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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HUYNH PHUC NGUYEN THINH INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE ON DEVELOPMENT ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM Field of Study : International Economy Code : 31 01 06 SUMMARY OF THESIS OF PHD IN ECONOMICS HANOI - 2022 The work has been completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES SCIENCE INSTRUCTORS: Ph.D Nguyen Binh Giang Ph.D Le Minh Tam Review 1: Assoc Prof Ph.D Le Xuan Ba Review 2: Assoc Prof Ph.D Doan Ke Bon Review 3: Ph.D Phan Tran Trung Dung The thesis will be defended in front of the Academy-level Thesis Judging Committee meeting at the Academy of Social Sciences at…… on day, month, year Thesis can be found at the library: National Library of Vietnam Library of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION Rationale For a long time, industrial parks and economic zones (IP) in Vietnam have made great contributions to rapid economic growth, but have not yet contributed to sustainable growth due to its environmental impacts The construction of industrial zones is commonly too much focused on financial efficiency with disregard to environmental efficiency and efficient use of natural resources This has been pushing Vietnam to face big problems in terms of economic development and balance between natural resources and the environment Currently, instead of developing the conventional industrial parks, many countries in the world have made efforts to develop eco-industrial parks (EIP) Scientists believe that ecoindustrial parks provides an important basis for sustainable development (Sertyesilisik and Sertyesilisik, 2016) because it allows the businesses in the zone to use resources more efficiently and with less emissions Well aware of the context that "sustainable development is the world’s encompassing trend" (Communist Party of Vietnam, 2021ª) and from the country’s demand from reality, the Communist Party of Vietnam persistently advocates "mobilize, allocate and effectively use resources, create motivation for rapid and sustainable economic development" of the country (Communist Party of Vietnam, 2021b) The Commuist Party and State are aware of the issue of sustainable development of industrial parks, but the process of policy making and policy implementation still face with considerable challenges and shortcomings In an effort to convert existing conventional industrial parks into eco-industrial parks, the Prime Minister approved the project for "Implementation of eco-industrial park initiative towards a sustainable industrial park model in Vietnam" in theDecision No 1526/QD-TTg dated August 28, 2014 with the aim of increased transfer, application and dissemination of cleaner production technologies and methods to reduce hazardous wastes, greenhouse gas emissions as well as water pollutants and proper management of the chemicals in Vietnam's industrial parks With the positive results of the Eco-Industrial Park initiative project, the Government issued Decree No 82/2018/ND-CP dated May 22, 2018 providing the management of industrial parks and economic zones, clearly stating the definition and criteria for eco-industrial parks and assignment of responsibilities to be held by the ministries and departments for guiding the development of eco-industrial parks But in fact, there still exist many limitations in the implementation of eco-industrial park initiatives, especially there exists the challengences and barriers in terms of institutions - policies, infrastructure planning and preparation, development of the information and technology system and especially establishment and formation of industrial symbiotic linkages between enterprises within the industrial parks Therefore, Vietnam has only conducted pilots in a few industrial zones because of little experience and inadequate application of criteria for eco-industrial parks according to international practices In October 2021, the Prime Minister decided to promulgate the National Strategy on Green Growth for the 2021-2030 period, with a vision to 2050 The strategy sets out the task: "to perfect institutions and policies on the eco-industrial parks, to increase the application of circular economy principles in the construction and management of industrial parks and economic zones" Performing this task requires a scientific and practical basis, including international practical experience on eco-industrial parks, especially in terms of institutions and policies China and South Korea are two of the countries that are early aware of the importance of the development of eco-industrial parks Ther are also the countries which have developed the eco-industrial park model with their own characteristics and are considered successful in certain aspects certain Therefore, it is necessary to have systematic scientific studies and collect all the experiences in the world, especially those from such countries as China and Korea to help Vietnam understand and gain experience on this issue, from which to set out specific conditions for developing the eco-industrial park model and propose the authorities issue regulations on mechanisms and policies to encourage the construction and development of ecoindustrial parks in Vietnam However, such studies in Vietnam are still very lacking, with little understanding, and studies need to be made to further provide knowledge and understanding of eco-industrial parks as which will be shown in Chapter That's why I choose the topic "International experience on development of eco-industrial parks and lessons for Vietnam" as my doctoral thesis Research purpose and tasks The general purpose of this thesis is to provide lessons from practical experience on the development of foreign eco-industrial parks, propose some solutions and recommendations to develop eco-industrial parks in Vietnam To accomplish this purpose, the thesis has the following research tasks: + Firstly, systematically point out a number of theoretical and practical issues as a scientific basis for researching the development of existing eco-industrial parks; + Secondly, present, analyze and evaluate the current situation of eco-industrial park development in Korea and China; point out the successes and limitations and the main causes of such limitations, and on that basis to draw some lessons for Vietnam; + Third, from the reality and current demands for building and development of eco-industrial parks in Vietnam, the thesis will propose measures and recommendations to apply the above lessons learned in the practice of developing eco-industrial parks in Vietnam in coming time Object and range of study 3.1 Object of study The research object of this topic is eco-industrial parks and the ecoindustrial parks development 3.2 Range of study In terms of content, this thesis focuses on efforts to develop ecoindustrial parks on the basis of being transformed from conventional Regarding time, the study period of this topic is from the mid-1990s to present In terms of space, this study researches about international practice International means foreign countries Due to the limited capacity of the thesis, in order to be able to present it specifically, the thesis will only be limited to two Asian countries, including Korea and China Methodology and Research Methods 4.1 Methodology The thesis has an interdisciplinary approach among the public economics, environmental economics, political economy, and world economy 4.2 Reasearch Method The thesis uses research methods such as: desk research method, inheritance, statistics, synthesis, comparison, qualitative analysis, case study, expert interview New contributions of the thesis The thesis systematizes basic theoretical and practical issues related to the development of eco-industrial parks Luận án trình bày, phân tích đánh giá thực trạng phát triển KCNST Hàn Quốc Trung Quốc, nêu sách phát triển KCNST, thành công, thách thức, hạn chế nguyên nhân chủ yếu chúng The thesis has presented, analyzed and evaluated the current situation of development of eco-industrial parks in Korea and China, outlined the policies for the development of eco-industrial parks, pointed out successes, challenges, limitations and their main causes On the basis of lessons learned from these two countries, the thesis proposes some key solutions for developing eco-industrial parks in Vietnam in future Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis The thesis has further provided theoretical basis for eco-industrial parks applied in the world, providing a premise for practical application in Vietnam The thesis has presented, made analysis and evaluation on the actual situation of the development of eco-industrial parks in two countries in Asia, where the political institutions and socio-economic conditions are similar to those of Vietnam It provides a favorable condition for the lessons to be learned, from which researchers, policy makers, managers as well as the business community and residents may refer to and apply for buiding and developing eco-industrial parks in Vietnam, towards the sustainable development goal that we are aiming for in the future Structure of the thesis Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation related to the thesis topic Chapter 2: Common issues about eco-industrial park and ecoindustrial park development Chapter 3: International experience in developing eco-industrial parks Chapter 4: Solutions for building and developing eco-industrial parks in Vietnam Chapter RESEARCH SITUATION OVERVIEW RELATED TO THESIS TOPIC 1.1 Theoretical studies on eco-industrial parks Cote et al (1994) in the article ―Designing and Operating Industrial Parks as Ecosystems‖, Dalhousie University Lowe and Evans (1995), ―Industrial ecology and industrial ecosystems‖, Journal of Cleaner Production Ernest A Lowe (2001), Eco-industrial Park Hanbook for Asian Developing Countries, Report to Asian Development Bank Chertow (2007), ―Uncovering Industrial Symbiosis‖, Journal of Industrial Ecology The author Nguyen Cao Lanh (2005) published the book, Ecoindustrial parks - A model for sustainable development in Vietnam, by Science and Technology Publishing House 1.2 Studies on China's Eco-Industrial Park Research can be aggregated across two main trends: case studies and country studies Some typical works related to the case study in China are as follows: The works ―Ecological network analysis of an industrial symbiosis system- a case study of the Shandong Lubei eco-industrial park‖ by Zhang et al (2015) published in the journal Ecological Modeling, focusing on analyzing the Lubei eco-industrial park in Shandong province, one of the first-generation national-level eco-industrial parks in China Research by Yu et al (2013) published in Cleaner Production Journal with the title ―Process analysis of eco-industrial park development– the case of Tianjin, China‖ Article “Ecological Network analysis for carbon metabolism of eco-industrial pars: a case study of a typical eco-industrial park in Beijing‖ published in Environmental Science and Technology by Lu et al (2015) Typical national studies with the following works: Research works of Chu Jianpeng (2010), Establishing EcoIndustrial Park with the Concept of Circular Economy, http://www.seiofbluemountain.com, on 19 July, 2010 The works ―Progress toward a Circular Economy in China: Drives and Inhibitors of Eco-industrial Initiative‖ published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology by two authors Mathew and Tan (2011) Another typical project is the article ―Eco-Industrial Parks from Strategic Niches to Development Mainstream: The Cases of China‖ by two authors Lei Shi and Bing Yu published in the journal Sustainability No in 2014 is considered a fairly comprehensive study on eco-industrial parks in China Currently, there is not a single work of Vietnamese scholars that has researched exclusively on Chinese eco-industrial parks Only a few Vietnamese scholars, in their studies on eco-industrial parks, also mentioned a little bit about the current situation of eco-industrial park development in China 1.3 Studies on Korean eco-industrial parks Similar to China, studying the current situation of eco-industrial park development in Korea is also interested by scholars and researchers in two aspects of overall development and case studies Some typical works referring to the current situation of ecoindustrial park development in Korea from an overall perspective can be listed as follows: The Article ―A critical review of Korea's Eco-industrial Park (EIP) development strategies and some policy recommendations‖ by Keongseok (2011) Another typical article is the authors Park et al (2016) in the article “A review of the National Eco-Industrial Park Development Program in Korea: Progress and achievements in the first phase, 2005–2010” published in Cleaner Production Journal No 114 Kim (2017) with the Article ―Greening Industrial Parks — A Case Study on South Korea’s Eco-Industrial Park Program‖ integrated the development of eco-industrial parks in the green industrial zone development strategy in Korea In addition to the studies on the overall picture, there are also many studies analyzing the development status of some typical Korean ecoindustrial parks Some typical projects can be mentioned such as: One of the most typical works is ―Strategies for Sustainable Development of Industrial Park in Ulsan, South Korea – From Spontaneous Evolution to Systematic Expansion of Industrial Sysbiosis‖ published in Journal of Environmental Management, 87 (2014) by Park and his collaborators The Artilce ―Securing a Competitive Advantage through Industrial Sysmbiosis Development: The Case of Steam Networking Practices in Ulsan‖ by Park and Park (2014) published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology Similar to China, very few Vietnamese scholars have specifically and comprehensively researched eco-industrial parks in Korea 1.4 Studies on Vietnam's eco-industrial parks Dieu, T T M (2003), Greening Food Processing Industry in Vietnam: Putting Industrial Ecology to Work, PhD Thesis, Environmental Policy and Environmental Technology Department, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Phan Thu Nga (2006), Nghiên cứu xây dựng hệ thống quản lý thống môi trường KCN, Doctoral thesis under the Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City) Tran Thi My Dieu (2007), Building an eco-industrial park model: a case study in Linh Trung Export Processing Zone 1, Nguyen Cao Lanh (2012), Developing industrial zones in rural areas in the Red River Delta towards ecology, Doctoral thesis, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering Tran Thi My Dieu Phan Thu Nga (2013) (co-chair), Research and propose policies to encourage the development of eco-industrial parks in Ho Chi Minh City and some neighboring provinces, Scientific research project of the Department of Science and Technology of Ho Chi Minh City Phung Chi Sy (2015), Building a system of criteria to evaluate the transition from an existing industrial park to an eco-industrial park in Vietnam, Journal of Science and Technology Development, Volume 18, Issue M2-2015 Le Ngoc Hien Do Thi Thu Huyen (2015), Research and propose a sustainable industrial park model for the Mekong Delta based on local raw materials, Journal of Science and Technology Development, Volume 18, Issue M2-2015 Nguyen Dinh Chuc, Tran Duy Dong, Nguyen Thi Thuc (2017) “Efforts toward Sustainable Manufacturing: Cleaner Production and Ecoindustrial Parks in Vietnam” Tran Duy Dong Nguyen Dinh Chuc (2018) “Some initial results in piloting the conversion to eco-industrial parks in Vietnam” Massard et al (2018) with field survey methods and analysis provided policy and legal recommendations to develop and apply a set of standards on eco-industrial parks for Vietnam Stucki et al (2019) evaluate the pilot program for eco-industrial park development in Vietnam supported by UNIDO ordinary industrial park but has very distinct characteristics Specifically: (1) Eco-industrial park emphasizes reducing impact on environment and ecosystem; (2) The eco-industrial park considers the conservation of resources in the design and construction stages, and the application of reuse, recovery and recycling solutions as a development goal; (3) The ecoindustrial park is systematically planned, designed and operated on the basis of clearly defining the quantity and characteristics of raw materials and energy flow in and out of the eco-industrial park 2.1.4 The role of eco-industrial parks The role of the eco-industrial park for socio-economic development is considered in terms of economic, social and environmental aspects 2.1.5 Benefits from developing eco-industrial parks For industries: (1) Profit maximization; (2) Reducing costs through increased materials, energy utilization, waste recycling; (3) Improve the competitiveness in the industry; (4) Have the opportunity to acquire the most advanced level and technology; (5) Strengthening cooperation; (6) Easier access to finance For the environment: (1) Minimize sources of pollution and waste; (2) Limiting the use of natural resources; (3) The environment is cleaner, greener and more beautiful For the government: (1) A testing ground for policies and regulations related to environmental protection; (2) Diversify and create new industries For the community: (1) New job opportunities; (2) Enjoy a healthy life with less environmental pollution; (3) Bring more quality agricultural and fishery resources 2.1.6 Eco-industrial parks in relation to sustainable development 2.2 The need to develop eco-industrial parks 11 2.2.1 Contributions and limitations of conventional industrial parks Industrial parks play a particularly important role in the development of the national economy, especially in developing countries, the development of industrial parks has created opportunities for industrial and practical development Industrialization is shortened because it is possible to combine and learn the latest achievements in science and technology, in business organization and management, and at the same time take advantage of investment capital from abroad to develop Besides the great contributions of industrial parks to the economic development of a country, conventional industrial parks in terms of environmental protection, cost optimization, and production linkages still have limitations 2.2.2 The need for green growth 2.2.3 Association needs of enterprises according to industry clusters 2.2.4 Linking needs of enterprises according to the production network 2.3 Prerequisites for the development of eco-industrial parks 2.3.1 Industrial Ecosystem 2.3.2 Industrial symbiosis 2.3.3 Circular Economy 2.3.3 Challenges in the development of eco-industrial parks 2.4 Contents of eco-industrial park development The main incentive policies applied for the development of EcoIndustrial Park are usually applied in three areas: environment, economy and society In which, the role of the state is very important in the coordination between the state and businesses; between enterprises; between three parties: state, business, community Specifically, support policies are shown in the following areas: Environmental policies, economic policies, policies for the development of Eco-Industrial Parks and network connection in the Eco-Industrial Parks 2.5 Analytical framework of the thesis Firstly, the thesis will analyze the context of eco-industrial park 12 development in each of China and Korea; Secondly, the thesis will analyze the development policy of the EcoIndustrial Park in the following aspects: - The institutional building for the development of the ecoindustrial park includes the legal basis and development strategy, the development steering apparatus; - How to organize the implementation; - Challenges encountered during implementation Chapter DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS IN CHINA AND KOREA 3.1 Eco-industrial park development in China 3.1.1 Status of eco-industrial park development in China According to Geng Yong (2016), the driving force and success factors in implementing eco-industrial parks in China are reflected in the following aspects: (1) The willingness to provide financial support for industrial park projects applying the principle of a circular economy, while improving socialist realism is the main motivation to pursue eco-industrial 13 parks; (2) National criteria are built in and can encourage parties to pursue those goals; (3) The legal basis must be solid, such as the promulgation of the Law on Promotion of the Circular Economy and the Law on Cleaner Production; (4) The great advancement of technology has brought success in promoting industrial symbiosis, especially in the fields of chemicals and metallurgy; (5) Regular capacity building activities are organized; (6) Increased international cooperation so that China can receive the most advanced transfers 3.1.2 Policy for the development of eco-industrial parks in China 3.1.2.1 Completing the legal basis To build eco-industrial parks, the Chinese government has issued a series of related policies and regulations such as implementation guidelines, technical standards, evaluation criteria, etc Besides, relevant ministries and agencies The agency also issued its own regulations to promote the implementation of the development of eco-industrial parks, specifically: Regarding environmental control, Law promoting cleaner production Law on Promoting Circular Economy 3.1.2.2 Building a steering apparatus to focus on developing eco-industrial parks Table 3.2: Management organization related to the National Pilot Program on Development of Eco-Industrial Parks in China SEPA: Apply, classify, and Manage the National pilot program for developing the eco-industrial park, December 2003 Content: Management process such as establishment, submission process, designation planning eco-industrial parks, testation, supervision (there is no regulation of approving Eco-industrial parks) Importance: General framework for the management system of the National pilot program for developing the eco-industrial park SEPA: Instructions of planning National pilot Eco-industrial park, December 2003 14 Content: Methods of planning Eco-industrial parks, The composition of Eco-industrial park project Importance: Provide knowledge on planning Eco-industrial parks, however, not give details about industrial parks called Eco-industrial parks SEPA: Standards for the inner eco-industrial park, specialized eco-industrial park and closed eco-industrial park, September 2006 Content: Standard, notion and goals for succeeded eco-industrial parks; indicators: Developing economy, protecting and reproducing resources, controlling pollution and managing the environment Importance: The first national standard for guiding eco-industrial parks; Provide the most general knowledge about the establishment mechanism of eco-industrial parks in China SEPA, MOST, MOFCOM: Management method for the National pilot program of developing the eco-industrial park, December 2007 Content: This document is a document providing revisions and amendments to documents and 2; Detailed instructions and particular regulations for planning the eco-industrial park, testing, approving national pilot Eco-industrial park and assessing the performance of eco-industrial parks Importance: Detailed management method for the National pilot program for developing the eco-industrial park 3.1.2.3 Develop a unified management process for the development program of eco-industrial parks Submit Enforce Plan Performance evaluation (Every years) 15 Test Supervise 3.1.3 Drawbacks in developing eco-industrial parks in China China considers the Eco-industrial park initiative as a major strategy of recycling economy from the early years of the XXI Century Besides the advantages in “objective" as well as "subjective" perspectives, China is currently facing many challenges in developing eco-industrial parks, including typical drawbacks: (i) The overall lack of consistency in guidelines and controlling agency; (ii) Lack of suitable monitoring indicators; (iii) Low infectiveness of policy implementation; (iv) Lack of scientific background and reality; (v) The development gap among industrial parks which leads to difficulty in transforming ordinary industrial parks into eco-industrial parks 3.2 Developing eco-industrial parks in Korea 3.2.1 Situation in developing eco-industrial parks in China In 2003, MOTIE started the eco-industrial program (EIP) In 2005, The Korean National Cleaner Production Center (KNCPC), under the assistance of The Ministry of Knowledge Economy officially developed and enforced the program “Establish Eco-industrial park for the infrastructure of cleaner production in Korea” with the deployment time 15 years including stages In stage (2005-2010), pilot projects were worked to establish for three industrial parks for the purpose of moving existing industrial parks to eco-industrial parks In stage (2010-2014), succeeded eco-industrial park models would be moved and extended to 20 other common industrial parks This period, program activity requires the active participation of institutes, universities and consulting firms In stage (2015-2019), two new industrial parks would be designed based on the foundation of the industrial ecosystem for being the background for the formation process of the national eco-industrial park network 3.2.2 The policy of developing eco-industrial parks in China 3.2.2.1 Formulate strategic planning for developing eco-industrial park According to the master plan, eco-industrial parks, including the enforcement strategy of the Korean government identified models of eco16 industrial parks (Kim and Powell, 2008; Park and Park, 2014) 3.2.2.2 Experimenting with a variety of mechanisms for management and development of eco-industrial parks The actual development of Korean industrial zones shows that the cooperation between enterprises inside industrial zones is limited by geography and production and business activities Therefore, in the implementation strategy of EIPs, Korea emphasizes that each eco-industrial park must directly connect with the government through financial support and government guidelines for businesses inside the EIPs to connect are closely connected with each other, and at the same time, these enterprises meet and fully meet the standards of an enterprise operating in eco-industrial parks (Kim and Powell, 2008; Park and Park, 2014) In each pilot eco-industrial park, Korea establishes joint ventures with scientific research institutions and local organizations 3.2.2.3 Choosing how to operate the eco-industrial park As discussed above, the pilot eco-industrial parks in Korea have different organization and industry backgrounds, therefore, the operation mode of each eco-industrial park in Korea is also relatively independent of each other It is also worth noting that for pilot EIPs, Korea emphasizes the development of technological tools and breakthrough technologies rather than efficiency in management and production 3.2.3 Drawbacks in developing eco-industrial parks in Korea 3.2.3.1 Lack of database and statistical help 3.2.3.2 Restrictions on business areas and geospatial 3.2.3.3 Inefficiencies in the engagement of enterprises 3.3 Lessons Learned China ostensibly adopts a bottom-up approach, that is, the state establishes the standards, conditions and forms of eco-industrial parks for 17 enterprises to voluntarily participate in the national development program From this result of China, we can draw the following lessons from experience: First, in the national pilot program for the development of EIPs, the Chinese government places special emphasis on initiatives driven by economic and environmental performance rather than initiatives solely on the environment or the economy This is considered a suitable and harmonious combination of economic and environmental factors Second, in China, initially, there was only one agency, SEPA (predecessor of the Ministry of Environment Protection - MEP), which was responsible for the development of eco-industrial parks Third, in order to build a theoretical and technical foundation, as well as nurture a scientific foundation for consulting the development of eco-industrial parks, China has trained, trained and assisted in building a large team of researchers researchers and experts related to the issues of eco-industrial park development (Shi et al., 2012) Korea approaches from top to bottom, in which all issues related to eco-industrial parks are shaped and developed by state agencies, and all enterprises operating in eco-industrial parks must comply with regulations and mechanisms promulgated by the state From the reality of formulating and implementing policies for the development of eco-industrial parks in Korea, we can draw some lessons learned as follows: Firstly, eco-industrial parks in Korea are built in the direction of developing effective environmental management technologies for the purpose of improving environmental quality in industrial zones Second, the development strategy of eco-industrial parks in Korea is officially supported by the government through state funds and production orientation for enterprises operating in eco-industrial parks Third, when Korea experimented with building eco-industrial parks, despite having great financial, scientific and human resources, Korea only focused on developing five eco-industrial parks and was compared as a 18 ... one of the first-generation national-level eco-industrial parks in China Research by Yu et al ( 2013 ) published in Cleaner Production Journal with the title ―Process analysis of eco-industrial park... standards on eco-industrial parks for Vietnam Stucki et al ( 2019 ) evaluate the pilot program for eco-industrial park development in Vietnam supported by UNIDO Tran Duy Dong ( 2019 ), Eco-industrial... GENERAL ISSUES ABOUT ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK AND ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK DEVELOPMENT 2.1 Eco-industrial park 2.1.1 Eco-industrial park concept Currently, there are many views on eco-industrial parks However,