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Ill>sla TINH TRUC QUAN TREN BAN DO GIAO KHOA TREO TliClNC TRONG DAY HOC MON DIA Ll I pit viin de Vfi mat li lugn, dgy hgc ndi chung cin phii dim bio tinh tryc quan, dim bio sy thong nhat giiia tinh tr[.]
Ill>sla TINH TRUC QUAN TREN BAN DO GIAO KHOA TREO TliClNC TRONG DAY HOC MON DIA Ll I pit viin de Vfi mat li lugn, dgy hgc ndi chung cin phii dim bio tinh tryc quan, dim bio sy thong nhat giiia tinh tryc quan vdi sy phit trifin tu li thuyfit Bdi vi, tinh tryc quan li diem xuit phit chu yeu d hpc sinh cic ldp nhd tudi; theo miic dp vgn ddng cua tie tir ldp dudi len ldp tien ma dinh difim xuit phit ciia qui trinh dgy hgc ddi vdi hgc sinh cic ldp ldn hon Dfi thyc hifin nguyfin tic tryc quan ndi chung vi nguyen tie tryc quan dgy hpc dia li ndi rifing thi can phai phdi hgp nhifiu phuang tien dgy hgc tryc quan khac chiia dyng ngudn tri thiic, ket hgp Idi thoai sinh ddng, truyen cam, giau hinh anh, tao mdi lifin tudng sau sic giiia cic bieu tugng cii va mdi viec hinh khai nifim mdi Nguyfin tac tryc quan trfin diy da dugc quan triet va van dung vao day hgc dia li qua kfinh hinh ndi chung vi he thdng bin dd giao khoa ndi nfing, die biet la ban dd giio khoa tieo tudng Vi bin dd treo tudng li phuang trifin chii lyc cua vific day vi hpc dia li, li phuang tifin diing chung cho giio vien va hpc sinh tiong giang dgy va hpc tip d tien ldp Viy tinh tryc quan tifin bin dd tieo tudng li gi? Sir dyng nd nhu thfi nio tiong dgy hgc Dia li? II Ngi dung Vfi mat li luin dgy hgc Dia Khoa Ii, nguyen tic tryc quan d giai dogn tJiip, frfi em tu cy thi Tinh cy the iy buOc giio vien phii minh hog nhirng khii nipm ggi Ii trim tugng bang: 1) Nhiing sy vgt cy the cd thgt tiong cugc song; 2) Cic hinh inh vfi nd (tranh inh, so dd, bin dd, lugc dd, hinh ve, mdhinh ); 3) Cich md ta rgch rdi, chi tifit de ggi cho hgc sinh nhd lai nhiing cii da gap hogc tudng tugng nhimg cii chua hfi thiy Hgc len cao, tiong qui triitii hgc tap, trinh dg tu dugc nang cao dan thi mire dimg nhiing dimg dgy hgc true quan it vat that, cing ting ve hinh anh vi cang nhifiu Idi md ti , ning dan dfin mire dung nhifiu tu li luin Hogt ddng fri giic la mpt boat dgng die bipt, dat dfin hinh thai phit trifin cao, boat dpng dd khdng phii tryc tifip chiu tic dpng thyc sy mi van cd hinh inh chii quan vfi ddi tugng Ddi tugng tryc quan chira dyng ddi tugng nghifin ciiu dudi dgng nang, li nai cd ddi tugng cin ITnh hgi Dpi tugng ITnh hgi nim tiong ddi tugng tryc quan thi ddi tugng tryc quan phii d tiong ciu tnic hogt dgng vdi tu cich li mgt yeu td ciia boat ddng Vi vgy, can phai xac dinh nd d vi tri nao, ddng vai tid gi tiong ciu tnic hogt dgng ITnh hgi Chiic nang co bin ciia nguyen tac tryc quan la gidi thifiu vdi hgc sinh mgt sd hipn tugng cy Ngdy nhdn bdi 20/01/2013; Ngdy duy^l ddng 25/03/2013 4 • TAPCHiTHllTBIGUODVC 5692-04/2013 PGS, TS Lfim Quang Doc Dia li truang BHSPHd Npi thi, lim vgt lipu bfin ngoii, rh\ can cir vio mi ih chuc hinh dgng ben tiong, hinh dgng tri dc Trong vipc day hgc Dia Ii d cic ldp nhd tudi, tinh tryc quan Ii xuit phit diem cua hgc sinh hgc cic ddi tugng dia Ii dau tien ve ty nhifin, kinh te, xa hgi Nhiing doi tugng niy nam ngoii tim mit quan sit cua hpc sinh nfin vipc hinh thinh khii nipm ve chiing rat khd khan, dd cac mo hinh dia li, cac bin dd dia li li vit thay thfi ddi tugng, hien tugng dia li dang hgc tap can phii dat trudc mat hgc sinh, dfi giio vifin vi hpc sinh cimg nghifin ciiu vi hpc tap, cung tham nhip vio ddi tugng de tach khai nifim dia_ li khdi ddi tugng, "ddi chd" vio dau hgc sinh thi vipc day hgc mdi dgt dugc hipu qui cao Nfiumd hinh dia li "qua dpp" dfi giy hiing thii thi cii thii ben ngoii lai de lam mat cii hiing thu n^ien ciiu bin chit bfin frong ciia hifin tugng Nfiu diing true quan khdng phin inh ngi dung hogc phin inh ndi dung chung chung khdng phu hgp vdi bai giing, khdng sit vdi trinh dp nhan thiic ciia hgc sinh, thi khdng thfi phit tiiln tu cua hgc sinh Dd dd, cin tim mdi quan he diing dan giira dd dung tryc quan (ban va it lit ) vdi ngi dung tri tiiuc dia li, cd phu hgp vdi bai hgc, vdi chuang trinh vi sach giio khoa hay khdng ? Cic phuong tifin khdng ro rang v l mat myc dich phyc vy tiii khdng nen dimg dfi day hgc Dia li Qui trinh nhin thiic bit nguon tir hi^n thyc khich quan, tii hogt ddng c i m tinh, nfin tmh tryc quan rat can cho day hgc Dia Ii Nhung chi hogt dpng vgt chit tien c i c dd dung true quan thi khdng phit hipn dugc cii trim tugn^ d hifin thyc v i neu chi tri giac tryc quan thi cung chi mdi cd cac bifiu tugng, chua thi cd cic khai nifim "Tu duy, tir cii cy thfi tifin Ifin cii trim tugng khdng xa rdi chin U m i dfin gin chin Ii" (Lfinin) Con dudng hinh thinh khii nifim, khdng phii bang tri giac "thuan tuy" m i phai bat dau tii hogt dgng thyc tifin, rdi bing each "chuyfin h o i bifin chiing" ma tgo dugc cii truu tugng khoa hgc Trong bin giio khoa, tinh tryc quan bifiu hifin d hinh ding tryc quan bao triim len ddi tugng v i hipn tugng vdi tat c i cic tinh chat nguyfin ven va phiic tgp ciia nd, vdi mpi chi tilt rieng phu hgp vai quy luat B i n dung tiong hudng hgc, nhit l i logi bin tieo tudng ddi hdi cd tinh true quan cao Day la tinh die trung quan frgng nhat ciia bin dimg tiong trudng hgc Tmh tryc quan thfi hifin d tdc dp nhin biet c i c ddi tugng va hifin tugng bilu hifiii tien ban Tdc nhin biet cic ddi tugng v i hien tugng bieu hipn tifin bin dd cing nhanh, tinh tryc quan cing cao Tinh tryc quan cing cao thi miic dfl cudng di$u h o i cing ldn, viec bilu hifin cic ddi tugng vi hipn tugng frfin bin dd cang kem chinh xic, tinh khoa hoc giim Tinh tryc quan m i u thuin vdi tinh khoa hgc Chiing ta can hifiu dugc cic mat ddi lap ciia tinh tryc quan v i tinh khoa hgc d l kit hgp chiing m§t cich chat che thinh lgp ciing nhu khai thic rigi dung khoa hgc frfin b i n dd phyc vy cho myc dich giing day v i hgc tap Dia li Bin dd Dia li dimg tiong n h i trudng thudng sir ^dyng nhieu miu sac dep^ nhieu ky hipu tugng tnmg gin giii vdi ddi tugng v i nhifiu ky hipu tugng hinh gay bring thii cho hgc sinh, tgo phan iing tu nhanh giio vifin giing bii Tinh tryc quan tiong bin dugc dinh gii rat cao, nd dugc thyc nghifim xac nhan la cd hifiu q u i tri giic cao tiong hpgt ddng nhin thirc Do dd^ cin phii nghifin ciiu siu ve tinh tryc quan frong md hinh bin Tinh true quan tiong md hinh ban dd can dugc coi la mgt tiong sd nhimg van dfi chinh ciia ly thuyet chung tiong ban dp hpc Dd khdng chi vi van dfi tinh tryc quan la ddi tugng tianh cai frong nhan thiic luin, m i cdn vi khoa hgc b i n dd vin de chua dugc giii thich phu hgp Trgng md hinh ban dd, cai da bilt cam tinh tiong hifin thyc dugc thi hifin thdng qua hien tugng die biet rifing, cu thfi v i hit siic tryc quan, hifin tugng die bipt niy khdng hi thay ddi dugc chuyin thinh hinh inh thir sinh Khdng mgt boat dgng tu nao cua chii the nhin thiic lgi cd thfi thay dpi hirih anh Nhu vay, ylu td dn dinh ciia hinh inh la cai frong md hmh dugc thfi hifin mpt cich true quan V i ylu td dn dinh niy tao phin ciia mdi hinh inh thii sinh, thu hiit v i o minh chin ly khich quan Nhung mgt, khic, tiong md hinh bin do, tinh tryc quan the hifin khia cgnh hipn thyc m i nd dugc md hinh hoi tiong dd, tiic l i khdng gian cy the Vi vgy khdn^ ^ian cy thi ciing lgi l i ylu td dn djnh, dugc lap lgi nhu tiong tit c i mgi dj bin hinh inh thir sinh xuat hipn trfin co sd md hinh chung v i quyfit djnh vipc phin anh bdi mdi d) bin hinh inh thii sinh ciia cung mgt ddi tugng nhin thiic Tat nhien, cai md hinh dugc md hinh hoi khdng phii hoin toan li chin ly, nhung chin ly khich quan lgi hoin toin nim tiong Nhu viy, cii rifing v i cii cy thfi tryc quan cua khdng gian rnd hinh bin quyfit dinh su dn dinh phan inh khdng gian cu thfi d tat c i mgi hinh anh xuat hien trfin CO so mo hinh Yeu td khdng dn dinh cua hinh inh thii sinh Ii khia canh thii hai ciia hien thyc can nghien ciiu - ngi dung dugc the hifin tien md hmh bin dd thdng nhit vdi su bifiu thi khdng gian Yfiu td khdng dn dinh la ndi dung dugc chuyfin giao tiong md binh bing cic gii tii ky hipu ludn ludn bieu thi cii chung Bdi vi, cii chung nam bifit lap vdi cii rifing nen nd khdng cd dang cim tinh - true quan, dd frong hinh anh d mdi chu thfi nhin thiic, nhd tu di tii cii chung dfin cii rieng, dfiu xuat hifin dgng ddc nhat vd nhi, cii rifing khdng the lap lai d cic chii thi nhin thirc khac Difiu dd lim nen sy sai bifit v i c i bifit ciia cic hinh inh niy sinh tu cung mgt md hinh bin dd Tinh true quan ciia cac ky hifiu bin dd thfi hipn cii chung TAP CHI THIFT BI GIAO DUC-SO 92-04/2013 • 45 II cua cic ddi tugng, hi$n tugng bipn thyc cin bien ve bin li tinh tryc quan cua chinh cic ky hipu chii tuypt nhifin khdng phii Ii tinh tryc quan phin inh n^i dung dugc thi hipn bing ky hi|u Tuy nhien, tinh tryc quan "frgng thii" khdng gian cua cic ky hifiu mi nhd chung bifiu thi khdng gian cy the cua npi dung da dugc ma hoa tiong dd lgi li tinh tryc quan ciia mat hipn thyc dugc md hirih boa, tiic tinh tryc quan bifiu thi nguyen goc md hinh Nhu vay, tinh tryc quan "trgng thii khdng gian" ciia cic ky hifiu li tinh tryc quan ciia hifin thyc, li tinh tryc quan cua nguyen gdc, nhung tinh tryc quan cua ky hieu thi Iai Ii tinh tryc quan cua rifing ky hifiu ma thdi Tuy ndi dfin nhiing difiu da trinh biy d frfin, song vin cd the coi tinh tryc quan la tifiu chuan tiong md hinh hoi bin ndi chung, nhung tiong bin dd (tiic tiong md hinh bin dd) chi cd khdng gian mdi bieu thi mdt cich tryc quan Ngi dung don giin chi dugc ghi lai dd nhd cic ky hifiu tryc quan Vi vgy, tiong bin dd chi md hinh hoa khdiig gian cy thfi, vi nd ciing la ddi tugng ciia md hinh boa ban dd cung nhu li ddi tuong ciia nhin thiic ban dd Khdng gian cy thfi li ddi tugng ciia md hinh hoi ban do, thyc tfi dd khdng thoit H khdi ndi dung mi khdng gian cua nd can dugc md hmh hoi Trong md hinh ciing nhu tiong bin dd hgc khdng dugc lan ldn hai khii ni^m: khdng gian nhu li toan bg dang tdn tai cy the cua ddi tugng vi Ididng gian vdi tu cich li ddi 46 tugng nghifin ciru nhim myc dich tich khdi d6i tugng vi bien thinh doi tugng dl md hinh hoi Khdng gian theo f nghTa diu nim frong sy th6ng nhat vdi n^i dung cua doi tugng, nhung khdng gian theo y nghta sau dugc triru tugng hoi khdi ngi dung nhim khio sit cic diu hipu die thii cua nd Khdng gian cung vdi n^i dung vi khdng gian tich khdi ngi dung khdng phii li mgt Khdng gian dau ciing tham dy vio nhin thiic doi tugng, khdng gian sau li sy trim tugng tich khdi doi tuang Khdng gian tiong sy thdng nhat vdi ngi dung cd y nghia, cdn khdng gian tich khdi ddi tugng thi khdng 'f nghia chi cd d sy thdng nhit ciia chiing tiong md hinh bin dd, mac dau tiong md hinh bin chi cd md hinh hoi khdng gian dugc thyc hipn Nhung nd dugc thyc hipn dudi dang bin dd, dang cyc ky dac thii Dugc mo hinh hoi tryc quantifinbin dd la khdng gian cy thfi mang ndi dung chung, cdn cic ky hipu mang gia tri ciia ngi dung dugc sir dung lim "vgt lieu xiy dyng" ciia sy bifiu thi tryc quan niy Nhu viy, thdng qua sy thdng nhat giiia khdng gian va ngi dung tiong md hinh bin mi thyc hipn dugc sy thdng nhat giira cii rifing tryc quan vi cii chung phi tryc quan Ci day quy ty die thii nhan thiic luin cua md hhih bin dd Dgc thu quyet dinh gii tri nhgn thiic lugn to ldn cua md hinh boa bin do.^ Bin chat cua cic hien tugng vdi tinh^ cich li cii chung dinh dfi nhan thuc khdng phii bang tryc quan, VI viy vi^c khim phi bin • TAP CHI THIFT BI GIAO DUC - SO 92 - 04/2013 chit phai thyc hifin bing cac phuong phip Idgic, cdn dfi tivc quan hoi thi bing cic mfl hinh tudrig tugng - k^ hipu Khdng the cho ring nhung cii da bifit dinh de nhgn thiic dudi dgng ngi dung phi tryc quan, tii phia khdng gian cy thfi ciia chiing, cd the li tryc quan Ro ring, khdng gian cua ngi diu^ phi tryc quan khdng hi kem ban phi tryc quan ngi dung Vi vgy md hinh boa khdng gian phi tivc quan theo y nio day la hinh vi tryc quan hoi cii phi tryc quan Khoing khdng gian cua bin chat hifin tugng khflng dugc nhin thiic nam ngoii sy tryc quan hoi niy Vi doi khi, difiu dd nfin sy nhin thiic chinh bin chit ciia hipn tugiig niy tid nfin phiic tap hon Nfiu nhu dfi nhan thiic ban chit cai chung ciia hifin tugng hay hien tugng khic phii so bo nhgn thiic khdng gian cy thfi cua nd thi khdng trinh khdi phii xiy dung md hmh ban dd Md hinh bin dd se ttuc quan hoi khdng gian cua cii chung Thyc tl Dia Ii rit phong phii vi da dgng, rat nhieu doi tugng, hipn tugng khdng co hinh thii rd ring nhu nhipt dp, gid, mua; nhifiu hifin tugng khdng nhin thay, tiigm cU khdng cim thay nhutignglyc, til trudng Trii Dit mi khoa hgc Dia Ii van phii nghifin cuu chiing Do dd, vific trihi tugng hda khdng gian ciia cic hi$n tugng bifiu hifin Ifin bin dfi hinh thinh khai nifim Dja Ii d giai dogn cao ban dien d trinh dp cao ban theo cic yfiu t6 ciia qui trinh nhin thu:c "con nita, bgn dpc xem dip kysau " ... each "chuyfin h o i bifin chiing" ma tgo dugc cii truu tugng khoa hgc Trong bin giio khoa, tinh tryc quan bifiu hifin d hinh ding tryc quan bao triim len ddi tugng v i hipn tugng vdi tat c i cic... tryc quan cing cao Tinh tryc quan cing cao thi miic dfl cudng di$u h o i cing ldn, viec bilu hifin cic ddi tugng vi hipn tugng frfin bin dd cang kem chinh xic, tinh khoa hoc giim Tinh tryc quan. .. thuin vdi tinh khoa hgc Chiing ta can hifiu dugc cic mat ddi lap ciia tinh tryc quan v i tinh khoa hgc d l kit hgp chiing m§t cich chat che thinh lgp ciing nhu khai thic rigi dung khoa hgc frfin