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22 Xa hoi hoc so (111), 2010 Tir cAu TRUC xA HOI DEN MO HINH LY THUYET CUA DAHRENDORF VE M A U THUAN XA HOI LE NGOC HUNG* Boi canh xay dflng ly thuyet ve mau thuan xa hoi Dudng nhu da mpt quy luat, mpt quy trinh la viec xay diing bat ky mpt ly thuyet nao cung bat d l u tfl viec phe phan mpt hay hdn mpt ly thuyet khac cd lien quan den dd'i tfldng nghien cflu Dieu the hien ro trfldng hdp Dahrondord dfla ly thuyet cua dng ve mau t h u l n xa hpi lln d l u tien vao nam 1958' Thflc vay dng b i t d l u khdi cdng xay diing ly thuyet cua minh tfl viec chi t i m quan trpng va tinh hudng cd van de cua khai niem mau thuan xa hpi Dahrendorf md d l u bai viet "Tien tdi mpt ly thuyet ve mau thuan xa hpi" nam 1958 blng mpt nhan xet rat dung rang: mau thuan xa hpi la mpt chu de thupc loai trung tam cua khoa hpc xa hpi hpc da dfldc cac tac gia kinh dien la Comte, Marx, Simmel khdi xUdng nghien cflu vao cuoi the ky trfldc Vi du Marx da phan tich mau t h u l n giai d p xa hpi tfl ban chu nghia va chi tinh tat yeu cua each mang xa hpi trdng sfl van dpng va bien ddi xa hpi tfl hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi sang hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi khac Simmel da ban ve mau thuan vdi tfl each la mpt hieu tfldng phd bien cac tUdng tac xa hpi gifla cac ca nhan va nhdm Nhflng Dahrendorf quan sat thay 50 nam sau dd vao khoang gifla the ky 20, khai niem "mau thuan xa hpi" (Social conflict) mdi xuat hien lai xa hpi hpc My Trang thai lang quen nay, theo Dahrendorf, dfldc cung co' bdi tham vpng lam ly thuyet phd quat cua Talcott Parsons dd ong mudn thau tdm cac ly thuyet cua Marshall, Durkheim, Pareto, Weber de ban ve "cac he tho'ng xa hpi" Theo Dahrendorf, tfl nam 1937 den den nam 1959, Parsons da lien tuc cho ring cau hdi ed ban cua xa hpi hpc phai la "Dieu gi gin ket xa hpi lai vdi nhau?", tflc la cau hdi cua ly thuyet ve sfl tho'ng nha't xa hpi chfl khdng phai la cau hdi "Dieu gi thflc day xa hpi?", tflc la cau hdi cua ly thuyet ve mau thuln xa hpi Tren thflc te, de tra ldi cau hdi ve sfl thdng nhat xa hpi Parsons da nd Iflc xay dflng va phat trien tfl ly thuyet phd quat ve cau true hanh dpng den ly thuyet phd quat ve cac he thdng hanh dpng den ly thuyet phd quat xa hpi hpc PGS, TS Vien Xd hgi hgc Hgc vien Chinh tri • Hdnh chinh qud'c gia H6 Chi Minh Diia vao bai cua Ralf Dahrendorf "Toward a Theory of Social Conflict Walter L Wallace (Editor) Sociological Theory: An Introduction Aldine Publishing Company NY 1969 Tr 213 - 226 Day la bai cung ten cua Ralf Dahrendorf ding lai tii Tap chi Gidi quyet mdu thudn So nSm 1958 Do do, CO cd sd de noi rSng Dahrendorf de xua't mo hinh ly thuyet ve mau t h u l n xa hpi l i n diu tien vao nSm 1958 LeNggc Hiing 23 Do vay, Dahrendorf cho r i n g da den luc xa hdi hpc phai trd lai vdi cau hdi ve mau t h u l n xa hpi, nhUng tfl mdt goc gde dp tiep can mdi vdi viec phai xac dinh rd dd'i tUdng nghien cflu Mac du khdng neu rd la phe phan tac gia nao, nhflng Dahrendorf cho r i n g nhflng cau khai quat nhfl "tat ca cac xa hpi deu trai nghiem cac mau t h u l n xa hpi" hoae "lich sfl cua tat ca cac xa hpi den deu la lich sfl cua cuoc da'u tranh giai cap" la dung nhflng chfla du va c l n phai kiem ehflng blng nghien cflu thiic nghiem Loai m a u t h u a n xa hoi va loai ly t h u y e t ve m a u t h u a n xa hoi Sau phe phan mpt so' ly thuyet ve mau t h u a n xa hpi, budc tiep theo cua each xay diing mpt ly thuyet mdi la xac dinh dd'i tUdng va loai ly thuyet can xay diing De lam rd dd'i tUdng nghien cflu, Dahrendorf da phan loai cac mau thuln xa hpi^ Gia sfl nhfl cd mpt xa hpi la A thi ve mat ly thuyet cd the cd hai loai mau thuan: mpt la mau thuan ben ngoai dd'i vdi A va hai la loai mau thuan ben A Ngoai each phan loai "trong - ngoai" cdn cd each phan loai khac va vay cd cac loai mau thuan xa hpi khac Vi du dd'i vdi mau thuan npi bp, mau thuan ben cd the phan biet mau thuan gifla cdng doan vdi gidi chu, mau thuan nhflng ngfldi theo dang bao thu vdi nhflng ngfldi theo cdng dang, mau thuan gifla cac nhdm dan tpc thieu so' vdi nhau, mau thuan gifla cac chung tpc ngfldi, mau thuan gifla nhdm ngfldi theo tdn giao vdi nhdm ngfldi theo tdn giao khac va nhieu loai mau thuan nfla Cac loai mau thuan nhfl vay deu bat ngudn tfl cau true ciia cac mo'i quan he gifla cac nhdm dd'i lap Dahrendorf cho r i n g nhiem vu cua xa hpi hpc ndi chung va ly thuyet xa hpi hpc ndi rieng ve mau thuan xa hpi la phai chi dfldc cac kieu loai cau true xa hpi nao gay mau thu&n nao de mdi xuat hien kieu cau true nhfl vay thi cd the dfl bao dfldc r i n g loai mau thuan dd nhat dinh se xay Nhfl vay, nhiem vu cua xa hdi hpc, theo Dahrendorf, khdng phai la gan mau thuln cho cac bien tam ly, vi du tinh hieu chien hay cho cac bien cd' lich sfl hay cho sfl tinh cd ma la phan tich cac each sap xep cau true cua cac md'i quan he xa boil Theo Dahrendorf, that khd cd the giai thich loai mau t h u l n ben ngoai tfl gde dp phfldng phap tiep can cau true bdi vi each tiep can ddi hdi phai xem xet mau t h u l n mpt he thdng cd cau true'* Mpt xa hpi A cd mau t h u l n ben ngoai A v6i xa hpi B thi tfl gde dp cau true luan, hai xa hpi A va B phai dUdc xem xet mpt he thdng hay mpt mo'i quan he cau true vdi hai bp phan cau la A va B Dieu dd cd nghia la ca A va B phai n l m mpt he thdng hay mpt cau true - Ralf Dahrendorf Sdd Tr 214 ' Ralf Dahrendorf Sdd Tr 215 ' Ralf Dahrendorf Sdd Tr 215 24 Ti( cdu true xd hdi den md hinh ly thuyet cua nhat dinh nao cd the gpi la C Khi dd, theo thuyet cau trflc, mau t h u l n ben ngoai ddi vdi A, cu the la mau thuan gifla A va B thflc lai thupc loai mau t h u l n ben cua C Cach tiep can cau true nhfl vay, theo Dahrendorf, d i n den hai dieu quan trpng sau day^ mpt la mau t h u l n xa hpi xay nhflng xa hpi cu the va nhflng dieu kien nhat dinh; hai la mau t h u a n xa hpi cd the dfldc xem nhfl la bieu hien ciia cac dac diem cau true cua cae xa hpi hay cua cac xa hpi cung mpt giai doan phat trien Theo Dahrendorf, dieu cd nghia la ly thuyet ve mau t h u l n gifla cac dan tpc thieu sd hay gifla cac tdn giao cung quan trpng va can thiet nhfl ly thuyet ve mau t h u l n giai cap^ Tuy nhien, chUa cd du cd sd va dieu kien de xay diing ly thuyet phd quat cd the thau tdm tat ca cac loai mau t h u l n xa hpi, nen theo Dahrendorf, ly thuyet xa hpi hpc c l n phai bie't tfl gidi ban minh mpt each tam thdi vao viec giai thich loai mau t h u a n gifla ngfldi elm quyen {the ruler) va ngfldi bi d m quyen (the ruled) trdng nhflng td chflc d u true xa hpi da cho Khi neu quan niem nhfl vay, Dahrendorf khdng n h l c den de^xuat cua Robert Merton ve ly thuyet d p trung binh Nhflng qua y tfldng cd the thay ly thuyet cua Dahrendorf la ly thuyet d u true d p trung binh theo quan niem cua Merton ve mau t h u l n xa hpi chfl khong phai loai ly thuyet phd quat theo quan niem cua Parsons Trong thfla nhan r i n g bat ky mpt ly thuyet nao ve mau t h u l n xa hpi cung khdng the bd qua viec md ta mpt chinh the cac d u true, tflc la sfl thdng nhat cua cac d u true, Dahrendorf van cho rang dieu dd khong cd nghia la se tien den mpt ly thuyet chflc nang ve mau t h u a n xa hpi Bdi vi ly thuyet chflc nang thfldng giai thich sfl mau thuan b l n g each gan cho cai nhan hieu "phan chflc nang" hay "rd'i loan chflc nang"' Theo Dahrendorf, viec giai thich mau thuan xa hpi la rd'i loan chflc nang hay tinh t r a n g mat t r a t tfl, mat can bang, khdng tho'ng n h a t la each giai thich cd nhieu van de c l n phai giai thich, tflc la chfla giai thich dfldc dieu gi dang ke Theo Dahrendorf, sfl tho'ng nhat va sfl mau thuan la hai mat cua xa bpi, hai cflc cua mpt t r a n g thai xa hpi Do vay, theo dng d n phai phai xay dflng hai md hinh ve xa hpi lam nen tang eho ly thuyet ve mau t h u a n xa hpi Tfl hai mo hinh ve xa hoi den Iy thuyet ve sfl bien ddi xa hoi Theo Dahrendorf, ly thuyet mau t h u l n khdng the dfla vao md hinh tho'ng nhat ve xa hpi va cung khdng chi gidi ban d viec giai thich mau thuan xa hpi Muc tieu cud'i cung cua mpt ly thuyet xa hpi hpc la giai thich sfl bien ddi xa hpi, vay • Ralf Dahrendorf Sdd Tr.2\5 " Ralf Dahrendorf Sdd Tr 215 ' Ralf Dahrendorf Sdd Tr 216 Le Nggc Hung 25 nd phai diia tren ca hai md hinh ve xa hdi: mo hinh thdng nhat va md hinh mau t h u l n Thiic ra, cd the gpi dd la md hinh kep ve xa hpi bdi vi nd ndi de'n hai trang thai cua xa hpi, nhat la cua cac "nhdm phdi hdp b i t buoc" (Imperatively coordinated groups) Cd the tdm tat nhflng toed ban cua tflng mo hinh bang dfldi day Bang: Tom tdt noi dung cua hiai mo tiinh ve xa hoi Mo hinh thong nhdt Cach to Chile Md hinh mdu thuan Xa hoi Id mpt sM s6p xep tuong do'i on Xd hpi Id mpt cdu true cdc moi quon he ciia dinh cac bp phqn cdc nhdm do'i idp luc ndo cung ndm trqng thdi bien ddi Trang thai Xd hpi luon trqng thdi on dinh cua Xd hpi ludn trqng thdi mdu thudn, bien mpt sy sdp xep khd tho'ng nhdt cdc bp doi cdc mo'i quan he ciia cdc nhom do'i Idp phdn Chuc nQng cua Moi mpt yeu to' cua xd hpi deu gop Moi mpt yeu td' ciia xd hpi deu gop phdn cac bo phan phdn vdo hogt dpng cua xd hpi vdo sy bien doi cua xd hpl Co s6 cua xa hoi Xd hpi dpa tren sy dong thudn cua cdc Xd hpi dya tren sy xung dot ciia thdnh vien thdnh vien ciia no ndy vdi thdnh vien l
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