KHOA HOC TRlTC TUYEN MO XU HLTONG PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC OAI HOC ThS Nguyin TSn Cdng Khoa ThU vifn Thdng ttn hpc, OHKHXH&NV Tp HCM Tdm tat Khoa hgc tn/c tuyin md (Massive Open Online Course MOOC) la mgt[.]
KHOA HOC TRlTC TUYEN MO XU HLTONG PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC OAI HOC ThS Nguyin TSn Cdng Khoa ThU vifn - Thdng ttn hpc, OHKHXH&NV Tp HCM Tdm tat: Khoa hgc tn/c tuyin md (Massive Open Online Course - MOOC) la mgt md hinh dao tao byt tuyen tU xa kiiu mdi, dUdc ap dung d nhieu tru&ng dai hgc hang dfu trin thi gidi hiin Md hinh niy nh$n dudc sUquan tim aia dc nha giio due V&i sUphit trien nhanh chong nhiihg nim trd lai day, MOOC dS khien eho viic hgc trd nin thuin ldi cho mgi ngu&i w co the hgc tap & mgi ndi va han thenOS tieu chf aia md hinh niy li hoan toan mien phf Bai viet gldi thieu ting quit md hinh khoi hgc true tuyen md, phan ti'eh nhuhg Uu diem eung nhu han che cua md hinh so vdl md hinh dao tao truyin thing va sU phat trien cua khoa hgc trut tuyin md tai Viit Nam TifMioa: Hpc fryt tuyen, giao dye md, gifo dye dai hpc Absfrad: A massive open online course (MOOC) is a new model of online distance learning, applied in many top universities in the world today This model has received the attention of educators With the rapid development in recent years, MOOC has made learning become easy for everyone as it can be learned everywhere, and moreover, because the criteria of this model are amipletely free The artide presents an overview of the open online course model, analyzes the pn:)s and cons of tills model compared to the traditional training model and the development of open online course In Viet Nam Key words: Oniine learning, open education, higher education Gidi thieu SU phat triln manh me cua eong nghe thflng tin (CNTT) da giup nganh Giao dye ed sU ehuyin minh dang k l hoat dflng dgy va hpc, ed nhieu dS mdi so vdi md hinh giao dyettuyenthfing [16], vf dy nhu sy chuyen doi eae bfi giang tinh tff giay sang eae dang tal lieu difn tff vdi tfnh trffe quan dffpc lang cudng thong qua dff lifu da phutfng tifn Theo thong ke tff to chffe Internet Sodety, so ludng ngUdI dung mgng Intemet da tang dot bien mflt thfp ky va sfi nfy da dat 2,89 t^ vao nam 2014 [10] Con so ndi Ifn sU tac ddng eua Internet den mpi mat ciia ddi sfing ngudi, ti/ hoat dpng thutfng mai den giao due Vdi sy ho ttp tff Internet, viee hpc hien khdng chi diln theo hinh thffc hpc tgp trung mf edn theo hinh thffe phfn tan, tffc la ngffdi hpc ngoai -hi THU' VIEN VlfT viec ITnh hpi kien thffc d trudng ldp ed t h i hpe tfp qua efc kfnh giao dye dy^ tren moi ttudng mgng Internet nhU: UdaCity, YouTube EDU, TTunes U [11] Viec hpc gid day trd nen de dang hdn, vdi mflt mfy b'nh ed ket noi mang, ngffdi hpc cd the tham khao dude eae ngufin hpc lifu md nhifiu hPn dy^ tren cfc kenh giao dye ke tten Theo mpt nghien effu eua tae gia C-C Chen [11], xu hudng eda giao due hifn dai phfi chii^ dyng hai yeu to quan ttpng, dd la ti'nh cpng tac va ti'nh md, sy phat ttiln vupt bf c va phffc tap eua efc nganh khoa hpc hifn dai ddi hdi vf tfnh cpng tac ngfy cang cao giii^ eae nha nghifn effu titfng eac finh vyc khac vf ti^n nhffng mut dp khoa hpc khac Nghifn cdtt hien dai ddi hdi phfi lam vife nhdm, ed the lien ngfnh hay tham dif if sy kfit hpp eiia nhieu to chffe nghien ciiU cila nhifiu quoe gia tren the gidi, mang tfnh chat 4(66) 31 qufic tf Ben eanh do, mpt yeu tfi khfc cua xu hudng giao dye hifn dai la tt'nh md, cd the hieu la tfnh cdng khai va tU sff dyng nguon tai lieu Tfnh md chia se nguon tai lifu da tiiiic day vifc linh hpi nguon tri thffc dien nhanh hcfn, xoa bd nhieu rao can hpe tap vf nghien effu Oo do, cang nhifu hf thfing md dffpe xfy dyhg vdi mye dieh phyc vu dao tao nhff: ngufin tnjy cap md (Open Access), nguon tai nguyai gifo dye md (Open Educational Resource - OER), Open Scholar, hpc lieu md (Open Course Ware - OCW) Tdm lai, ti'nh tUdng tae vf ti'nh md dUpc xem la hai yeu tfi quan trpng giao due hien dgi, dan den viec hinh mpt mo hinh giao dye mdl Mfl hinh nfy mang ti'nh chft dai trf, khflng gidi han pham vi hay tiianh phan ngudi tiiam gia, eho phep tat ea mpi ngUdi deu ed till tham gia hpc tfp d bgc dai hpc Vdi hai yeu to quan trpng giao dye hifn dai da md tf d ttfn, mdt nghifn cffu khac cua cfc tae gia L Yuan va S Powell [13] da dii ring, hien tUtfng dao tgo dgi fra tn/e tuyen md dang dUpe lan rdng vf ngfy cfng phat ttiln trang gifo dye dai hpc (GDDH) Tinh ttang ngan sach nha nudc eang eo hgp eho viec dau tff eac nguon tai lieu gifo dye ed ehat lUpng va xu hUdng cap tri thffc mangti'nhehft tofn c3u If nhi/ng nguyen nhan chfnh giup MOOC phat friln MOOC la mflt eai tien cua mfl hinh hpc tap tryt toyen va md hinh nfy tutfng dffl mdi trang cflng dong giao due, dli mdi dffpe phft triln tticfi gian gan day MOOC hien dang gfy sy chd ^ Idn gidi truyen thflng, eac to chffc dfu tU giao dye va sy quan tfm rft dfng k l cua eae tiudng dai hpc (DH) Khai quat vif khoa hoc tri/c tuyen md (Masshre Open Online Courses - MOOC) 1.1 sy ddi eda MOOC Vao nfm 2008, cfe tae gia Dave Cormier va Bryan Alexander bat dfu du^ thuat ngff MOOC, danh dau sy ddi ciia mfl hinh khoa hpc dai tra trffe tuyen md va md mflt logi hinh dao tao mdi ciia dao tgo tff xa Md hinh cd till xem nhu la budc phat trien cua e-learning, mdt dgng dao tao trut tuyen da phft ttien manh me nhiihg nam tiudc dd Khof hpc dau tifn dupe thff nghifm ed t^n ta "Connectivism and connective Knowledge", vdi sff ttiam gia ciia 25 sinh vien tii/dng DH Manitoba vf 2.200 hpe vien trfn toan tiie gidi hpc tap mien phf qua mgng [1] va hifn tupng MOOC tifp tuc bung nfi nhffng nam sau dd Vfo nfm 2012, hfng loat cae tiu'dng DH hang dfu ciia Hoa Ky nhff Stanford, MIT, Harvard, UC Berkeley bat dau cd an tutfng va tham gia vao he thong MOOC cua cae nha dau tU phi lpi nhuan lan thudng mgi nhff: Udaeity, Coursera vf edX, FutoreLeam [11,16] Sffxuft hif n eua MOOC dutfe danh gia If mflt cupc each mang Idn nfin giao dye va sff biing no cua nd manh mfi dfin mut vao nam 2012, tgp ehf The New York Times da gpi 2012 if nam eua MOOC Mac du ddi tai Hoa Ky, nhUhg MOOC hifn da nhanh chdng lan rflng khfp ndi tten the gidi vf dupc chao ddn nhiet tinh tai chau A, ndi cac nffde dang phat ttien chiem so dflng [7] 1.2 Khii niem MOOC MOOC ta mflt khai nifm tUPng dfii mdi, dupc djnh nghTa va bo sung qua nhieu giai doan va eho den hien vin ehula ed mflt dinh nghTa ehfnh thut dfnh cho MOOC Mflt dinh nghTa cua OpenupEd, cho rang "MOOC la cac khoa hpc dupc ttiifit kfi cho mpt sfi IUdng Idn ngffdi tham dy, cfc khoa hpc cd ttie dude truy cap d bat cff ncfi nao va cho bat ky neu nhU hp co the ket not vdfi Intemet Lf nguon md cho tat ea mpi ngffdi, khflng ddi hdi phfi chffng thyt trinh dfl mdi ed t h i tham gia, eung cap cac khoa hpc tryt tuyfn hofn ehinh va hoan toan mien phf" [14] Ban than MOOC la tff vift t f t cua Massive Open Online Course Moi ehff MOOC dfu mang mdt y nghTa va ndi ten nhuhg diim dae bnmg von ed cua mfl hinh nay, bao gom: M (Massive): Mang ^ nghTa dai tra, bit ta nhfm vfo so dflng ngudi hpe, vdi so IUdng tdn hdn so vdi hinh thffe hpc tfp ttung trfn Idp hay cac khoa hpc tryt tuyen truyfn thfing So IUdng ngudi hpc cd till Ifn den hang ttf m nghin ngUdi Mdt vf dy diln hinh la nfm 2011, khof hpc Machine Learning eua Giao sff Andrew Ng thufie DH Stanford dudc friln khai frf n hf thong Coursera, thu hOt tren 100.000 hpc vien tham gia tren bian thfi gidi, la khoa hpc ddng ngudi tham gia nhat eiia Coursera cho den hien (Open): Tfnh md trang MOOC mang nhifu >/ nghTa khac Dfu tifin, tfnh md dudc hieu nhU ciifnh sach tham gia khflng gidi hgn eua ngffdi hpe, khflng can chffng nhfn kien thdt hay bfng cap mdi ed the tham gia cae khoa hpc Y nghTa thff hai la tt'nh md cua tai nguyfn hpe tgp MOOC dam bao tal nguyen hpc tap cda khof hpc lufln ludn ed t h i truy cap va hoan toan mien phf Va cuoi cung la ti'nh md trang vfn dfi ban quyen - nfli dung eua khoa hpc cd the tai sff dyng mye dieh hpe tfp va gifng dgy (Oniine): Dy^ tren nen tfng mgng Intemet, hoat ddng day vf hpc hofn tofn dupe tien hanh tren moi trffdng trffe tuyen, khflng phu thupc vfo thcfi gian hay khofng efeh vj tri vgt ly cua ngffdi hpc, c^i can cd kft noi Internet la cd t h i hpc dutfc C (Course): Mang ^ nghTa If mfit khoa hpc hoan ehinh Cac khoa hpc dutfe thiet ke phu hpp vdi dfe thij dgy hpc fryt tuyfin, bao gfim: tfi nguyfn hpe tfp, eP chfi tutfng tfc (ngudi day - ngffdi hpc va ngudi hpc - ngffdi hpc), cac hogt dflng day hpe (nhiem vy, bai tap, kilm tra, phfn hoi) Ban thfn dinh nghTa d frfn chi la mot mfl t f khai quat ve mfi hinh MOOC noi ehung Tuy nhifn trfn thyc te, hien tgi ed hai logi mfi hinh chfnh eua MOOC la: xMOOC va cMOOC [9] 1.3 Mo hinh hoat dgng cua MOOC NhU da nfu d h^n, ed hai loai mfl hinh MOOC dang phat ttiln manh d thdi dilm hien tgi If xMOOC va cMOOC Hai mfi hinh dfu hoat dflng trfn nen tang trUc tuyen Tuy nhien, xMOOC theo cd che dgy hpc truyen thong, nfli dung dupe eung cap bdi ngudi giang Ngude Igi, cMOOC mangtt'nhtff hpe ddi trfn eflng dfing hpc tfp vdi cong cy c^fnh If cfc mang xa hpi Bai viet chi tap ttung vao xMOOC, nhff la diuan mfl hinh eua dao tgo tryt tuyen md vi mfi hinh xMOOC tutfng thich vdi tfnh chat dao tao ehfnh quy cac trffdng dgi hpe, theo kifin tnic ngudi dgy va ngffcfi hpc Trang dd, cWOOC phii hpp cho eflng dflng nghifn effu hdn vi de tham gia hpc tap mflt ITnh vyc cMOOC, ngffdi hpc phai cd sin mdt kien thffe chuyfn mdn nhft djnh ve finh vffe mdi ed t h i tham gia eflng dong Ngay xMOOC phft friln rft manh d cae nudc phUPng Tfy, dac bift la Hoa Ky, nPi ddi cua ba nen tang MOOC dUpc xem la nhuhg he thong MOOC dau tien eung If manh nhft hien If: Edx [2], Coursera [3] va Udaeity [4] Cae he thfing lien ket vdi eac trUdng dgi hpe nfii tieng, eung cap cae khof hpc ed gia trj de chieu mfl ngudi hpc trfn toan the gidi Vd^ sff ttianh efing eua MOOC, hien eae he thong MOOC khac dang dffpe xay dyng vf friln khai tai nhieu nffde tren thfi gidi xMOOC (Traditional Extended Course): Dy^ tren cau friie nhu Idp hpc truyen thfing Md rflng d dfy ed t h i hieu la sff bo sung cd che hpc tap tn/c tuyen nhU If ed ehf hpc tap chfnh bdi vifc cung cap tai tifu difn tff ket hpp bfi gifng video ghi lgi tten ldp, cac cau hdi, efe bai kiem tra va danh gia Not dung bai gifng ttong mfl hinh xMOOC tfp frung xoay quanh ngUdi day ehff khdng phai efing dfing ngffdi hpe eMOOC (ConnecJhre Knowledge): Khac vdi mo hinh hpc tap truyen thfing, noi dung hpc tap chi dffpe eung cap bdi ngffcfi day, md hinh cMOOC theo ttfiu chf xfy dyhg mpt cflng dfing cung hpc tfp Ogc diem ctia mfl hinh dffa tren trift 1^ chia sf, ddng gdp vf ket not tti thffc Ngudi day eung If ngudi hpe vf mang xa hpi la cong ey chinh dupe sff dung md hinh nfy Hinh Md hinh hoat ddng cd ban ciia mdt hitilingMOOC Mfi hinh hoat dflng cd ban eiia MOOC dffpe minh hoa bdi hinh 1, he thfing mang tfnh chat ket n ^ hpc tap giu^ ngudi day vf ngUcfi hpc tren toan the giffi Nhffng he thong MOOC nfy dude eung TaD chi THl/ VIEN VIET NAM 4(66) 33 cap bdi eae to ehffc phi Ipi nhuan tff cac ttudng DH hoge bdi efe td chffc ed muc dfch thffdng mai Hp cung cap he tiifing MOOC va nhfn vifn d l van hanh he tiiong cung nhff ho trp ngudi sff dyng bao gom: ngudi qufn frj hf thfing, ngudi h5 trp cong nghf, nhfn vien marketing CaefrudngDH uy ti'n se dUpe chieu mfl va lifn ket den he thong MOOC nhfm friln khai cac khoa hpc frffe truyfin ed chat ludng Mot vf dy diln hinh la he thong Coursera dUpc tifn ket bdi Stanford University, Princeton University va Universities of Michigan And Pennsylvania [13] Cac giao sff eae tiudng DH chiu traeh nhiem cho viee thiet ke khof hpc vcfi sy hS trp cda nhfn vien ky thuft vf mat cflng nghe Hp tien hanh xay dyhg khoa hpc vdi efe eflng doan bao gom: khao sat va ten kfi hoach eiia khoa hpe mufin md, dam bao tinh kha thi vf tiiu hut nhieu hoe >flen Tiep theo, hp se tifin hanh tiiu thgp eae tfi nguyfn hpc tap Cac tai nguyen nfy cd t h i la sach, tai lieu tham khfo, hoac eae tai nguyfn khae hS trp cho mdn hpe Tifip sau dd tf cdng dogn bien sogn ^ cutfng va xay dung hUdng dan day hpc dya trfn cfing nghe da phutfng tien Day ta diem khae biet Idn so vdi day hpe truyen thfing Hogt dflng day hpc chu yeu dy^ frfn video, dUdc quay Igi tff cac bfi giang ttffe tiep tren tdp, ed sy hfl trp ciia cae studio xff ly phim fnh Vf cfing dogn cuoi eung la hogeh djnh hoat dpng eua khoa hpc Do b'nh chat hpc trut tuyfn, viec hoach dinh cd nhffng dae truhg rieng nhu each thffc ngffdi hpc tudng tac hpc tap, sff dung phUPng tifn gi de hpe, hinh thffe kilm tra va danh gia Mpt nhiihg bp phfn quan ttong he thfing MOOC chfnh la quan ly hpc tap frffe fruyen Bd phan gom hai thfnh phan chfnh Thanh phan thff nhft dfm nhfn vai trd quan ly ngudi hpc va efe khoa hpc he thong Mflt khoa hpc sau dffpc thiet ke xong se dutfc trien khai he thong Khoa hpc se dudc bd phgn marketing bifin trfn cac phffdng ttfn tiuyen thflng nham ehifu md ngudi hpe trfn tofn thfi gidi Quy md cua chien Iude marketing dutfc tien hfnh se phy thufic vaoti'nhthutfng mai hay phi thUPng mgi eua tfi chdt Thfnh phan he thfing cdng dfm trach nhifm vy giao tiep vdi ngudi hpc, cho phfp ghi danh va bao eao tien ttinh hpe tap Nhff hat nhfn cua hf thfing quan ly, nd dam nhifm vifc qufn ly hfi sd ngffdi hpc, eac khoa hpe he ttifing va dfm bao eho cfe khoa hpc dudc tfi chffe va van hanh song song, khfing xfy ti'nh trgng ehfing cheo va tuan thu theo hoach djnh hoat dfing dUdc thiet ke tff trffde eua khoa hpc Thanh phan thff hai eiing ehfnh la tiianh phan quan ttpng nhat he thfing MOOC la qufn I'/ hpe tap cho khoa hpe Cfc nhiem vy eiia thfnh phfn bao gfim: dam bao b'nh kha dyng eua tfi nguyfn hpc lieu cd till ttuy xuat bcfi cac hpc vifn bao gom: de cutfng, sach, bai gifng, video bai gifng va eae tai nguyen da phudng tien khae; cung cap cd c^e tffdng tae cpng dflng hpc tfp gom: sff dyng cae phan mfm hpc tap tu'dng tac, diln dan tiao doi mfln hpe vf cac trang mgng xa hfli nhU Wiki, Blog, Faeebook, Twitter Thanh phan qufn I"? hpc tap cdn dfm nhfn edng tac kiem tta va dfnh gia chat ludng tiep thu cua hpc vien suot qua ttinh dgy hpc Ofy If cflng doan cd nhieu cat tiln trang thdi gian qua, nhuhg van cdn ton tgi nhieu bat cgp ve ti'nh nghiem hie va phfp l'^ Trong phan nay, tac gia se trinh bay sff phft ttiln oia mfl hinh MOOC d ^ vdi giao dye hien dgi Trao lull hpc tap ttfn nen tang MOOC nhanh chdng dupe tan tof khap ncfi trfn thfi gldi Tuy nhifn, vin cdn mflt sfi y kifin frfi ehifu cho rfng MOOC dang bj thoi phong thai qua [7,8] Nhiihg quan dilm trai ehieu ve MOOC cung se dupc frinh bay phan nay, qua dd giiip ta co cai nhin tdng quan ve uU thf, eung nhu mat han die eua MOOC f p dyng giao due dfo tao tgi nudc nhf 1.4 TS/n inh htfdng va sy lan rgng cua MOOC Chfnh thffc dudc cflng nhan sy xuat hien vao nam 2008, vdi tudi ddi chda dddc mflt thfp k^, nhuhg MOOC da de lai nhifiu dfu an sau sSc trang sy phat ttien cua nfn giao dye Oanh dau su phat trien nay, mot so he th&ig MOOC nfii tieng da ddi va cang lan rflng tten tofn Uie gidi [7, 13,16] Dfc truhg ciia eac he thfing dudc mfl ta d bfng MOOC eac ky thi cufii khoa vf dutfe cap chffng nhfn bdi tfi chffc D|c t n i l i g cua h f thfiing QuSc NSm Hd gia hinh Thinh Khai Qiur^ra HoaKf 2012 Tra phi 100 571 edX HoaKJ 2012 Miln phi Udaeity HoaKy 2011 Tra phi 53 200 11 39 2012 Tra phi 40 S3 FutureLe Anh am - FutureLearn: Trao IUu MOOC da vUdn khdi Hoa Ky Open University eiia Vutfng qufic Anh quyet djnh trien khai he thong FutureLearn, dupe xem la mpt nhiihg hf thfing MOOC thutfng mai ed quy md Idn dffpe xay dyhg ben ngoai Hoa K^ He ttifing lien ket vdi khoang 40 frudng DH vien va cung cap khoang 53 khof hpc dgi tra S^fiff J ThSng ki mdt so hi thong MOOC nil bing hien [16] Thanh viln la so lupng tru^g dai hgc lien ket vdi he thdng " Khoa hpc la so lupng khoa hpc dUpc thiet ke va dang van hinh - Coursera: Vao nam 2011, vdi wfc eflng tff ba khoa hpe thff nghifm eua DH Stanford, moi khoa hpc cd so IUdng vifn tham gia hdn 100.000 hpc vifn, dan den trUdng dgi hpe quyet dinh khai trffdng Coursera, If hf thong MOOC dfu tifn va cCing la Idn nhat tfnh dfin thdi dian hien tgi vdi tong vfin dau tff ban dau ten den 22 ttieu USD, Coursera tuyfn bfi da lien ket vdi nhieuttudngOH danh tieng khae nhU: Painsylvania, Princeb)n va Michigan Va hien mgng lUdi lien kfit cua hf thfing ten dfin 100 trudng OH - edX: Theo trao IuU MOOC, vao mua Xuan nam 2012, OH Harvard tham gia hpp tac vdi DH MIT phat triln he tiiong MITx la mdt nen tfng hpc lifu md ttut tuyfin frudc do, ttianh hfi thfing MOOC va dfii lai ten la edX Ofy la he thong MOOC mang tt'nh chat phi thutfng mgi vdi ^ n g von dau tU Ifn dfin 80 trieu USD Ngfy nay, edX cung cap khoang 200 khoa hpe va lien ket vdi 53 ttUdng DH khac trfn tofn the gidi, ed eae trUdng ndi tieng nhff: Brown, Columbia, Comell, Darthmouth, Harvard, Princeton va Yale - Udaeity: Khac vdi hai he tiiong MOOC tiudc, hfi thfing dutfc dau tU bdi cac cong ty lifn doanh vdi mue dfch ttiudng mai, vdi tong vfin dau tff udctfnhIf 21,1 tiifu USD [13] Hifn nay, Udacaty eung efp khoang 39 khoa hpc vdi sy lien k f i cua 11 frudng DH ttianh vien Ngudi hpc vdi Udaeity sau hofn tiianh khoa hpc se dffpe kilm tra bang Tap chi T H U VIEN VI?TNA Ngay nay, MOOC tan tof d nhifu nUdc tren thf gidi Oien hinh Iverslty va OpenCourseWorld la hai he thfing MOOC dudc xay duhg tgi Offc TUdng ty, tai chfu A, ehfu Uc da cho khdi ddng hai he ttifing MOOC tf Open2Study va OpenLearning Trao IUU eung dang thu hut nhieu sff quan tfm vf dau tff xay dyhg tgi eae qufic gia nhff Nhgt Bfn, Han Quoe, Dai Loan, Singapore, Trung QuSe [11] \iu diem v f han che cua md hinh MOOC 2.1 Nhiing ifu diern cua md hinh MOOC Tuy dutfc xem nhU la budc ngoat cda sy phat ttiln frong nfn giao dye, nhffng mfl hinh nfy khflng the thay thf hofn toan mo hinh dgy hpc truyen thong Mac du vfy, diung ta khflng t h i phu nhgn nhffng Ipi ieh to Idn chfnh md hinh MOOC mang lgi [5,7] nhd nhiihg Uu diem chfnh sau: Di theo xu thf phft triln hien dgi ciia CNTT, pha bd rao chan ve thdi gian va vj trf Sia ty eua ngUdi hpc Chi can cd mgng, ngudi hpe cd till tham gia hpe tfp Ngudi hoe dffpe tiep xuc vdi eac khoa hpc chft Iffpng, dupc gifng day bdi eae giao sff eua cae trffdng DH hfng dfu thfi gidi VI tfnh ket noi toan cfu, ngudi hpc ed ed hfli hpe tap va giao tifip vdi cpng dfing qufic te Mang tfnh chat dgi fra, gdp phan giam ngfn sach dau tU vfo dao tao eua qufic gia Do eac khoa hpc chii yeu dy^ vao cong nghe da phudng tien nfn eac tfi nguyfn hpe tap ed ti'nh tai sff dyng cao nhff: video, ebook Khong can phfi chdhg thut trinh dp hay bfng 4(66) 35 cap mdi ed ttie ttiam gia cae khof hpc ttffe hjyen, kfch thich phudng phap b/ hoc va ho frd trift Iy hoc tap suot ddi bfo chft lupng vin cdn bj bd ngd mo hinh 2.2 Nhifng han eheva thieh titut cua mo hinh MOOC Trao IuU hpe tfp tren nfn tfng MOOC nhanh chdng lan toa khap ndi tten the gidi Tuy nhifn, vin cdn mflt sfi y kien trfi chieu cho rang MOOC dang bj tiiol phSng thai quf [7,8] Ben egnh sff ling hfl nhift ttnh eua nhieu ngUdi la nhffng y kifn trai chieu, phfn anh nhffng hgn ehe ciia hf thong MOOC nhU sau [5,7,11]: Ngfln ngff ta van de dau tien dupe de efp den mfl hinh MOOC Hifn nay, efe tdioa hpe va cac trudng DH lifn ket ehii yeu tap trung d eac qufic gia phutfng Tfy, dd ngfin ngff ehfnh quy ap dung cho eae khoa hpc van If tieng Anh Day la mfit trd ngai Idn eho ngffdi hpe tieng Anh khdng phai ngdn ngff ehfnh cua ho D I gay tinh trang nhieu thfing tin qua trinh hpe so lutfng hpc vien tiiam gia qua dfing Tra ldi nhffng binh lufn, nhan xet, eau eiia hang nghin hpc vien la mflt thfch thffe Idn cho ngudi day va trp gifng Khdng t h i tudng tac true ttep nhu mpt idp hpe chinh quy Chi phf de thiet kfi vf van hanh mdt Idioa hpe kha eao Theo University of Texas chi phi d l xay dyhg mot khof hpc online ed gia tff 100.000 dfin 300.000 USD, tijy thudc dfc dilm mfln hpc NgUdi dgy gap Idid khan viec xay dyhg cac video hffdng dan vf can sff giup dd tff nhfn viin ky thuat, thiet kfi Chi phi tmng binh mfit gid cua mot tiiudc phim hoan ehinh If 4.300 USD [15] Oen vdi MOOC, ngu^ hpe phfi trang bi ky n3ng tff hoe va phai ed ti'nh ky luft eao Hinh la mdt minh hog cho thay sff thfii phong qua mffc eua dff lufn xa hpi Ty If hpc vien tham dy dfy dli tat ea cfe buoi hpe chi chiem khoang 10% frong tong so tham gia, gan 50% hpc vifn bd hpc trang budi dau bfn [12] Ngoai ra, van de thi cff va kilm tra la ttiach tiiut Idn eua md hinh nfy, mf sfi lutfng hoc vien qua dong va hau het phan tan khap nPi trfn thfi gidi HPn nffa, van df cfp chffng chi va dfm Hinh r^ li hgc viin bd hgc ddc tuan bong m^ khoa hgc cua Coursera [12] S^ phat trien cua MOOC tal V i f t Nam Truyen thong dan tdc Viet Nam ludn eoi ttung viec hpe la hang dau Theo ket quf eua mflt khfo sat, tong chi tieu eua ngffdi Vift Nam dau h/trong gifo dye la 47% vf t/ If sinh vifn sau tdt nghl^ dai hpc Ifm viec ttai nghfi chiem dfin 70% [6] Ben canh do, hien nhieu ts ehfft d Viet Nam da quan tam dfin vifc ttien khai cfc hogt dflng ho ttp ngffdi dfn hpc tap sufit ddi Day ehfnh la dieu kien thufn ldl cho vifc phat ttien MOOC d tiij frUdng Viet Nam MOOC cd the dap uhg mpi nhu c^u hpc tap eua mpi d ^ ti/png khfe nhff: nhffng ngudi Ifm trai nghe vf mufin linh hpi kien thffe thudc ITnh vut chuyfn m&i khac Iinh vut cK dutfc dfo tao trudc dd, nhffng ngudi theo dufii triet ly hpc tap suot ddi Theo xu the eua thfi gidi, vao nam 2008, GiapSdiool - he thfing MOOC dfu tten dutfc ttien khai d Viet Nam, dupe sfng tap bdi Gifp Van DUPng, ngudi ttffe ttfip dfm nhfn tat ef eac vai trd he thong, tff vifc quan trj den vifc thiet ke bai giang va giang dgy Cfc khoa hpc GiapSehool da dgng nhieu Iinh vUt dfnh cho sinh vien he ehinh quy ciing nhff cae hpe vifn dai tta Hifn tgi, GiapSctioot da lien ket vdi hai giang vifn dgi hpc khfe, cung cap 11 khoa hpe dgi tra vdi sy tham gia ciia hdn 4.000 hpc vifn Ofy la budc danh dau sy thfm nhfp cua MOOC vao tiij ttudng Vift Nam Tuy cd tiem nang thj trudng cao, nhuhg phat triln MOOC d Vift Nam eung gfp nhifu trd ngai Idn Van de vf tfi chfnh, sy quan tfm cda cac nha phft ttien giao dye va mdt nhOhg bat cgp Idn nheft ehfnh If thdi quen sff dyng Internet ciia ngffdi hpc Mac dd cd so Iffpng ngudi dung Internet cao, nhuhg phfn tdn ctil tap trung vfo mye dfch gifi tri Vdi nhtihg han chfi da phfn tieh d tten, vifc phat trien MOOC d Vift Nam phfi ed bien dfii sang tao nhat djnh mfi hinh MOOC Theo sy danh gia ciia cac chuyfn gia, so vdi bgc thflng thi bac giao dye DH van cdn rat nhieu hgn ehf Mac du da dude nhifu cp sd dao tgo ap dyng, nhuhg giao due ttye tuyfin d nude ta hifn tgi ehi tap trung chii yeu vfo mfng tuyen thi dgi hpe, ngoai ngff, ttn hpc van phdng va ky nfng mfim Chfnh vi vgy, chiing ta cfn tfp trung triln khai mfl hinh MOOC cho giao dye d bfc dai hpc Trong do, md hinh xMOOC dude danh gia la phCi hpp d^ friln khai trude tien so vdi cMOOC d bfc DH sinh vifn v§n ehu^ du tri thffe va ky nfng d l tham gia vfo eae he thong eMOOC, ndi chii yfiu dfnh eho gidi chuyen gia nham mye dfch nghifn cffu khoa hpc HPn thfi nOi, xMOOC If sy tifp nfii eua phutfng phfp day hpc truyfin thfing, do phd hdp hdn cho ngudi hpe tiep can Oe ap dyng cMOOC d Viet Nam,ttUdehfit phfi tuyen truyen de thay dfii cfeh nhfn djnh cua xa hfli va nha nudc dfii vdi MOOC Hifn nay, cd mpt so djnh kien cho rfng, vdi vife hpc tfp trfn Idp cd sff rang buoc ti'nh ky luft ma chft lutfng dao tao (xin yeu kem thi dfo tgo h u t tuyen vdi tieu ehf tff se khong dam bao dutfe chat ludng Hdn the nffa, mflt sfi y kien khae eho rfng, MOOC phft triln se thu hiit het hpe vifn dSn den ttnh trang thifu vifc tam cho giang vifn Dfy If nhOhg c^nh kifin gfy ttd ngai tdn cho MOOC Oe ap dyng cfe khoa hoc trut tuyfin ehdng ta cd the d\ theo hai phffdng phap Vdi phffdng phap ttiff nhft; cae ttudng OH Viet Nam eo ttil lifn kft vdi eac hf thong Idn eo sin d nudc ngoai nhu Edx, Coursera vf Udaeity de dUa eac khoa hpc nfli dja vao he thfing gifo dye quoc tfi Cach tilp cfn dang dddc f p dyng bdi nhieu frUdng OH tgi nhifiu nudc d chfu A nhu Nhft Ban, Han Quoc va Tmng Qufic Vdi phffPng phap thff hai, can cd mot r •" ^0 Md hinh Khoa hgc trut tuy&i md (Massive Open Online Course - MOOC) Anh: Internet to chut nUdc dffng dau lien ket eac ttudng OH va ^ chffe phai du manh ve kinh te de dau tff cd sd vat chat cho mdi tru'dng hpe tfp mang tfnh chat cfing nghf Trong bude xay duhg cac khoa hpc, mfe du cac khoa hpc da ITnh vyt nhu kinh tfi, van hof, edng nghf d l dutfc triln khai cfing d nhieu nude, nhung vffi difiu kifn kinh te nhff hien ehung ta nen bffdc dau tap ttung vao cfc khoa hpc ed ti'nh kha thi cao vol cac mdn hpc i ^ cfing nghf Ngofi ra, ehiing ta cd till fp dyng ket hpp trang eae mfln hpc khac, ehang hgn ket hpp MOOC giang dgy thut hanh, vi thffe hanh ddi hdi nhifiu thdi gian, khf nfng ty hpc eao vf ciing la thfi mgnh cua MOOC Cufii cdng, cfn dffa hf thfing MOOC vfn hfnh nhff mflt thfnh phfn ehfnh quy frong dao tgo DH, tiit la ed sy danh gia, ghi nhfn ket qua qua trinh hpe tfp vf xem dd tf dilm hpc chfnh thffe, dd se dam bao tfnh nghifm tuc hpe tfp eua sinh vlfn Ngoaira,trang chudng tiinh dfo tao nfn them efe mfln hpc mang ti'nh bat bufle, khuyen khfch sinh vien tham gia eac khoa hpc MOOC eua nUde ngofi nham tiep thu kifin thffc ehuyen sau de tiep cgn phffPng phfp dao tao mdi vf ed the ti'ep tyc hpc tfp sau tSt nghifp theo ttiet l