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ri NGHIEN CUU & LTNG DUNG CAC YEU TO ANH HITONG DEN VIEC CHON NGHE CUA HOC SINH LdP 12 NGUdl DAN TOC THIEU SO TJNH THAI NGUYEN TS Nguyen Tbj Thanh Huyin, Nguyin Thl Thanh Trudng Bfi hgc Suphifm B^i hg[.]
NGHIEN CUU & LTNG DUNG ri CAC YEU TO ANH HITONG DEN VIEC CHON NGHE CUA HOC SINH LdP 12 NGUdl DAN TOC THIEU SO TJNH THAI NGUYEN TS Nguyen Tbj Thanh Huyin, Nguyin Thl Thanh Trudng Bfi hgc Suphifm - B^i hgc Thdi Nguyin SUMMARY The professional selection process of ethnic minority (EM), grade 12 students is dominated by marry factors To help EM grade 12 students match career after high school graduation, the schools need to appreciate the role of the factors affecting students' career choice, find measures to promote the role actively, and limiting the negative impact of these factors Schools also have to appreciate the role of vocational education, vocational counseling for orientation and career choice of students at the same time The school should fully comprehensive full documents of the Stale, of Ministry of Education - Training in vocational work Organizing extracurricular activities with diverse topics related to vocation, career choices The school plans and measures in close collaboration with the student and family organizations in the career orientation for students Key words: influence factors, vocation - career choices, grade 12 students, ethnic minority, Thai Nguyen Ngifytth^bdi: I2/6/20I4; Ngdy duyp OSitg: 20/6/2014 ddng ciia cic diiu kifn hoin cinh, chf ude xi hpi Muc dd ehi phdi eiia eie yfu td tuj' thudc vio ning tiip nhin ciia timg HS Bii viit niy chii yiu nfu eie yiu td anh hudng din vifc ehpn nghi eiia HS ldp 12 DTTS tinh Thii Nguyfn thdng qua khio sit khao sit y kiin eua 100 GV vi 500 HS Idp 12 ngudi DTTS cic trudng THPT Djnh Hoi, huyfn Djnh Hda Trudng THPT VO Nhai, hudng THPT Hoing Qude Vift (VO Nhai); Trudng THPT Lf Hdng Phong (Phd Yfn); Trudng THPT Phu Luang (Phii Luang , Thii Nguyfn), mdi tiudng 20 GV vi 100 HS,ti-ongdd ed 240 HS nam, 260 HS ntt li ngudi din tdc Tiy, Niing, Dao, Sin Chi, Sin Riu, kit qui thu dupc: Hpc sinh (HS) Idp 12 ngudi dan tdc thiiu sd (DTTS) tinh Thii Nguyfn chiim ti If tiidp tuong quan so sinh vi sd lupng din mpt qudc gia da din tdc Ddi vdi HS Idp 12 ndi chung vi HS Idp 12 ngudi DTTS ndi rifng, vifc phii chpn cho minh mdt nghi phii hpp cd ^ nghTa vd edng quan trpng, bdi "chpn nghi li chpn hudng di cho ci cudc ddi" Qui trinh ehpn nghl eda HS bj chi phdi bdi nhiiu yiu td ehii quan vi khich quan Yeu td chii quan thi hifn d chd ci nhin hudng tdi sy thoa nhu edu hogt ddng, phii hpp vdi ning lye, hiing tiiu, nguyfn vpng cua bin thin Yeu td khich quan bieu hifn chpn nghi ci nhan phii chju chi phdi, tic Bdng Cdc yiu t6 Idideh quan dnh hudng den vi^c chgn nghe ciia HS Up 12 DTTS linh Thdi Nguyen ^ ^ ^ N^l dung Trirtfng ^^^^ Nhi tru6nR Gia dinh Bjuibi C&c phuang ti$n th6ng tin d^i chiing TTij tniimg lao dOng, du iu§n xa hOi vi ngli^ e t c yiu ti Ichic THPT D^ng Hy (n-100) THPT Pb^YSn (n=100) fiiim TB Thir 4.8 3.0 4.0 3,5 4,6 5,0 5,0 5,8 2,5 •1,3 Diem TB THPT Djnh H6B (n-100) THPT Hoftng QV (n=100) Tha Dilm nit Diem b$c TB bSc TB 3,7 4,0 3,4 5.1 5.8 5,9 1,7 2.1 5,5 3.8 b|c THPT Vi Nhai (n=100) Trung binh Chung Diem Thir Diim TB Thir TB b|c chung b$c 3,5 3,2 4,3 3,8 3,7 5,1 2' 5,3 2.2 5,1 5,3 5,6 5,9 5,8 2,1 1,6 1.94 TAP CHl TNlfTBIGlAO DVC-sd - / • 51 NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG Anh hudng cua cac nhin t6 khich quan din vifc chpn nghe cua HS Kit qua cho thiy, diing d vi tri sd Ii anh hudng td thi ttudng lao ddng, du luin x i hdi Cd tdi 97% HS cho ring, yiu td thj trudng lao ddng anh hudng nhiiu nhit din eic em vifc chpn nghi Diiu niy phii hpp vdi thye tf nen kinh te thj trudng hifn vi thi trudng lao dpng ehinh li nhu ciu ngudn nhan lye ddi vdi mpt nginh nghf nhat dinh, nganh nio xi hpi dang dupc lya chpn nhifu, nganh nio hpe xong ed ning phit trien, nginh nio khd cd thi tim vifc Iim Chinh nhihig dieu tic ddng din vifc chpn nghi eiia eic em Anh hudng cua cic phuong tifn thdng tin dai ching vi cic td chirc xi hpi Phuang tifn thdng tin dgi chiing di tie dpng khdng nhd tdi vifc lya chpn nghi nghifp eua HS Vdi sy hd trp ciia sich, bio, phim anh, truyin hinh, cie td chiic xi hdi nhu Hdi Phy nCt, Hdi Cyu chiin binh, Doin nien die bift Ii mgng Internet, HS di ding nim bit, tifp thu cie thdng tin da dgng vi mpi m$t eua cie ITnh vyc ddi sdng xi hpi Qua dif u tra, sd cic ngudn thdng tin, ngudn thdng tin quan trpng nhit gidp HS ed dupe sy hifu biit vi nghi li internet (chiim 46%, xip thii 1) Internet vdi nhQng trang web hudng nghifp da gidp HS c6 nhttng thdng tin vi timg nghi cy thi Dling vj tri thir la inh hudng tir dai truyen thanh, truyen hinh (chiim 24,0%) Dii truyin eye I^ quan trpng ddi sdng x i hpi ndi chung vi qui trinh lya chpn nghi cua HS Idp 12 ndi ridng, cic em cd thi nim bit dupc cie thdng tin nghi i ^ f p tiidng qua cie phuong tifn niy Trong sy lya chpn nghi ngfiifp cua cic em edn ed anh hudng tir cic td ehiic xi hdi (chiim 14,0%), cic em ed tiii biit dupc nhfing thdng tin vi eic nghi ciia dja phirong, nghi mi HS djnh ehpn Dling vi tri thii li anh hudng tir nhi trudng Ket qui d bang eho thay: HS dinh gii ve inh hudng cua cie hinh thiie hogt dpng nhi trudng td chiie den vifc chpn nghe ciia HS ndi bgt nhit li hinh thiie td chiie hogt ddng giio dye hudng nghifp theo chuong tiinh m i Bd GD&DT dS quy djnh (xip thir 1) Thdng qua hinh thiic niy HS dupe cung cdp nhihig thdng tin vf cic nghe, nhdm nghf xi hdi, bift dupe djc diim yfu ciu cua nghd ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, ndi dung lao ddng eiia nghd, biit dupc hf thdng cie trudng dio tgo nghf, thdng tin vi thj trudng lao dpng Dupe tham gia vio hogt ddng tim kiin thdng tin ve nghe dudi sy hudng dan eiia GV Tuy nhien, hinh thirc niy thdi lupng qui it, thing ehi cd tiit Ben cgnh dd GV lim cdng tic hudng nghifp lgi khdng phii li GV chuyen trich, kinh nghifm, kiin thirc vi kj ning td ehiic hogt dpng hudng nghifp cdn hgn che, nen hinh thiic niy cung chua dip Omg dupc ydu cau ciia HS nhu mong mudn Hinh thirc hudng nghifp thdng qua dgy cic mdn hpc (diim TB: d,4 xiptiiiir2) Diy ciing li mpt hinh Bdng 2: Cdc hinh thuc hogt dgng cda nhd trudng di giup HS chgn nghi \^ Tru^g N9i dung ^ y THPTHoJng QuocVi«t (n=100) Dilm TB Thl^ b^c THPT Pho Yen (n=100) THPT Djnh H6a (n-100) THPT Dong Hy (n=100) Dilm TB Thi b^c Dilm TB Thir b§c Diem TB Thir b^c THPTV5 Nhai (n-100) Trung binh chung Dilm TB Thl} bac Dilm TB Chung Thl» b^c 6,0 6,7 6.1 6,8 6.3 6.4 2 6,5 4,5 5.0 4.8 4.2 5.0 3.5 2,7 3.1 3.1 2.6 3.0 6,8 6,8 6.9 6,6 6.9 6.8 6,8 5,6 2.4 6,3 3,2 4,86 4,8 5,0 4.7 6,5 4.5 5,7 1,7 1.1 1,6 1,2 1.3 1.38 Chd thich npi dung: (1) Hu&ng nghidp thong qua viic tich hgp gidng dgy cdc mon hgc; (2)Td chuc hgi vdnvenghe; (3)T6 chuc cdc hogi dQng ngogi khod ve cdc ngdnh nghe; (4) To chuc hogt dgng gido due hudng nghiip theo chuang Irinh cua Bg gido di/tc -Ddo tgo quy djnh; (5) To chuc cho HS tham quan ca sa sdn xudi (6) Td chuc dgy nghe cho HS; (7) Cac hinh thdc khac ll • TAP CHt THI^BlGlAO Dgc-sd 107-7/2014 NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG tiiiic cd hifu qui ddi vdi HS, d$c bift Ii thdng qua mdn Cdng nghf NHfc dgy nghi gidp HS cd nhQng hiiu biit vi nhOng nginh nghi dd ddr^ thdi gidp HS nh§n thde rO hon vi ning lye vi sd trudng ciia minh ddi vdi cic nginh nghi Tuy nhifn cd rit nhiiu trudng phd thdng Igi ehua coi trpng hinh thde niy, th§m chi cd trudng chi coi hogt ddng dgy nghi nhu mdt "phao" cdu cinh ddi vdi HS thi tdt nghifp, vdi mye dich hpc nghi di dupc cpng them diim Diifngvi tri thii li inh huong cua gia dinh: Kit qui 215 HS cho ring anh hudng tir kinh ti gia dinh Ii ldn nhit Trfn thye ti ed thi thdy, hoin cinh kinh ti gia dinh ed inh hudng din vifc chpn nghi cua HS Ldi khuySn ciia gia dinh rdt quan trpng ddi vdi cic em vifc chpn nghi, nhifn ddi vdi HS Idp 12 DTTS thi anh hudng ciia I^ niy khong nhiiu, m ^ dii hdu nhu gia dinh nio eiing mudn em minh chgn nhimg nghe sau ndy co khd ndng kiim tiin, cd thu nhgp cao nhung da phdn cie em HS ngudi DTTS diu d ndng thdn chii yiu lim nghi ndng nfn it ean thifp vio chuyfn hpe t^p eiia eii Khi cha m^ ddng vai trd Ii yiu td inh hudng thii yiu din vifc lya chpn nghi nghifp ciia cii, dem Igi sy tic ddng hai chiiu: Chieu thu$n Ipi li hpc sinh dupc lya chpn nghe nghifp theo sd thieh rifng eiia ci nhin, nhung ngupc Igi, cQng dn chira nhiing khd khin dd Ii sd thieh ciia eie em thudng mang miu sdc cim tinh, eic em thudng thich nhQng nghf eua nhttng ngudi mi eie em yfu min, hojc nhttng nghi mi bgn thin ciia cic em lya chpn, ho$c thich nhttng nghi ed ve hio nhoing Anh hudng tir bgn bf: Ddi vdi HS THPT quan hf bgn bf Ii mdt nhu cdu khdng thi thiiu vi dupc eic em rdt eoi trpng, bdi thdng qua mdi quan hf niy cic em cd thi giii biy tim sy, nguyfn vpng, chia se niim vui, noi budn, ke ca nhihig diiu thim kin, rifng tu, nhttng nh§n djnh vi nghi nghifp, vi tucmg lai Trong mdi quan hf eie em cd tiii ty khdng djnh dupc ning, vj ti^ ciia minh, dufjc giiip dd bgn be Cd nhiiu HS chpn nghi Idi khuyfn cua bgn bd, tiiiy cic bgn chpn thl minh cOng chpn tiieo ho^c eie em choi thin vdi rdi ru chpn ciing mdt nghi, thi chung mpt trudng Chpn nghi inh hudng tir bgn bf diu khdng mang Igi hifu qui, bdi vi dd chi li sy lya chpn bj chi phdi bdi cim tinh vi khdng ed sy ddi chiiu so sinh giOa sdtiiich,diiu kifn vi ning lyc eiJa bin tiiin vdi cie yfu cdu ciia nghi Aah hinhig cua cic yiu td chu quan Anh hudng cda cic yiu td chu quan din vifc ehpn nghi ciia HS ldp 12 DTTS tinh Thdi Nguyfn li: Nhdn thuc vi nghi; Thdi dg ddi vdi nghi; Dgng ca chgn nghi; vd Ndng lyc hgc tgp cua HS 3.1.Tim hieu nhgn thuc cua HS vi nghi yfu ciu cie em hiy ke tfn nhttng nghf ed xi hpi mi eie em biit Kit qui eho thdy: Nhgn thiic vi nghi cd tiong xi hdi eua HS Ii tuong ddi tdt (khdng em nio Ii khdng biit) Nhung nhgn thiie cua eie em thf hifn d miie dd khic Bift tir 15 nghi trd len hpe chiSm ti If it (22%), Da sd eie em chi ke dupc - nghf Di sau tim hieu Ichio sit nhin thirc eiia HS vi d^ diem yiu cdu cua xd hgi ddi vdi nghi vd khd ndng piidt triin cda nghi mi cic em ed dy djnh lya ehpn Vdi ciu hdi: "Bgn hiy cho biit mdt sd hiiu bift vi nghe mi bgn djnh chpn sau hpc xong THPT bing cich tri Idi nhihig eiu hdi: Nghi bgn chgn ddo tgo nhirng ngudi si ldm cdng viic gi sau nay? Ngi dung ddo tgo cua nghi do? Nghi dd gom nhitng nganh ndo? Diim chudn ba ndm gdn day cua trudng co ddo tgo nghi dinh chgn? Kit qua chotiidy:Phdn Idn HS chua tim hiiu ky vi nghi mi minh dy djnh lya ehpn, chinh vl v|y mi eie em ehi dimg Igi d mire dd n h ^ thirc nhChig nft chung ciia nghi, thgm chf cd nhDng em khdng biit Sd HS chudn bj tdt eho vifc lya chpn nghi cdn rdt it 3.2 Thdi dg doi vdi nghi nghiip: Dk tim hiiu thii dd cua HS ddi vdi mpt sd nghi phd biin xi hpi, dua 10 nghi, yfu edu HS lya ehpn, nghi nio thich nhdt thl dinh s6 Khi xii II diing phuong phip tinh diim, sd I dupc 10 diim, sd dupc diim , sau dd tinh dif m trung binh vi xip thii bgc, diim cao nhdt dupe xip thii bie cho din thir bic 10 Cie kit qua thu dupe: Cic em ed dy djnh chpn nghi vio nhdm nghi ngudi - ngudi Ii nhiiu hon, vi vin ehii tipng din vifc ed mdt nghi nghifp dn djnh Dgng ca chpn nghi cua HS: Lya chpn nghi nghifp li mpt qui tririh phiie tgp cd mdi quan hf tie dpng qua lgi eiia nhiiu nhin td Vi v^y, qui trinh lya ehpn nghi HS phii can nhdc, suy nghT rdt nhiiu tiude quyit djnh Dk tim hiiu vdn di niy chung tdi dua 10 ly do, yeu edu HS lya chpn bing cich dinh sd theo th(r ty mire dp quan tim tir I din 10, quan tam nhdt dinh sd l vi it quan tim nhdt dinh sd 10 Thu dupc kit qui bing 3: HS hifn ehpn nghi quan tim nhiiu din eo hdi cd vifc sau trudng Diy li vdn di khdng chi eua rifng cie TAP CHf THlfTBIGlAO DUC-S6107-7/2014 • S3 NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG Bdng J :Lydo N$i dung THPT Ding Hy chon nghi da HS lap 12 DTTS THPT linh Thai THPTHoJng Quoc Vift THPT v a Nhai Nguyen THPT PbdVen THPT Djnh Hoi TB Chung Thi^ b§c Dilm TB Thif b|c Diem TB Thir b^c Dilm TB Thit bSc Dilm TB Th» b|c Dilm TB Thir b|c 7.5 6.8 7.0 6,9 7,0 7.04 8^ 8,0 7.2 7,6 7,8 7,76 7,6 6.9 6.5 6.3 4,5 3,8 10 "^'i 58 5.0 9 10 4,1 5.7 4.3 8.0 7,5 5,0 6,0 5.3 10 4,8 6,7 7,0 6.4 6,1 6,0 5.5 5,9 10 3.5 10 4.0 7.0 6.8 si 10 72 7.6 Dilm TB nj 5,74 5.0 4.68 6.8 6,84 6.3 J 5,36 S,88 10 4,24 7.06 Chd thich nhiing vdn de HS quan tdm: Nhu cdu, thi cda bin thin vdi nghi Nghi cd diiu kifn di thi hifn nang lyc ci nhin Ca hfl c6 vifc lim sau tnidng Vj thi xi hdi cia nghi Thu nhgp ciia nghi Nghi cd dieu kifn di tiip tyc hpc, ning cao trinh df Li nghi dupc nhiiu hay ft ngudi lya chpn? Nghi cd ning thing tiin Sy ddng tinh, ung hd ciia gia dinh 10 Sy dinh gii ciia x3 hpi dii vdi nghi em mi edn Ii vdn dk cie b ^ phy huynh quan tam, lyc nghi nghifp log! gidi, HS tifn tifn thl dinh gii bdi da phin eie em diu Ii eon em ndng dan, syhd trp ning lyc Vi m$t dgo diic: Niu xip logi hgnh cua gia dinh vdn di xm vifc li rit hgn ehi nfn kiim tdt thi cic em dinh gii dgo dire tdt, hgnh kiim diy li vdn di dupe eic em dua Ifn hing diu Tiip till dinh gii dgo diic Nhung da sd cie em tiieo dd Ii vdn di tiiu nh§p cua nghi, cic em ludn cin diu dinh gii ning ciia minh Ii tfidp han so vdi nhic gitta sy chi phi cho hpc nghf vi thu nh|p nghf yeu ciu ciia nghe nhu: Vi ndng lyc Ydu cau eiia sau niy HS quan tim din cic vin di sy dinh gii ciia nghi eic em dinh gii ning lyc gioi li 26,2% nhung xi hpi ddi vdi nghi, vj thi x i hpi eiia nghf, nhu edu, dinh gii ning ciia bin thin Igi chi cd 10,0%, hiing thu eua bin thin ddi vdi nghi; diiu kifn di thi ning lyc li 56,0% so vdi ty dinh gii ning lyc hifn ning lye ei nhan; dieu kifn ^k tiep tyc hpe t§p, ciia bin tiiin 43,6% Vk dyo d(rc: Dgo dire tdt 57,6% ning eao trinh dp, Mdt difu ding quan tam ntta so vdi ty dinh gii dgo dire ciia bin thin li 46,6% li van df kha ning thing tien nghi, sy ddng tinh, ling hp cua gia dinh khdng dupc cac em quan T i i Uf u tham kh&o tim nhifu t.Phgm Tdt Dong, D$ng Danh Anh, Trdn Mai 3.4 Ndng lyc ciia bdn thdn HS Tiin hinh diiu tra lim rd sy ty dinh gii ciia HS Thu (2008), Hogt dgng gido dye hudng nghiip ldp tren nhiing tieu chi: Ning lyc, dgo diic, tfnh cich, sire 12 Sach GV, NXB Giio dye Hi Ndi khoe ciia minh so vdi yfu ciu ciia nghi nghifp Phgm Minh Hgc (1994), Vdn di ngudi Kft qui: Bing cich dinh gii chii quan nhung sy nghiip cdng nghiip hoa, hiin dgi hda, NXB da sd cic em di bift ty dinh gii kha ning eiia minh Chinh tii Qudc gia Hi Ndi so vdi nghi minh chpn Tuy nhien eieh dinh gii eiia Nguyin Vin Hd, Nguyen Thj Thanh Huyin eie em vin ehi theo cich dinh gii, xip logi eiia nhi (2006), Hogt dgng gido dye hudng nghiip vd gidng dt^ U-udng phd tiidng Vi dy nhu vi m$t ning lyc: Niu A? thugt trudng THPT, NXB Giio dye Hi Ndi cie em Ii HS gidi thi eic em ty dinh gii li cd ning http://www.huongnghiep.vn 54 • TAP CHt THI^BIGlAO DMC-sd 107-7/2014 ... chiiu so sinh giOa sdtiiich,diiu kifn vi ning lyc eiJa bin tiiin vdi cie yfu cdu ciia nghi Aah hinhig cua cic yiu td chu quan Anh hudng cda cic yiu td chu quan din vifc ehpn nghi ciia HS ldp 12 DTTS... HS Ldi khuySn ciia gia dinh rdt quan trpng ddi vdi cic em vifc chpn nghi, nhifn ddi vdi HS Idp 12 DTTS thi anh hudng ciia I^ niy khong nhiiu, m ^ dii hdu nhu gia dinh nio eiing mudn em minh chgn... yiu din vifc lya chpn nghi nghifp ciia cii, dem Igi sy tic ddng hai chiiu: Chieu thu$n Ipi li hpc sinh dupc lya chpn nghe nghifp theo sd thieh rifng eiia ci nhin, nhung ngupc Igi, cQng dn chira