NGHIEN cuu & UNG DUNG TO CHOC BAI HOC UCH SUf TAI BAO TANG TONG HOP H THANH H6A CHO HOC f INH P H 6 THdNC PGS TS Hodng Thanh Hdi Trudng Dgi hpc Hong Due Thanh Hda SUMMARY Thanh Hoa is one of the first[.]
NGHIEN c u u & UNG DUNG TO CHOC BAI HOC UCH SUf TAI BAO TANG TONG HOP H THANH H A CHO HOC f INH P H THdNC PGS TS Hodng Thanh Hdi Trudng Dgi hpc Hong Due Thanh Hda SUMMARY Thanh Hoa is one of thefirstprovinces which have the bluest provincial museum It also is t ideal place to hold history lessons for high-school students with two basic kinds of forms: visiting teaching lessons on topic Teaching history at local museum is very meaningful in different asp contributing to establishing historical symbols which are specific, truthfxil and accurate about hi events; training students capability of logically thinking major practicing skills; creating stud sense ofexcitement andpassionfor learning history; raisingtheirpride of national tradition, aware of respect andpreservation cultural heritages, etc Schools need cooperate with local museum an scientific method ofconducting to get effective results in the above form of teaching Nh^n hii ngiy 2/12/2013, ngiy duy^d&ng 25/12/2013 1, Md dau d nude ta, ngodi h? thing bdo tdng (BT) trung uong, hdu nhu moi tinh, deu cd BT dja phuong, Ddy thudng la BT tong hgp, cd chdc ndng suu t$p, trung bdy nhihig tdi li$u, hi^n v^t vl vdn hda vgt chat, tinh than, ve tien trinh ljch sd va nhihig sy ki^n ljeh su tieu bieu cua dja phuong Vi vgy, day ciing Id dja dilm ly tudng dl to chdc bdi hgc ljch sd eho HS thong (HSPT) Tuy nhiSn, vi nhieu ly do, hi?n Igi the ndy van chua dugc phat huy Dk to chdc ed hi?u qud cdc bdi hgc ljch sd tgi BT dja phuong cho HSPT, can ed ede hinh thuc, phuong phdp khoa hgc vd sy kit hgp ch$t chS hon giiia nhd trudng vdi BT Thyc tien dgy hpc d Thanh Hod, mgt tinh cd bdo tang dja phuong khd Idn, da chdng minh thih hinh ndy N$i dung trung bdy ciia bao tdng tong hgp Thanh Ho& co thi t l chuc cdc bdi hgc ljch sir cho HS phi thong, Thanh Hda Id m$t tinh Idn, cd truyen thing ljch sd, vdn hoa ldu ddi, vi v§y, BT Thanh Hda la mgt nhihig BT dja phuong Idn, ddi sdm hong ed nude BT Thanh Hda la mgt qudn thi kiln trdc dgc dao, dugc xay dyng tu nam 1955 d trung tam "phi Day Id noi tuu giiJ, bao qudn, trung bay vd phat huy nhihig gia trj di san qu;^ bdu cua xd Thanh ndi ri^ng va Yx^X Nam ndi chung Todn bg h$ thong trung bay gom phong, di$n tich trung bdy tren 1.200 m2, vdi hon 2.600 hi$n vat, hdng nghin hue tranh, dnh, tu li?u khoa hgc H? thong tnmg bay chinh eda BT Thanh Hda duge trinh bay theo tiln trinh ljeh sd, tu thdi so sd den dgi thdng mua Xudn 1975, mgt khong gian gom phong trung bay ton, phdng trung bdy chuyen de rieng: Phdng tnmg bay "Van hda Ddng Sam & Thanh Hda ", gidi thi^u sy ddi, phdt trien va thdnh tyu rye rd cda nIn vdn hda Ddng Son trgn dat Thanh Hda, gom nhihig suu t|ip ndng cy, cdng cy san xudt, dung sinh hogt, vii vd nhihig chiec tring ding, thap ding tieu bilu eda vdn hda Ddng Son Phdng trung bay "Co vgt Thanh Hoa" trung bay nhihig bdo vgt quoc gia, nhihig cl v§t qui gid, nhihig suu t^p hi?n vgt dpc dao vdi cdc chat li$u dong, da, ddt nung phdn dnh nhung net dac trung nhat kho tang van hoa vgt till xd Thanh Phdng trung bay "Trdng ddng phdt hi^n & Thanh Hod" Id phdng trung bay nhat hi?n TAP CHl THlfTBIGZAO Dgc-sd 101-1/2014 • 31 NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG d Vi?t Nam gidi thi?u ve mgt logi co vgt, Phdng tnmg bay "Ddc tnmg vdn hoa ddn dac sdc, qui hilm phdt hi?n tren dat Thanh Hda tdc Mu&ng & Thanh Hda ", vdi hon 300 hinh dnh, - dong eo vj tri trang trgng nhat, phdng hi^n vgt glc dgc sdc, tieu bleu dugc lya chgn, da trung bay gidi thi^u suu tgp dong logi I gidi thieu cupc sdng, sinh hogt vd m0t so ddc Heger, vdi sy hi|n di$n cua nhihig ehilc tring tnmg vdn hda eiia ddn t0c Mudng xd Thanh dep Qudng Xuong, Cdm Giang, tring Ma Phdng trung bdy "Ddc trung vdn hda ddn Ngudi ed niSn dgi sdm, Thieu Thinh e6 tgc Thdi & Thanh Hda", gidi thi$u cu0e song, kich thudc Idn cdng nhihig hga tilt hoa vdn sinh hogt va mot s6 dde trung vdn hda cua dan trang tri tuy^ my cua nghe thugt trang tri dl tgc Thdi xd Thanh dong Ddng Son Qua suu tgp tring minh Ngoai phdng trung bdy cd tinh chuyen dl (do chdn theo ngudi chet), dnh chyp cde ngdi trSn, ngogi thdt cda BT cdn Id noi trung bdy cac m0 eo Dong Son ed ebon theo ding cCmg tdc phdm m5^ thu^t dieu khde dd tieu bilu thdi nhihig vdt dyng khde, BT tnmg bay, gidi thif u Le - Nguyen, nhiing hien vat cd thi khii Idn nhu dl khdch tham quan hilu rd hon gid tri eda sdng thdn cdng thdi Nguyen, mdy cay DT24 ciia dong ddi song vdn hda tinh than cda Bac Hi t^ng hgp tac xa Yen Trudng, mdy bay cu ddn Dong Son Phdn tiep noi, phdng trung Mic 17 edatrung dodn khong qudn 921 tham gia bay gidi thi^u nh&ng thu tjeh co, thdn tich, sdc chiin ddu d Ham Rong ngdy 3-4/4/1965 theo phong edng vdi sy ed m?t cda suu tap mOt logic ch^t che, tao cdnh quan khudn viSn BT dong logi II Heger (trong Mudng), da phdn dnh rdt sinh dgng va bl thi rd moi quan h? Vi^t - Mudng Vdi h? thong trung bay tren, chdng ta c6 the Phdng trung bdy "Truyin thdttg cdch mgng tl chdc eho HSPT den tham quan, hpc tgp tgi BT Thanh Hda" (giai dogn 1858-1945) phdn dnhve cdc chd de Idn cda lich sd ddn t0c vd Ijch sd mgt giai dogn quan trgng I jch sd Vi?t Nam Thanh Hod, nhu "Vdn hod Dong Son & Thanh td lue thyc ddn Phap xdm luge (1858) din Cdeh Hod", " Kh&i nghta Bd tri^u ndm 248", "Kh&i mgng Thdng Tam ndm 1945 Phdng trung bay nghia Lam Son & Thanh Hod", "Thanh Hod dd gidi thi$u nhilu hi^n v§t phan anh sy ki?n phong trdo Cdn Vuong cudi thi ky XIX trgng dgi ljch sd Thanh Hda, nhu vi§c dduXX", "Qud trinh vgn dgngcdch mgngthdng tiidnh I^p Ddng bO Thanh Hda ngdy 29-7-1930, Tdm 1945 & Thanh Hod", "Thanh Hod nhu chile mdm xd ddng lam ban in tai lifu cua cugc khdng chiin chdng Phdp 1946-1954", Ddng, suu tfp vQ cua du kich Ngpc Trgo "Thanh Hod cugc khdng chiin chdng I^ (1941), hinh dnh ngdi nhd m? Tom va trdp cdt 1954-1975", "Nin vdn hod cdc ddn tgc thiius6 tdc cda eon trai m? Tom dung dl cat gidu tdi o Thanh Hod" lifu, nudi gidu dong chi T I Hihi va cdc can bg Hinh thirc, phmrag phdp tl chirc bai edch mgng, ehilc t$nh dung khdi hgc Ijch sir cho HS thdng tgi bao tdng nghia Hodng Hda ngdy 24- 7-1945, cdng vdi suu Qua dilu tra thuc te tgi BT Thanh Hoa cho tap vu thd so nhan dan ta da dung de gianh thdy, hi?n mdi khodng 30% cdc hudng tieu chinh quyin Cdch mgng hge, THCS, THPT trongtiidnhpho dua HS den Phdng trung bay "Thanh Hoa si/r tham quan, hgc tap tgi BT (Nhieu nhdt vln la eac nghiep xdy dymg vd bdo v^ Td qudc " (giai dogn trudng tieu hgc) Cac trudng d huy^n xa thdnh 1945-1975), gidi thi?u khdi qudt nhung cd h? phi, ty 1? cdn it hon nhilu Hinh thdc hpc t$p thing vl tinh thdn chiin ddu anh ddng, nhihig chd ylu Id eac trudng dua tung dodn HS din BT ddng gdp to Idn cua Dang b^ va nhdn dan Thanh nghe thuylt minh, gidi thifu khdi qudt vl ngi Hda qua hai cuOc khdng chiin ching Phdp, dung trung bay khodng 45 den 60 phut chong My vd xdy dyng chu nghTa xa h^i Vdi cdeh thdc nay, kit qud cua vi^e hge ljeh sd 32 • TAP CHl THlfTBIGlAO Dgc-sd 101-1/2014 NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG tgi BT dT nhiSn edn hgn ehe Cling da cd trudng (ddi vdi cae Idp nhd) din 90 phut den 120 phut PT dtiidnhpho Thanh Hod tl chdc dgy hpe bdi (ddi vdi cdc Idp Idn) Trudc buli tham quan, GV iieh sd dan tdc, dja phuong tgi BT, nhung cdn can nSu ro myc dich buoi tham quan, nhiing n$i rat it Td thyc tiln tren, chung toi trinh bay m^t dung ljeh su can tim hieu ky Md dau buli tham so van dl vl hinh thde, phuong phap to chdc bdi quan, hudng dan vi6n gidi thi?u so luge vl vj hgc ljeh sd tai BT dja phuong tri, nhimg phdng tnmg bdy chinh cua BT, sau Thu nhdt, tham quan tgi bdo tang: Tham Ian lugt gidi thieu cdc hi?n vat trung bdy theo quan tgi BT la hinh thde biln hi$n nay, vi ngi dung, chu dl cua phdng trung bdy Mac dau nd de thyc hiSn, nhdm myc dich minh hog, cy hudng din vi6n Id ngudi gidi thi?u chinh, nhung the hda nhiing kien thde da dugc hgc, "dl lai GV phdi cd sy kit hgp chgt ehe, nhu hudng dan m^t dn tugng mgnh me, nang eao hdng thd hgc HS quan sdt, tim hieu nhihig hi^n vgt, tdi li^u tap va ren luy?n kha ndng quan sdt, phdn tich chu ylu, nSu cae cdu hdi vl nhihig van dl chua cua HS" [3, Tr 287] Vi dy, dua HS Idp den rd, tri dung tien hinh, ke hogch cua mgt buli tham quan phdng trung bdy "Trdng ddng phdt tham quan Culi buli tham quan, GV giao bdi hi$n & Thanh Hda", HS dugc tgn mdt quan sdt tgp ve nha cho HS, thudng Id vilt thu hogch ve nhdng chiec ding thgt, vdi nhdng hoa mgt van dl chu ylu cda buli tham quan dudi vdn trang tri tinh xdo, kit hgp vdi ldi gidi thi?u dgng cde bdi tgp nhgn thuc Sau buli tham quan, eda cdc hudng dSn vien Dieu dd 1dm cho cae G V cd the tl chdc cho HS trao doi, hogc viet thu em hilu rd hon ve dot song vgt ehdt, tinh thdn hogch mgt so van de nhdm nang eao nhgn thde cda ngudi Vi?t co, bo sung rat nhilu cho bai cua cdc em dgy trSn Idp, hay nhihig hinh anh tu li^u Thu hai, tiln hdnh bai hge Ijch sdtheo chd SGK ma cdc em da dugc hge Duge tham quan de tgi BT: Day Id hinh thdc dgy hgc khd, doi BT, cdc em cang ty hdo Thanh Hda khdng chi hdi chudn bj cong phu han, nhung neu thyc la noi ddu tien phat hi^n tring dlng-m^t di hi?n dugc, hi?u qud gido dye rat Idn Trudc vat tieu bieu cda nen vdn hda Ddng Son, md het GV can tya chgn cdc ehu de phu hgp vdi la noi cd bO suu tgp tring ding Idn nhdt ngi dung chuong trinh vd trinh dg HS Thdng ca nude Cdc nha ly lugn dgy hpc b§ mdn thudng la cde chu dk vl ljch sd dja phuong, dd chi cd hai logi tham quan: mpt Id, "tham nhu "Vdn hod Ddng Son & Thanh Hod", hogc phyc vy tryc tiep ngi dung bdi hpc npi khoa, sy ki?n Ijch su dan tpc nhung xay d dja va cd the Id bdi gidng nhd BT", hai la phuong, nhu " Kh&i nghia Bd Tri^u ndm 248 " nhirng cugc tham quan cd tinh chat mpt hogt Cdc ehu dl chdng tdi neu d tren deu la nhttng dgng ngogi khda d nhd BT" [3, Tr 283] Sy chu dl quan trpng, dugc nganh GD&DT quy phdn chia ndy chi mang tinh ehdt tuong dii, vi djnh chuong trinh Ljeh sd dja phuong d hai logi thudng dan xen lan day, trudng THCS va THPT chung toi chd yeu trinh bdy phuong phap tien Khdc vdi buli tham quan, thudng hudng hanh buli tham quan tgi BT dja phuong cd ti'nh dan vien BT gidi thi?u la chinh, bai hpc theo chu chat ngogi khda dk tgi BT thudng GV tiln hanh, ed sy phoi Trudc hit, GV phdi chudn bj cho budi tham hgp vdi hudng dan vien Trinh ty bull hgc cung quan chu ddo, lien h? ehgt che vdi Ban Quan Iy giong nhu tien hanh hen lap, nhung tgp trung eua BT Thdng thudng cdc hudng dan vien cda vdo vi?c hudng dan HS quan sdt cdc hi?n vat, tai BT Id ngudi gidi thi?u, hudng dan tham quan, Ii?u,tt-anhanh ljch sd tieu bieu ma BT trung bay, nhung GV can trao doi ky nhihig yeu cdu, ngi sau hudng dan HS tim hieu cdc ngi dung lich dung chu yeu cua buli tham quan, M5i buli sd Vi dy, tl chdc cho HS Idp 10 hpc tgp chu de tham quan thudng dien tu 60 phut den 90 phut " Vdn hod Ddng Son & Thanh Hod ", GV hudng TAP CHf THI^BIGlAO Dgc-sd 101-1/2014 • 33 NGHIEN CUU & I ; N G DUNG dan HS tgp trung quan sdt, tim hilu, thao ludn HS thdo lugn nhihig n$i dung chinh cda bdi hpc, vdn dl sau: Id : " Qua ede tdi lifu, hi^n vgt trung bdy tgi MOt Id, hudng dan cae em quan sdt bdc BT, em hdy ly gidi vi ndi Thanh Hda Id m^t tranh "Lang cd Bong Son " Cac em dugc biit nhihig trung tdm eda nen vdn hda Dong rang, day Id mgt lang cl cd tu thdi Dong Son Son?"; "Boi cdnh dm, nhihig tyu chinh ben bd sdng Ma, thuOe phuong Ham Rdng thdnh va y nghTa cda Vdn hod Dong Son d Thanh Thanh Hoa Ndm 1924 mgt ngudi ndng Hod" Ddy ciing cd thi Id bai tdp vl nhd cho HS dan cda Idng luc ddo giun cdu cd da phat Ngi dung chinh eua bdi hgc n€n tiln hdnh tur hi$n m$t so dong dat song Id lam Ig 45-60 phdt, Sau dd GV cdn to chuc cho HS tfiam Sau dd, trudng Viin Ddng Bac Co u^ nhi?m quan ludt nhimg ngi dung chinh cda cdc phdng eho vien Thuong chinh Thanh Hod Id Pajot tiln trung bay khdc, hogc tl chdc cdc hogt dgng vui hdnh khai qugt tu 1924 din 1928 Cde hi§n vgt choi tgi khudn vifin cda BT Nhihig hogt dgng khai qugt dugc dua ve trung bdy, nghien cdu tgi cd the keo ddi them td 45 den 60 phdt niia trudng Viin Dong Bdc Ch Mgc dau vdi quan Ket lugn vd kien nghj dilm thyc dan vl nguIn gle cua nIn vdn hda To chdc dgy hgc tgi BT dia phuong eo ^ la td ben ngodi, nhung cdi ten Vdn hod Dong nghTa nhilu mdt, 1dm phong phu hinh thde dgy Son, vdn hodtiididgi dong thau dd cd td dd Ljch sd hi|n d trudng PT, gdp phdn nang Td nhihig ndm dau 1960 din nay, sau nhilu idn cao ehdt lugng mon hgc Hinh thdc dgy hgc Ljch khai qugt chinh thde vd dieu tra thdm sdt, cdc sd tgi BT dja phuong cd nhieu, nhung chd yeu nhd khoa hgc Yi^X Nam da thu thdp duge hang Id tl chdc tham quan BT cd tinh chat ngogi kh6a vgn di vgt phong phd cdc loai, d^c bi$t tring vd to chdc dgy hge bdi Ljeh sd dja phuong, Ljch dong Ddng Son "Tdt cd dd phdn dnh mgt cdch su ddn tOc tgi BT theo cdc chu dl sinh dgng khdch quan trinh dg ciia ddi sing vgt De cdc hinh thde dgy hgc tren cd hi$u qud, chat- tinh than cda ngudi Ddng Son Ddy chinh can cd phuong phdp tiln hdnh khoa hge va cd sy la trung tam cua Vdn minh luu vyc song Ma thdi kit hgp ehgt che hon niia giua nhd trudng vdi kyHiingVuong"[l,Trl2] BT, trudc hit vi§c tl chdc dgy hgc cdc bai Hai Id, hudng din HS quan sdt tam bdn vl hge ljeh sd tgi BT Cde BT dja phuong can co ede dilm di tich thugc vdn hod Ddng San dugc cac ehuang trinh "tim vl bdo tang", nhdm thu phdt hi^n d Thanh Hod, HS hilu dugc, Thanh hut nhilu han HS cdc trudng PT din hpe tgp Ijch Hoa khdng chi la noi ddu tien phat hi^n vdn su tgi BT Nganh GD&DT chuong trinh hod Ddng Son, noi tim thay tring ding thdng Ljch sd dja phucmg ciing cdn quy djnh cdc npi qua khai qugt khao el, md cdn Id nen cd so lugng dung, hinh thdc hgc tgp tgi BT cho cdc tnrdng di tich Ddng Son nhilu nhat ca nude Thu$e nen phi thdng vdn hod nay, tren phgm vi cua tmh din dd ed 74 dja dilm, tu cae hang dgng miln ndi, cdc luu TAI LI|:U THAM K H A O vyc sdng Chu, song Md, den cac vung ven bien, Ban quan ly di tich, danh thdng Thanh Ba id, hudng dan HS quan sdt phdng trung Hda, Di tich- Danh thdng Thanh Hoa, Tgp III, bay "Trdng ddng phdt hi0n & Thanh Hdd\ cdcNXB Thanh Hda 2007 em dugc chiem nguong bg suu tap tring dlng2 Nguyen Thj Cdi, Bdo tdng ljch sit, cdch hi^n vgt tieu bieu bilu cua vdn hod Ddng Son, mgng dgy hgc Lich sit & tnt&ngphd thdng Idn nhat cd nirdc (gdn 200 chile), cdc em hilu r5 trung hgc, NXB Dgi hgc quIe gia, Hd N^i 1998 hon thdnh tyu vdn hod vgt ehdt, tinh thdn cua cu Phan Nggc Lien, Nguyen Thj Coi, Trjnh dan xd Tlianh thdi Hiing Vuong Dinh Tdng, Phuong phdp dgy hgc Ljch sir, Tgp Tu ngi dung co l^dn tr8n, GV hudng dan II, NXB Dgi hgc Su phgm, Ha Ngi 2005 34 * TAP CHl THI^BIGlAO Dgc-sd 101-1/2014 ... bO Thanh Hda ngdy 29-7-1930, Tdm 1945 & Thanh Hod", "Thanh Hod nhu chile mdm xd ddng lam ban in tai lifu cua cugc khdng chiin chdng Phdp 1946-1954", Ddng, suu tfp vQ cua du kich Ngpc Trgo "Thanh. .. quan ly di tich, danh thdng Thanh Ba id, hudng dan HS quan sdt phdng trung Hda, Di tich- Danh thdng Thanh Hoa, Tgp III, bay "Trdng ddng phdt hi0n & Thanh Hdd\ cdcNXB Thanh Hda 2007 em dugc chiem... Thdi & Thanh Hda", gidi thi$u cu0e song, kich thudc Idn cdng nhihig hga tilt hoa vdn sinh hogt va mot s6 dde trung vdn hda cua dan trang tri tuy^ my cua nghe thugt trang tri dl tgc Thdi xd Thanh