Theo kit qua khdo sat, 88,89% sinh vien (sau tdt nghiep) da eo viec lam, 11.11% sinh vien chua ed viec lam (trong sd ndy eo 2.99% sinh vien chua eo viec lam vi dang hpc cao hge) Trong do, theo bdo cdo "Thuc trgng thi truang lao dgng ndm 2010 2014, dtr bdo nhu cdu nhdn luc giai dogn 2015 - 2020 din 2025 tgi Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh " cua Trung tdm Dy bdo nhu cdu nhan lyc va Thdng tin thj trudng lao ddng Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, thang nam 2015, eho biet khoang 80% sinh vien sau tdt nghiep tim dugc viec ldm, 20% tim viec rdt khd khan hodc khdng tim dugc viec lam phdi chuyen ddi ngdnh hpc hodc ldm nhijng cdng viec thdp hon trinh dp dao tao Trong tdng sd sinh vien tim viec lam, cd 50% lam viee phu hgp ndng lyc va phat trien tdt, 50% ldm viec trai ngdnh nghi, thu nhap thdp, viec lam chua thyc sy dn dinh va cd the chuyen viec khac Vdn dl k^ nang m€m Id yeu eau ma nhieu sinh vien chua ddp dng dugc Khao sat tai Trudng Dai hpc Ndng Lam Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh vdi ket qua, 48.56% sinh vien cd y dinh chuyen viee nhilu nguyen nhdn ed nguyen nhan thilu ky ndng nghe nghiep Ket qua nghien cdu ciing cho thdy, 63,22%) sinh vi8n dang ldm dung vdi nganh ddo tao, 36,78%i sinh vien eho rang, edng viee eua hg khdng dung vdi nganh dugc ddo tao Mdt nhung ly sinh vien khdng tim duoc viec lam ddng ngdnh Id thieu nhdng k j ndng doanh nghiep yeu cau (20,43%) B6n canh dd, khao sat sinh vien ve eae kien thuc can dugc ndng cao de dap dng yeu cdu cdng viec, 36,78% sinh vien eho rang, can nang cao ky ndng mem, kj^ ndng nghe nghiep, 33,41% sinh vien can ndng cao ngoai ngd, 29,09% sinh vien can ndng cao kien thdc chuyen mdn Do dd, mac dii sinh vien danh gid rdt eao ve muc biiu ich cua kien thue tai trudng ddi vdi cdng viec nhimg sinh vien cdn ndng cao TAP CHI KHQA HQC PAI HOC VAN LANG them kiln thdc chuyen mdn nhdm dap ung nhu edu chuyen sau hon cua timg vj tri cdng viec Dac biet, sinh vien cdn phai ndng cao ky nang mem, ky nang nghe nghiep Do dd, can ehu trpng va ddy mgnh cdng tac hudn luyen k j nang mem va ky Poan Hu$ Dung va leit nang nghe nghiep cho sinh vien hpc tai trudng Dya tren nhu cau ndng cao kf nang mem, ky ndng nghe nghiep eua sinh vien, tien hanh khao sat nhu cdu dugc ddo tao kj ndng cua sinh vien ddi vdi mdt sd kj nang sau ddy: Bang Y kien cua sinh v ;n ve ky nSng cdn dao tao Ky ndng Ky ndng ngoai ngd Ky ndng giao tiep Ky nang giai quyet van de Ky nang phan tich va danh gia thdng tin Ky nang lap ke hoach Ky nang tu sang tao Ky nang quan ly Ky nang thuyet trinh Ky nang lam viec nhdm Ty le % 76,68 68,51 66,11 53,85 51,68 44,23 43,75 40,38 39,66 (Nguon: i,e 77i/ Tuyel Mai va cpng su 2016} 3.2, Yeu cau tir doanh nghiep Ket qud khao sat ehi ra, 66.67% doanh nghiep ddnh gia kha ndng thi'eh ung vdi cdng viec thyc te eua sinh vien bdt ddu ldm viec tai doanh nghiep rdt nhanh Qua danh gia tdng quan cua doanh nghiep vl sinh vien, ket qua chi ra, doanh nghiep ddnh gid eao yeu to tu each dgo due eua sinh vien nhien yiu td vl ky ndng mIm, ky ndng nghe nghiep cua sinh vien chua dugc doanh nghiep ddnh gid cao, cd 95,24% cac doanh nghiep dugc khdo sat ddnh gia tu each dao ddc cua sinh vien d mde tdt Tuy nhien, cdc ky ndng ngoai ngu ky nang nghiep vu vd ky ndng edng nghe thdng tin dugc ddnh gia d muc dp trung binh 61.9% y kien doanh nghiep cho rdng, ky nang mem, ky ndng nghi nghiSp cua sinh vien d muc dp trung binh trd xuong Nhu vay, ky nang mem, ky ndng nghe nghiep cua sinh vien chua dugc doanh nghiep danh gia cao Doanh nghiep dugc y6u cau ddo tao cho sinh vien nhOng npi dung ndo thi 71,43% y kiln doanh nghiep cho rang, cdn ndng cao ky nang mem, ky nang nghe nghiep eho sinh vien cdn hpc tgi trudng TAP CHl KHOA HQC BAI HOC VAN LANG Bang2.Danhgid tong quan ciia doanh nghiep vS sinh vien T6t Cdc yiu ta Trung binh Yeu Khong nhan xet % % % % Tu each dao diic 95,24 0,00 0,00 4,76 Kien thiic mon 42,86 38,10 0,00 19,05 19,05 66,67 0,00 14,29 23,81 66,67 0,00 9,52 4,76 71,43 19,05 4,76 38,10 57,14 4,76 0,00 chuyen Ky nang nghiep vu Ky nang cong nghe thong tin Ky nang ngoai ngir Ky nang mem, ley nang ngh^ nghiep (Nguon: Li Thi Tuyet Mai va cong su, 2016) Ket qud khdo sat nhung ky nang sinh viSn can chu trpng Bang cho thdy 76.68%) doanh nghiep khuyen sinh vien nen chd trgng ky nang ngoai ngu 68.51% sinh vien nen ehu trgng ky nang giao tiep, 66,11% doanh nghiep khuyen sinh vien cdn chu trpng nang cao ky nang giai quylt vdn de Qua do, doanh nghiep mong mudn sinh vien khdng chi chu trpng kien thdc chuyen mdn ma cdn ehu trgng ren luyen vd ndng cao eae nhom ky ndng nham phuc vu eho cdng viee dugc tdt hon vd todn dien hon Bang Ky nang sinh vien c§n chu trpng nang cao Ky nang Ky nang ngoai ngir Ky nang giao tiep Ti ] | % 76,68% 68,51% Ky nang giai quyet van de 66,11% Ky nang phan tich va danh gia thong tin Ky n5ng l^p kB hoach 53,85% 51,68% Ky nang tu sang tao 44,23% 43,75% Ky nang quan ly KJ nSng thuygt trinh Ky nang lam viec nhom Khac 40,38% 39,66% 0,96% (Nguon: Le Thi Tuyet Mai va cong su, 2016) TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG KET LUAN Nghien cuu ddnh gia vai trd vd sy phdt triin ky nang nghi nghiep ddi vdi sinh vien Trudng Dai hpc Ndng Lam Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh eho thdy; Sinh vien sau tdt nghiep ed viee ldm chilm ti le khd cao, nhien muc dn dinh cdng viec chua cao; Doanh nghiep rdt chu trpng den viec ddo tao ky ndng mem, ky nang nghe nghiep cho sinh vien Hdu het cdc don vi tuySn dyng deu dao tao them kien thde eho sinh vien, hem 11,43% la ve ky nang mem, ky ndng nghe nghiep; Viee ket hgp giua Poan Huf Dung va fej nhd trudng vd doanh nghiep dl trang bi dSy du ky nang nghi nghiep cho sinh vien dang hgc Id rdt edn thilt dk ddm Mo ngudn nhdn lue dap ung dugc yeu cdu cang eao cua doanh nghiep Ky nang nghg nghiep can dugc gidi thieu mot cdch cu th^ va he thdng cho sinh vien thudc tdt ca cac ngdnh ddo tao tu nam hgc dau tien Quan trpng hon, sinh vien can dugc th\ic hdnh va trai nghiem thdng qua cdc dir k\ eua tdng mdn hge, tung boat ddng ngoai khda vd sudt thdi gian thuc hanh, thyc tap tgi doanh nghiep TAX LIEU THAM KHAO Trung tam Du bdo nhu edu nhan lyc vd Thdng tin thj trudng lao ddng Thanh phi H5 Chi Minh (2015), Th{cc trgng thi tru&ng lao ddng ndm 2010 - 2014, du bdo nhu cdu nhdn lire giai dogn 2015 - 2020 din 2025 tgi Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam (2013), Nghj quylt sd 29-NQ/TW 4/11/2013 cua Hpi nghi Trung uong khda XI v6 "ddi m&i cdn bdn, todn dien gido due vd ddo tgo " James W Bovinet (2003), Marketing Job Skills: Educator, Practioner, and Studenl Perceptions, Proceeding of the Academy of Marketing Studies, 8, 1, 7-14 Hodng Thi Tuyet (2012), Cdc chiin luge phdt triin ndng luc nghi nghiep eho sinh vien UEF, Hdi thdo hudn luyen ky ndng vd thdi - tgo dung hdnh trang vieng chdc cho sirA vien vdo d&i, Trudng Dgi hpc Kinh t l Tdi chinh Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh National Skills Development Act 2006, Law of Malaysia, Act 652 Philippines Repubic Act, An Act creating the technical education and skills development authority, providing for its powers, structure and for other purposes Act, No.7796 Thailand Skill Development Promotion Act, B.E 2545 (A.D 2002) Worker Vocational Skills Development Act Act No 5474, Dec, 24 1997, Korea Ngdynhdn bdi: 5/7/2017 Ngdy bien tap xong: 14/7/2017 Duyet dang: 171712011 ... khao sat ehi ra, 66.67% doanh nghiep ddnh gia kha ndng thi''eh ung vdi cdng viec thyc te eua sinh vien bdt ddu ldm viec tai doanh nghiep rdt nhanh Qua danh gia tdng quan cua doanh nghiep vl sinh... chi ra, doanh nghiep ddnh gid eao yeu to tu each dgo due eua sinh vien nhien yiu td vl ky ndng mIm, ky ndng nghe nghiep cua sinh vien chua dugc doanh nghiep ddnh gid cao, cd 95,24% cac doanh nghiep... tdt nghiep) da eo viec lam, 11.11% sinh vien chua ed viec lam (trong sd ndy eo 2.99% sinh vien chua eo viec lam vi dang hpc cao hge) Trong do, theo bdo cdo "Thuc trgng thi truang lao dgng ndm 2010