G I A H O A D A N SO T A I N H A T B A N : THlTC T R A N G V A G I A I P H A P HOANG MINH LOT NGUYgN HONG VAN" 7V7hat Ban thai hien dai (1945 - nay) • von dugc biet den la mot quoc gia di len t u "dong tro tan" sau chien tranh &k tra giau manh nhu horn N h i i n g lai nggi ca thuang gan v a i nhieu my tir dudng nhu de mieu ta, tdn them cac k y tich ma qudc gia da dat dugc ve kinh te, van hda - xa hdi, giao due K h d n g the phu nhan dieu dd, song ben canh nhung cdng vugt bac ay, Nhat Ban dang phai ddi mat v d i khdng it van de nan giai ma mdt sd dd la gia hda dan sd Day khdng cdn la van de m d i me b d i rat nhieu qudc gia, vung lanh thd cung r a i vao tinh trang tuong tu, song d Nhat Ban, gia hda dan sd dien nhanh han bat cu nai nao tren the gidi Gia hda dan sd la mdt van de ldn, phuc tap va ludn bien ddi bdi nhiing nhan td khach quan (ngoai nude), chii quan (trong nude) va han the, viec xem xet danh gia cdn phu thudc vao each tiep can, quan diem thai dd, cac chuan muc khac Chinh v i vay, pham v i mdt bai viet, chung tdi chi de cap tdi mdt sd ITnh vuc bi anh hudng l d n tir van de gia hda dan sd, la: kinh te, xa hdi v d i nhung ndi dung ca ban nhat T h y c t r a n g 1.1 Nguyen nhan cua gia hda ddn so Cd nhieu nguyen nhan dan den gia hda dan sd d Nhat Ban, dd phai ke den mdt sd nguyen nhan chinh sau: tdc dd tang dan sd cham, ty le n g u d i gia tang nhanh, ty le n u cao han nam, sd n g u d i nude ngoai khdng * TS, Truang phong Lich su - Van hoa, Vien Nghien cuu Dong Bac A ** Nghien cuu vien, Vien Nghien cuu Dong Bac A thay ddi nhieu Van de tang dan sd cham dugc ly giai bdi nhung ly do: - Ket hdn cham, tudi trung binh nam 1950 la 25,9 tudi ddi v d i nam, 23 tudi ddi v d i n u thi nam 2000 tuang l i n g la 28,8 va 27 N h u vay, 90% phu n u d dd tudi 20 va 60% d dd tudi 30 van chua lay chdng Cho den nay, ty le chac chan cdn cao han nua - T y le sinh thap bdi x u hudng mudn cd it con, tham chi sd ngudi theo chii nghTa "khdng sinh con" da gia tang lien tuc tir thap ky 70 cua the k y X X den Theo sd lieu thdng ke cua B d Y te va Lao ddng Nhat Ban nam 1973, cd 2.090.000 tre em ddi m d i nam nhung den nam 2008 chi bang Vi so v d i nam 1973 Ty le sinh trung binh cua phu n u Nhat Ban dd tudi tir 15 - 49 ciing giam lien tuc vai chuc nam t r d lai day, chi cdn la 1,34 Do vay, sd trung binh gia dinh chi cdn la 0,48 (nam 2002) Dang ngai han la t u tudng "khdng sinh con" cang t r d nen phd bien, dan den gan day khuynh hudng "khdng can cd con" da v u g t tren sd n g u d i cho rang "can cd con" Ben canh dd, ty le sinh trung binh cang giam tir 2,0 n g u d i con/phu n u (nam 1975) chi cdn 1,26 ngudi con/phu n u (nam 2005), tat yeu dan den giam dan sd nhanh chdng Ddn thang 10/2010, dan sd Nhat Ban la 125,77 trieu n g u d i D a n sd nude se giam xudng miic 90 trieu n g u d i vao nam 2055 H a n nua, g i d i tre Nhat Ban cang kk hdn mudn han va sinh it han dd tap Japan Almanac 2004, tr 35 37 Nghien trung phat trien su nghiep va huang thu cuoc song 706.000 dam c u d i nam 2010, muc thap nhat ke tir nam 1954 So lieu cho thay ty le sinh se khong tang dang ke tuang lai gan eitu khoahoc^ nam 1995 Ro rang, sd lugng ngudi tham gia lao ddng cd c h i l u hudng giam manh cho dii dan sd Nhat Ban tuang ddi ldn, nhung de bao dam cho su phat t r i l n va tang trudng kinh te, hang nam nude c i n mdt lugng - X u huang thich song doc than ldn ngudi tham gia lao ddng Song, tren thuc cang the hien ro y thuc, quan niem cua te, sd ngudi dd tudi lao ddng giam nen true tiep anh hudng den ngudn cung cap lao ddng nguai Nhat Ban ve hon nhan, gia dinh Hien nay, ty le ngudi Nhat Ban cho rang "khdng cho cac nganh k i n h t l Ciing v d i dieu dd la can phai ket hdn" da cao han sd cho ngudn thu nhap thue giam sut neu khdng dua rang "can ket hdn" dugc bien phap tich cue thdi gian Hien va du bao tuang lai, Nhat t d i Trir k h i san lugng, nang suat lao ddng Ban van la nude dung dau sd cac nude tang manh m d i cd the bii dap dugc su thieu phat trien cd ty le ngudi gia cao nhat Theo hut lao ddng, neu khdng GDP se giam thdng ke cua chinh phu Nhat Ban, nam Nhirng dieu neu khdng giai quyet hieu 2010, sd ngudi tir 65 tudi t r d len chiem qua cd the lam suy yeu su t u tin ciia Nhat khoang 25% dan sd, ddng thdi du doan sd se tang len % vao nam 2050 Ban cung n h u v i the ciia dat nude tren the gidi Cac nguyen nhan n h u ty le nu gidi cao Thuc te la, k h i sd lao ddng tre (d han nam gidi (thudng n u gidi sdng tho han hidi 15 - 19 va 20 - 24) cd x u hudng giam thi nam gidi), sd ngudi nude ngoai khdng thay sd lao ddng n g u d i gia (dd tudi 55 - 64 va ddi nhieu nhieu thap ky cho den tren 65) cd x u hudng cang gia tang Sir cung it nhieu lam cho qua trinh gia hda dan bien ddng da phan anh su gia hda dan sd sd d Nhat Ban dien nhanh han va viec sir dung hgp ly lao ddng tre va lao 1.2 Tdc dpng ciia gid hoa dan so ddng ngudi gia hoan toan khdng dien binh a Doi vai linh vuc kinh te thudng n h u trudc day Cac cdng ty ciia Nhat Trong nhung nam vira qua, nhieu van de Ban cdn phai ddi mat v d i van de giai quyet cua nen kinh te dang t r d nen phuc tap bdi su cac che dd lien quan den viec sir dung, bd tri "lech lac" ve ca cau dan sd (hay nhan khau lao ddng n g u d i gia L a m the nao de cd the hoc), neu Nhat Ban khdng bat tay giai quyet, tiep tuc khai thac nhirng kinh nghiem, kha van de chac chan se t r d nen tram nang cua Idp ngudi va bao dam cudc han Luc luang lao ddng cang bi lao hda nhanh, tac ddng true tiep t d i nen kinh t l sdng dn dinh cho ho, k h i can phai tang cudng bd sung nhanh chdng lap ngudi tre vdn dugc xem la phat t r i l n hang dau t h i tudi cd trinh dd cao Day la bai toan khdng gidi Sd dan d dd tudi lao ddng (15 tudi - 64 d l bdi nd lien quan den sd lugng, chat lugng tudi) d Nhat Ban dang giam nghiem ddi ngu lao ddng, dung cham den cac van d l sau tang mirc dinh diem la 87 trieu ngudi tam ly xa hdi trudc mat, song quan hon ca la anh hudng den c h i l n luge phat Anh Binh, Ddn sd Nhdt Bdn gidm ky luc, http://dantri.com.vn/c25/s36-448279/dan-so-nhat-bangiani-ky-luc-trong-nam-2010.htm 38 t r i l n ngudn nhan lire cac cdng ty va ciia ca n i n kinh te Nhat Ban tuang lai Nghien cuu khoa hoc M d t v i du khac ve tinh trang t h i l u hut lire luong lao dong tram hien tac dong cua gia hoa dan sd la d6i v o i n i n kinh b Ddi vdi linh vuc xd hdi Trudc het, sd l u g n g lao ddng giam dang la ganh nang len hd t r g an sinh xa hdi, ddng te nong nghiep Nhat Ban Hien nay, mot dien tich lan dat canh tac dang bi bo hoang, tang len Tdc dd n g u d i gia tang va tre em chinh phu phai nhap khau luong giam nhu hien se lam thay ddi ty le ve thuc v a i so luang lan d l dap ung nhu cau sd ngudi ganh vac dam bao xa hdi ddi v d i ciia nguai dan va nganh chan nuoi Nhieu ngudi gia Nhirng nam cudi the ky X X , cir nien chan nghe nong rdi bd lang que ngudi dang lam viec phai ganh vac nhirng phd kiem viec lam khien cho luc chi phi ve mat bao dam xa hdi cho mdt ngudi gia thi hien nay, cir hai ngudi dang lugng lao ddng ndng nghiep bi suy giam nhanh chdng He qua la d Nhat Ban hien nay, d dd tudi trung binh tren 70 t u d i nghTa v d i viec lugng ngudi nghi huu dang lam viec phai hd t r g cho mdt ngudi gia D d i ndng v d i lap tre, nhieu k h i ganh nang v u g t qua l g i dan van phai lam cdng viec nha ndng kha vat ich, dd cd phan chi tra cho viec chain J va, khdng thich hgp v d i ngudi cao tudi Mac sdc, du nen ndng nghiep cd nhirng thuan l g i nhu: khdng hai long Day cung la mdt mau thuan luang huu ciia ngudi gia, khien ho gidng cay trdng tdt, ty le ca gidi hda cao xa hdi keo dai khdng de giai quyet triet de nhung van dang ddi mat nhieu van de khdng nham bao dam can ddi giua l g i ich va ganh de giai quyet thdi gian ngan, nhat la nang giua cac the he, song neu khdng kip tinh trang luc lugng lao ddng cang gia thai cd nhirng giai phap huu hieu, nd se dan va thieu Chinh v i vay, nhieu ndng dan sd tdi su qua tai he thdng luang huu huu dien tich ldn dat trdng trot nhung lai de Hien nay, viec gia tang chi phi cham hoang hda bdi nhieu ly do, dd cd ngudi cao tudi da lam tang tham hut cua nguyen nhan thieu nhan luc lao ddng chinh phii va tang ng qudc gia Tren thuc te, sdc N h u vay, gia hda dan sd d Nhat Ban da khoang 70% kinh p h i phiic l g i bao hiem xa tac ddng rat ldn den nen kinh te vdn dang hdi chi cho ngudi gia va van de ldn nhat la phai dd' phd v d i suy thoai keo dai den ganh nang ve tai chinh cho viec tang l g i ich Tdng sd dan da it dan, k h i sd ngudi gia bao dam xa hdi cho nhung ngudi lai tang len, dd tao sue ep ldn len nen M d t van de rat dang lo ngai hien la kinh te v d i nhieu van de nan giai khdng de tinh trang sdng va chet cd dan ciia ngudi gia giai quyet thai gian ngan Chang han, Nhat Ban Do su gia hda tang len, cang vdi dan sd dang lao hda va thu hep, nhu cau cd nhieu ngudi gia phai sdng mdt minh, k h i cung se giam xudng Dieu se lam giam hap hdi khdng cd n g u d i than nao ben canh sir "hiing k h d i " ciia cac cdng ty va ho khdng Neu nam 2007, Nhat Ban cd 3,8 trieu ngudi de mao hiem de san sang dau t u M d t ho sdng mdt m i n h khdng cd ngudi than ben cang giam bdt dau t u , that nghiep se gia canh thi den nam 2010 sd da tang tang, dac biet la v d i gidi tre len trieu ngudi D u bao, 35 nam sau sd se len den 6,3 trieu n g u d i Thee mdt Nguy&i Dai Phuong, La liing nong nghiep Nhdt Ban, http://vvww.tienphong.vn/quoc-te/5I6099/la-lung-nongiighiep-nhat-ban.html, NGHIEN CdU ©ONG BfiC fl SO 3(121) 3-2011 Nguyen Hai, Gia hoa - van de chung ciia toan the giai, http://htx.dongtak.net/spip.php7article3548 39 Nghien ciru khoa hoc dieu tra cua chinh phii (thang 2/2010), Cac nam sau ty le tren giam dan va din nam sd nhung nguoi 60 tuoi t r d len, co hon 40% 2010 v d i sd tuong u n g la: 32,7%, 35,4%, lo ngai minh se chet co don, hon 70% lo 41,0%, 48,2%, 54,6% N e u nam 1985 cd lang cho cuoc song cua minh sau Tai 2,25 trieu cu sdng cac loai h i n h nha cac thi ldn va vua (tir 100.000 dan t r d len), cd d i n % sd n g u d i gia nghT rang dudng lao khac thi (tuy chua cd sd lieu thdng ke chi t i l t ) cd sd dd phai gap - minh se chet cd don That vay, chet cd lan Tham chi ngudi ta dang bao ddng ve su don t r d ndi am anh, so hai cua nhieu qua tai cua cac nha dudng lao Day se la thuc te ddi hdi nha nude can cd cac chinh ngudi gia Nhat Ban hien M o n g mudn cua ho la cd ngudi giup do, cham sdc k h i ve sach phu hop de cham lo cho Idp ngudi cao gia, va de dat duoc dieu nay, khdng it ngudi tudi Theo B d Y te Nhat Ban, hien tai, qudc gia chon bien phap cue doan la " t u nguyen" gia can den hon 1,3 trieu dieu dudng pham tdi de duoc sdng trai giam (duoc vien, hd ly, song tren thuc te van cdn thieu nudi an, cd bac sT cham sdc y te ) Tir nam khoang 41.600 n g u d i Cac ket qua dieu tra, 1991, sd ngudi pham tdi tir 65 tudi t r d len nghien cuu cho thay, ngudn cung ung lao lien tuc tang, hien nay, chi rieng nam 2010, ddng cham sdc n g u d i cao tudi dang t r d nen sd pham nhan tren 60 tudi t i i tang gap khan hiem d Nhat Ban ddi so v d i 10 nam trudc Gia hda dan sd budc chinh phu Nhat Ban Khdng the phu nhan rang tinh trang chet phai cd nhung thay ddi quan ve che dd cd don cd nguyen nhan tir su gia hda dan sd tro cap h u u t r i , tro cap cho ngudi gia, nhu tang nhanh, ngudi gia thieu su cham sdc dac vay se lam cho tro cap tang len manh biet d nha Hien nay, sd ngudi gia can cham me N e u n h u chi cho tro cap huu t r i so v d i sdc khoang hon 50%, dd mdt sd kha thu nhap qudc gia d mirc , % (nam 1989) ldn can cham sdc dac biet (nam liet giudng) thi sd se la 12,7% nam 2000 va Hang nam, nha nude da chi khoan tien kha 16,9% nam 2010 Ro rang, ngudi Nhat Ban ldn, dd viec tiep tuc tang chi phi qua la dang ddi mat v d i nhung khd khan khdng nhd khdng de dang B d i vay, ganh nang cham d phia trudc lien quan den bao hiem xa hdi sdc ngudi gia se phai cac gia dinh va va he thdng phuc l o i ddi v d i ngudi gia thudng phu n i l dam nhiem L i e u gia dinh Trong dd, bao hiem xa hdi ddi v d i ngudi gia va nhat la phu n u cd bao dam ndi van de bao gdm hai ndi dung co ban la t r o cap huu khdng? Day qua la van de khdng don gian tri va cham sdc sue khde D i c h v u cho ngudi Rd rang, mdt van de nan giai nua hien gia duoc chia lam hai tuyen: cac dich v u cua Nhat Ban la cham sdc sue khde cho danh cho nhung n g u d i sdng d nha duong lao ngudi gia M d t thuc te nua la hien sd va dich v u tai nha danh cho ngudi gia hien ngudi gia sdng ciing cai cd x u hudng dang sdng tai nha cua minh Hau h i t cac ITnh giam N a m 2000, sd ngudi gia tir 65 - 69 vuc hien dang phai ddi mat v d i n h i l u tudi sdng chung v d i cai la 42,7%, tir 70 - van d l kha nan giai chiu tac ddng manh 74 tudi la 45,3%, tir 75 - 79 tudi la 54,4%, tir cua tir hien tuong gia hda dan sd dien ra' 80 - 84 tudi la 58,3% tren 85 tudi la 63,0% Hiep hoi qu6c t l vg thong tin giao due, Nhdt Bdn ngdy nay, Tokyo, 1989, tr 98 40 NGHIEN CtfU OONG BfiC fl SO 3(121) 3-2011 Nghien cdu khoa hoc nhanh chong Theo do, viec cai thien cac ddng, gia nhan cdng cao la mdt thuc te ciia dieu kien song cho ho dua tren cham soc cong dong dang gap kho khan v l tai chinh Nhat Ban hien nay, do, rat it ngudi ban Rieng chi cho cham soc nguoi gia hien da chiem hon 1/3 ngan sach y t i cua Nhat trudng lam viec khdng tdt, de gap tai nan Ban, ciing v d i dd sd l u g n g ldn tien huu phai x i i chon nhung loai hinh cdng viec ma m d i nhu cdng viec d cac cdng trudng xay dung, cham sdc ngudi cao tudi Trong dd, nghe tra cho ngudi gia hang thang dang la van d l cham sdc n g u d i cao tudi hau nhu t r d phuc tap v d i cac nha xay dung chinh sach tai chinh qudc gia cdng viec danh cho lao ddng nude ngoai, va G i a i phap 2.1 Trong Unit vuc kinh te nhieu nghe khac phai nhap khau lao ddng nude ngoai v i khdng thue m u d n dugc lao ddng ban x i i Rd rang, hien va tuong lai, N h u da de cap d phan trudc, Nhat Ban Nhat Ban rat can lao ddng nude ngoai nham dang phai ddi mat v d i cudc "khung hoang" gdp phan t r i siic manh qudc gia ve lire lugng lao ddng b d i nhiing ngudi sinh bdi canh ty le sinh giam, gia hda dan sd, luc vao thdi k y bung nd dan sd dang tien gan lugng lao ddng bi thu hep tdi tudi ve huu, k h i ngudi lao ddng va Hien nay, thi t r u o n g Nhat Ban chi tuyen ngudi ddng thue de thay the ho lai it d i B e lao ddng cd tay nghe vao lam viec, song lao bao dam cho su phat trien kinh te, hang nam ddng phd thdng nude ngoai van cd the vao Nhat Ban can mdt lugng l d n ngudi tham gia Nhat Ban lam viec theo chuong trinh tu lao ddng va mdt nhirng phuong hudng nghiep sinh va thuc tap ky thuat v d i thdi khac phuc la tang sd lugng ngudi lao ddng gian khdng qua nam M u c tieu ciia hoat nude ngoai ddng la nham chuyen giao cdng nghe, Ngudn lao ddng nhap cu du cd l g i ddi v d i ky nang chuyen mdn, ky thuat tien tien, qua ca hai ben nhung den nay, Nhat Ban van dd phat trien ngudn nhan luc d cac nude chua t i m dugc cau tra l d i thda dang cho van dang phat trien Song, thuc chat ciia van de de G i d i chiic lanh dao Nhat Ban van la nham b i i dap su thieu hut ngudn nhan lire dang "phan van" giua ludng y kien ddng y lao ddng nude, nhat la lao ddng gian va phan ddi lien quan t d i van de m d ciia thu don, chi phi thap Lao ddng nude ngoai dugc hut lao ddng nude ngoai, dac biet ve nhap thuc tap ky thuat pham v i 64 nganh khau nhieu hon nua lao ddng tir cac nude nghe va 120 loai hinh cdng viec Ciing b d i Chau A N h u n g n g u d i cd y kien "ddng y " su thieu hut luc l u g n g lao ddng gia hda cho rang, neu khdng m d rdng ciia ddn nhan dan sd ma sd lugng tu nghiep sinh nude lao ddng nude ngoai, Nhat Ban se phai ngoai vao Nhat Ban lien tuc tang: nam 2006 chiing kien su suy sup cua dat nude Trai lai, nhung ngudi "phan d d i " lap luan rang, xa cd 92.846 n g u d i , thi nam 2008 sd da la 101.879 n g u d i Gan day, chinh phii Nhat hdi gia hda hien chua den miic nghiem Ban khuyen khich va tao dieu kien thuan l g i nen Nhat Ban van cd the t u giai quyet de lao ddng nude ngoai cd tay nghe, lao tdt nhieu viec hoae ngudn lao ddng nhap cu ddng k y thuat cao den Nhat lam viec, ddng chi la giai phap chua chay tam thdi Tuy nhien, cd t h i khang dinh, su t h i l u hut lao NGHIEN CUU OONG BfiC fi SO 3(121) 3-2011 Thirc trang ve xuat khdu lao dong Viet Nam sang Nhdt Bdn vdi nam gdn ddy, http: //www.nhatngudongdo.edu.vn 41 Nghien eitu khoa hoc^ thdi keo dai thai gian l u u tru toi da a day len "trung tam nhan tai dau bac" gidi thieu viec nam thay v i nam nhu truoc nam lam cho nhung ngudi tir 60 tudi trd len, cdn khde manh va cd nguyen vong lam viec 2006 Ben canh giai phap tren, hien chinh phu Nhat Ban dang co ke hoach xem xet lai Hien nay, nhieu cdng viec n h u lai xe taxi, thu tien tai cac tram thu phi giao thdng cau nhung viec lam khong han che doi v a i ngudi dudng, phuc v u tai mdt sd co sd giai t r i , nha nude ngoai va ndi long hon cac qui dinh k h i hang giai khat deu cd su tham gia cua ngudi thue lao ddng nude ngoai ITnh vuc dich gia Ciing v d i cac bien phap tren, chinh phii vu, dieu tri cham sdc, cung nhu yeu cau ve khuyen khich cac cdng ty, x i nghiep t u nhan lao ddng cac khu vuc tuong t u dang keo dai tudi ve huu cua ngudi lao ddng, qua tang gia hda dan sd lam thay ddi chinh sach "gia thi dugc D u cd nhung thay ddi nhu tren, nhung nghi" chuyen sang "gia van lam viec" N h u Nhat Ban da dung ngoai cudc chay dua nhap vay, ngudi gia cd the t u nudi ban than va gdp khau lao ddng nude ngoai va so v d i cac phan giai quyet mdt phan ganh nang tai chinh nude Tay A u , qudc gia cham hon 20 cho nha nude nam (Nhat Ban su dung lao ddng ngudi Nhung bien phap de ngudi gia di lam tu nude ngoai t u nam 1980) Cac cdng ty Nhat nudi ban than, cd the giai quyet phan nao Ban dang phai ddi mat v d i van de gia hda ganh nang tai chinh cua nha nude nhung van dan sd ma true tiep la giai quyet cac che dd chua the giai quyet van de cd don cua ngudi lien quan den viec su dung, bd t r i lao ddng gia, nhat la ndi lo chet cd don Gan day, d ngudi gia Rd rang, viec lam cho ngudi gia Nhat Ban cd phong trao van ddng moi ngudi dang la mdt van de kinh te - xa hdi buc xuc quan tam hon den nhirng ngudi gia, nhat la cua Nhat Ban Tren thuc te, cac cdng ty cd ngudi gia sdng mdt minh nham tranh dugc xu hudng khuyen khich ngudi gia ve huu "cai chet cd don" Chang han, tang sdm, k h i dd tudi tho cua ngudi Nhat cudng quan tam theo ddi cudc sdng cua kha cao H a n nu'a, mdt bd phan kha ldn ngudi gia sdng canh gia dinh minh, hang ngudi ve huu sue khde cdn tdt, cd kinh dua bao t d i nha ho hoae theo ddi ho cd nghiem chuyen mdn va ho rat mudn tiep tuc dinh ky dd rac hay khdng (de biet ho cd dm lam viec, k h i thdi gian khdng lam viec dau hoae chet hay sau k h i nghi huu la rat dai M a t khac, su phong trao nhan dugc su ung hd rdng rai khdng) N h i n chung, giam sut thu nhap va khdng mudn phu thudc cua ngudi dan thdng qua viec tien hanh vao cai va xa hdi cung la ly khien nhieu hoat ddng xa hdi, thu hut sir chu y cua nhieu ngudi mudn di lam Tap quan truyen cdng ddng, song van chua the xac dinh chinh thdng cung la mdt ly khien cho ngudi gia xac sd ngudi chet cd don van mudn tiep tuc lam viec bdi ho khdng D o anh hudng cua gia hda dan sd, nhu mudn bi coi la ngudi thira, an bam, rdi viec cau giam xudng khien kinh te cd t h i tang Hien nay, cu ngudi gia thi cd mdt ngudi trudng cham bdi cac cdng ty giam bdt dau t u tren 65 tudi va ho duoc nha nude giup t i m lam gia tang that nghiep N h a m giai q u y l t kiem viec lam, tang che dd lam theo gid, lam van de nay, Chinh phii Nhat Ban dang t r i l n theo hop ddng Chinh phu cung lap cac khai mdt chuang trinh m d i nham hd t r g 42 NGHIEN Cda DONG BfiC fi, SO 3(121) 3-2011 Nghien cim khoa hoc nien da tot nghiep phd thong trung hoc va dai hoc nhung v i n chua k i l m duoc viec Ban tranh khdi nhung cu sdc ddi v d i thuong mai tir ben ngoai lam N h i i n g cong ty nhan nguoi thuoc ddi N h i n chung, nhirng dau hieu cai thien tuong khong t i m duoc viec lam vong nam ke t u k h i tot nghiep se duoc hudng cac budc dau nhu tren la co sd de Chinh phu uu dai cua chinh phu Ngoai ra, chinh phu cdn ap dung bien phap chi tra cac khoan uu dai cho doanh nghiep k h i ho tuydn dung nhung ngudi m d i tdt nghiep giai doan thu viec Tir thang 7/2010, ty le that nghiep Nhat Ban dua dugc nhung giai phap dung dan, m d co hdi, trien vong sang sua ddi v d i nen kinh te hien va thdi gian tdi 2.2 Trong ITnh vuc xa hpi Hien nay, k h i de cap tdi su gia hda dan bat dau giam xudng, day la dau hieu cho sd, van de lien quan thudng dugc luu tam thay thi trudng viec lam thoi gian t d i nhat la che dd dam bao xa hdi (phuc l g i xa se duoc cai thien nhung la tdc dd cai thien hdi) N h i n chung, Chinh phu Nhat Ban cd dan dan Ddng yen tang manh khdng phai la gang dua l g i ich dam bao xa hdi cho nguoi thdng tin tdt cho thi trudng lao ddng gia dugc m d rdng hon, chiem gan 2/3 tdng nude va cac cdng ty se chuyen viec san xuat lgi ich dam bao xa h d i N h i e u bien phap nude ngoai D o do, "bai toan" ve viec lam dugc dua nhu: thiet lap dich v u y te cho d Nhat Ban chua the duoc giai quyet thda ngudi gia, tang cudng cham sdc sue khde va dang trudc mat ma can phai chd doi va hy phuc l g i cho ngudi gia, hinh luat co vong thdi gian t d i m d i cd the ket luan ban ve chien luge xa hdi ngudi cao tudi, dieu duoc Ket qua cd the chua n h u mong mudn, chinh che dd h u u t r i K h d n g the phu nhan song da cd dau hieu tdt bieu hien qua ty le Nhat Ban la mdt cudng qudc ve phuc l g i xa that nghiep giam, viec lam tang them hdi, qudc gia cd he thdng y te, cham sdc sue Theo nhan dinh cua nhieu chuyen gia, cd khde tdt nhat the g i d i That vay, xet ca ba rat nhieu each de v u g t qua t r d ngai, nhung yeu td cua mdt he thdng cham sdc sue khde each ma khdng chi bao dam g i u nguyen muc gdm: chat lugng, bao hiem va chi p h i , Nhat sdng tieu chuan ma cdn khien cho nen kinh Ban dang dung dau hay gan dau m o i te trd nen sdi ddng hon Chang han, ngudi ve xep hang so sanh V e co ban, ciing v d i t r g huu cd the dugc khuyen khich de quay t r d cap huu tri, cac dich v u phuc l g i da gdp phan lai lam viec, dac biet neu ho van nhan dugc quan cai thien dieu kien sdng tien trg cap k h i lam viec Cd le viec ngudi gia d Nhat Ban Tuy nhien, dam bao khd khan nhat la nang cao nang suat de b i i xa hdi d Nhat Ban cung gap phai kha nhieu dap su thieu hut nhan luc su gia hda dan van de nan giai nhu: van de tai chinh de dap cua sd Ben canh dd, bai bd cac qui dinh chua ung nhu cau cang tang cua xa hdi, can hop ly se khien viec budn ban, kinh doanh ddi giiia l g i ich va ganh nang giua cac the dich vu t r d nen de dang hon (chang han n h u he dich v u cham sdc tai gia), hay dua giai phap That vay, so v d i the he gia thi nhung giai phdng tai chinh se giup ho sir dung tdt ngudi dang dd tudi lam viec la lao hon cac khoan tiet kiem, ddng thdi k h u y l n ddng chinh ciia xa hdi, phai chia se ganh khich canh tranh kinh te ndi dia d l giup Nhat nang cua phi bao hiem xa hdi va cac loai 43 Nghien edit khoahoc^ thug d l cung cap nguon tai chinh chi tra cho nang cua ban than gia dinh n g u d i gia D j c h t i l n huu va cham soc y te Ganh nang cua v u dugc thuc hien tren co sd t u nguyen dam bao xa hoi cang nang ne hon doi v o i the v d i ngudn ngan sach ddng gdp cua trung he tre k h i xa hoi Nhat Ban cang gia hoa uong va chinh q u y l n cac cap V i e c tang nhanh chong That vay, v o i toe gia hoa cudng phiic l g i ngudi gia d u d i nhieu hinh nhu hien thi muc chi phi cho tro cap huu thuc cho thay Nhat Ban rat quan tam den ddi tri thu nhap quoc dan tat se tang manh, tugng va day chinh la mang l u d i an sinh cho nen viec sua doi che huu tri hien cd hieu qua gdp phan giai q u y l t van de gia la nham giam den muc toi thieu ganh nang hda xa hdi v d ciing khd khan va phuc tap d chi phi hien dang co nguy co vugt muc chi qudc gia tieu toi da va nham sua lai tinh trang bat M d t van de xa hdi nan giai nua hien binh dang giua nhung ngudi t r g cap huu t r i ciia Nhat Ban la cham sdc sue khde cho Ve co ban, Chinh phu Nhat Ban van phai cd ngudi gia T r u d c tinh trang khan hiem ngudn gang thiet lap va thuc hien mdt che dd dam lao ddng phuc v u cho cdng viec nay, Chinh bao xa hdi kieu Nhat Ban cd kha nang ddi phu Nhat Ban d u dinh nhan them nhieu dieu phd dugc van de gia hda dan sd nhanh chdng duong vien va hd ly cham sdc sue khde cho d qudc gia nguoi gia tir cac nude Chau A Tir nam Thuc te la k h i trd ngudi gia, ganh 2008-2010, Nhat Ban da ddn nhan hon 1000 nang ve thue, phi bao hiem xa hdi va phi y te lao ddng nhap c u tir Philippines va Indonesia giam xudng ty le nghich v d i dd tudi Theo theo Hiep dinh B d i tac kinh te ky giua Nhat dd, nhung ngudi gia cd x u hudng hudng l g i v d i cac nude T u y nhien, phia Nhat Ban nhieu hon la phai ciia dat nhung dieu kien kha cao ddi VOT'± Jtdi chiu ganh nang lfc chuong trinh dam bao xa hdi N h u vay, the nude ngoai n h u : phai kha, gidi tieng Nhat, he dang lam viec chiu hau het ganh nang tir da dugc dao tao chuyen mdn d nude sd tai nhirng dich v u cung cap cho cai ho va B e n Nhat Ban, sau - ngudi gia phan ldn hudng l g i ich tir chuong phai trai qua mdt k y t h i sat hach neu mudn trinh Be giai quyet nhung tdn tai nay, lam viec lau dai d day Tren thuc te, vugt Nhat Ban da dieu chinh che dd dam bao xa qua dugc cac cudc thi la thach thiic vd hdi thdng qua mdt sd giai phap nham thuc ciing ldn ddi v d i lao ddng nude ngoai Do hien hieu qua hon va phai gan ket do, sd ngudi nhan dugc bang chiing nhan la cac chuong trinh hudng l g i de giam ganh nang nam lam viec, ho rat it cho the he dang lam viec H o n nua, hoat K h d n g chi luc l u g n g lao ddng cham sdc ddng ITnh vuc phuc l g i xa hdi ndi ngudi gia dang la van de nan giai, ca viec chung, ngudi gia ndi rieng deu cd su chung bao dam cudc sdng vat chat va tinh than cho sue cua nha nude, chinh q u y l n cac cap, t u ngudi gia tai gia dinh cung la van de can l u u nhan va cac doan the, tdn giao v.v Chang tam hien han, hinh thuc dich v u tai nha (bao gdm ca N g u d i gia khdng chi ddi hdi phai dap ling cham sdc va giup viec nha) phat huy v l vat chat, y te ma ho can cd cudc sdng yen dugc kha nang hd t r g cua nha nude va tiem dn, hda thuan, dac biet la nhan dugc su quan 44 NGHIEN Ctf(J OONG BfiC fl, SO 3(121) 3-2011 Nghien cdu khoa hoc tam nhieu han v l mat tinh cam Tuy nhien, q u y l t dugc ganh nang ngan sach trung uong tinh hinh thyc t l la lap tre tuoi it chii y d i n nhung lai d i n d i n tinh trang phan hda, thieu nguai gia M o t sd k i t qua d i l u tra, nghien cdng bang cac dieu kien, dich vu, cuu ve y thuc phung duong bd me gia cho cham sdc muc dd dam bao d m d i dia thay, cham soc nguoi gia thuoc vao tinh phuong khac B e giam miic chenh lech hinh kinh te la chinh, muc t u giac chi co nay, ngudi ta dang xem xet theo hudng nha 25,4% san sang phung duong bd me bat ky nude can cd chinh sach t r g cap khac ly gi K h o n g chi lop tre it quan tam ma cho tiing viing tren co sd so sanh miic dd ca phu nu, luc l u g n g chinh dam nhan phat trien va gia ca dich v u D i i sao, nhd cong viec gia dinh (ca cham soc nguoi gia) nhung giai phap nay, cudc sdng ciia cac gia cung to tho o hon L y dugc giai thich dinh chi cd n g u d i gia dugc dn dinh va he la ban than ho thich song doc than, lay thdng dam bao xa hdi ciia n g u d i gia da chong muon, bdi vay, viec cham soc ngudi cang dugc hoan thien ve co cau cung n h u gia gia dinh t r d nen khd khan hon ndi dung Ngoai nhu cau dugc cham sdc, ngudi gia rat Hien nay, khdng it n g u d i gia van cam can su ddng vien, tham hdi, tinh cam tir thay lo lang cho tuong lai ciia he thdng dam chau Tuy nhien, cudc sdng hien dai va kinh bao xa hdi ddi v d i cudc sdng ciia ho bdi cho te cang khd khan hon khien cho viec rang, su t r i che dd dam bao xa hdi, ke ca dap ung nhu cau dd cang khdng de dang Su che dd luong huu t r d nen khd khan v i tinh thieu hut cimg v d i tam ly lo sg bi bd r o i , hinh kinh te suy giam hoae ganh nang ciia su thd a ciia cai dang lam cho ngudi dam bao xa hdi nang ne hon ddi v d i nhung gia trd nen lo lang hon Trong k h i dd, viec the he tre va dac biet giua cac the he se tang cai thien cac dieu kien sdng cho ngudi gia Trudc nhung ludng y kien n h u vay va nhung dua tren cham sdc cdng ddng dang phai ddi khd khan sinh tren thuc te, Chinh phii mat v d i van de tai chinh kha gay gat N h a m Nhat Ban khang dinh phai cai each nham giai thoat tinh trang nay, cd nhieu quan diem hoan thien che dd phiic l g i xa hdi, dap ling khac nhu: keo dai tudi ve huu, tang nhu cau cang tang ciia ngudi dan hien miic ddng gdp, tang thue nhung nhung tai va thdi gian t d i hudng tren dang vap phai su phan ddi ciia Tren thuc te, cung cd nhieu ngudi Nhat cac tang Idp, cac g i d i khac xa Ban td lac quan v d i van de tudi gia, gia hdi, va lai, ban than cac bien phap dd ciing hda dan sd H p cho rang, ngudi cao tudi van cd gidi han nhat dinh Chinh v i le dd, Chinh cd the tiep tuc cudc sdng thoai mai v d i phii Nhat Ban rat chii den hinh thiic khoan tiet kiem khdng nhd, tham chi dugc dudng lao gia dinh va chuyen cac khoan chi cho la khdng Id H o n nua, dii sd n g u d i gia cho cdng viec tir ngan sach trung uong gia tang nhieu nam nhung he thdng chain sang thudc vao dieu kien ngan sach tirng sdc siic khde d Nhat Ban van thudc hang tdt dia phuong H i n h thiic budc dau giai nhat sd nhung nude phat t r i l n G i n day v d i giam phat, n g cao va tang trudng Nihon wo hanaso, 15 No Tema de manabu Nihon JUo kinh te dang that vpng, n g u d i Nhat da phai dai ban 2001, tr 23 45 Nghien eitu khoa hoc lo lang nhieu, song nen kinh te Nhat Ban khac phuc, giai q u y l t nhanh chong van de "van la mot co may cong nghiep khong 16 nhan khau hoc, quoc gia se co co hoi tro voi sue manh sang tao vugt troi khien doi ' ~ •8 song nguoi cao tuoi day van thoai m a r ' T u suy nghT nhu vay, van co each nhin lac quan hon ve tuong lai xa hoi Nhat Ban mot mo hinh mau cho viec giai quyet cong van de gia hoa dan so, m o trien vong sang ro thay v i tro mot canh bao dang sg * the ky X X I boi nhung ly nhu: m a c dii * ganh nang co tang len cung v o i qua trinh gia * hoa dan so, xa hoi co it tre em thi cung chua Tuy da trai qua thap ky dau tien cua the den noi qua sue v i so v o i cac nuoc phat trien ky X X I song tai Nhat Ban khong it van de A u - M y , viec tieu dung cua nguoi Nhat Ban ton tai t u the k y truoc khong nhung chua va ganh nang ciia he thong dam bao xa hoi dugc giai quyet ma tien trien theo chieu thu nhap quoc dan thap; Co the hy huong xau hon, noi bat so la van de vong ve viec nguoi gia se nang dong hon gia hoa dan so cang gia tang manh me, truoc va tuong lai, nguoi gia se tro rat dang quan ngai doi v o j quoc gia luc lugng quan dong gop cho xa Co the chi kha nhieu nguyen nhan ciia hoi nhieu hon la nhan su t r g giup cua xa hoi gia hoa dan so Nhat Ban, song phai chang Thuc te chung minh rang, Nhat Ban la xa la he qua tat yeu ciia xa hoi hau cong hoi gia hoa nhung v o i no lire ciia nha nuoc, nghiep ma Nhat Ban la mot nhung gia dinh, cong dong va tirng ca nhan, Nhat dien hinh tieu bieu cho x u huong That Ban da xay dung dugc che dam bao xa vay, gia hoa dan so khong chi dang dien hoi kha toan dien Tuy nhien so v o i nhu cau tai nhieu nuoc phat trien ma tro va kha nang kinh te thi ITnh vuc va nhieu nguy co ca nhirng nuoc dang phat trien ITnh vuc lien quan den gia hoa dan so Bao cao m o i nhat ciia Lien Hop quoc e dan can phai phan dau nhieu hon nua Nhung so (nam 2010) chi rang: "hien dang dien han che ciia cac l m h vuc doi hoi phai cai su chuyen hoa nhanh chong ciia dan so the each dieu chinh cho phu hgp v o i su thay doi giai tir cac miic ty le tir vong va ty le sinh cao cua hoan canh va ngoai nuoc Thuc nhieu nam truoc day sang cac miic ty le hien tot nhung dieu khong chi dap ling tir vong va ty le sinh thap dan hien va nhu cau cang tang cua dan chung ma nhirng nam sau nay" Tuy nhien, Nhat chinh nhung cai each, giai phap tich cue Ban, gia hoa dan so khong la nguy co ma se gop phan dam bao su on dinh cua dat da tro mot van de vo cimg nan giai hien nuoc, la yeu to quyet dinh den sir phat trien v ciia Nhat Ban hien tai va tuong lai Y e u cau Co the thay, nhung tac dong ciia gia hoa thiet thuc doi v o i Nhat Ban hien la neu dan so den hau het cac ITnh vuc doi s6ng xa hoi Nhat Ban la rat "nghiem trong", gay ' Mai Le, Nhdt Bdn: tdng trudng bi huy hoai bdi ddn so gid, http://dvt.vn/20iOI 1201 12216536p0c85/nhat-bantang-truong-bi-huy-hoai-boi-dan-so-gia.htm 46 nen anh huong tieu cue den miic mot s6 ITnh PhuongLinh, Xu hudng gid hoa ddn so, http://www tinmoi.vn/Xu-huong-gia-hoa-dan-so-0340104.html NGHIEN Ota DONG BfiC (?, SO 3(121) 3-2011 Nghien ci(u khoa hoc vuc truac day dugc danh gia la kha tot a Nhat la d thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Ban thi den cung gap phai nhieu van de d i t nude Hy vong rang, nhung kinh nghiem nan giai, chang han nhu van de tai chinh, dam ciia Nhat Ban ITnh vuc se cung cap bao xa hoi cho chung ta nhung bai hoc qui bau giup giai V o i nhieu giai phap da va dang tien hanh dong thai, co the thay Chinh phu Nhat Ban q u y l t n h i l u v i n de kinh te - xa hdi dang dat ddi v d i Viet N a m rat quan tam den gia hoa dan so Nhieu chuang trinh, giai phap cai each co hieu qua nhung so v o i yeu cau dat thi khong it noi dung tung ITnh v y c (kinh te, xa hoi) phai phan dau nhieu han nua D u sao, nhung kdt qua dat dugc t u cac chinh sach, giai phap cua Nhat Ban thai gian qua da phan nao ma co hoi cho nhiing buac tien mai, "khai sac" hon nua cho viec giai quyet cong van de gia hoa dan so Chinh su cai thien se tao nen tang de Chinh phu Nhat Ban dua nhung giai phap dung dan, m a t r i l n vong sang sua, cho nhung buac "dot pha" m o i a hien tai va tuong lai Nhat Ban la qudc gia rat phat trien nhung v i n khong tranh khoi viec dang phai doi mat TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Hiep hoi Qudc tl vl Thdng tin Giao due, Nhdt Bdn ngdy nay, Nxb Royal Wakaba, 1993 Hdi Thdng tin Giao due Qudc te (ISEI), Tim hidu Nhdt Bdn, Nxb Van hoa - Thdng tin, 2003 Duang Phu Hiep - Nguyen Duy Dung (Chu bien), Mot sd vdn di phuc loi xd hoi cua Nhdt Bdn vd Viet Nam, Trung tam Nghien cuu Nhat Ban, 1996 Vien Nghien cuu Ddng Bac A, Xdy dung ddi tdc chiin luac Viet Nam - Nhdt Ban: ndi dung vd Id trinh, Hdi thao khoa hoc qudc te, Ha Ndi-2010 Khung hodng ddn sd Nhdt: ddi mat vdi su gid hda, http://vietbao.vn/The gidi/2075 v o i mot nhung "tai hoa" kho l u d n g la gia hda dan so Viet N a m la nude dang phat t r i l n va hien dugc coi la qudc gia cd dan sd tre vao loai nhat the g i d i , song theo sd lieu cdng bd m d i nhat cua Lien H g p Qudc (nam 2010) cho t h i y : nam 2009 ty le ngudi gia tir 60 tudi t r d len tren toan the gidi la 1 % (du bao nam 2050 la 22%), tai Chau A la 14% (2050 - 32%), tai Viet N a m la 9% (2050 - % ) , va n h u vay, nude ta cung 10 khdng tranh khdi gia hda dan sd nhu Nhat Ban ciing n h i l u nude khac D o dd, nghien cuu gia hda dan sd d Nhat Ban hien tai rat cd ich viec so sanh nhung net tuong ddng va khac biet v l qua trinh phat trien, dac biet 10 Nguyen Hai, Loai ngudi truoc van de xa hoi gia hoa, http: // htx dongtak net 47