VE GIAI OUYET VAN DE XA HOI, BAO DAM AN SINH XA HOI VIET NAM HIEN NAY PHAN TAN ''> Tl^p cdn huoing nghien culu van ii xa hoi Quan he xa hpi la quan he tUdng tac thudng xuyen dien cupc sd'ng hang ngay, van de xa hpi dUdc xem nhU la he qua cua eae quan he xa hpi, vi vay, van de xa hpi se sinh - xuat hien thudng xuyen, tdn tai mai cupc sd'ng Van de la phai xem xet van de xa hpi theo loai hinh cap dp, mflc dp, tinh chit dien nhfl the nao? - Xet ve cap dp, mflc dp, tinh chat, cd van de xa hpi binh thfldng va van de xa hdi bfle xde - Nhin nhdn theo gdc dp thdi gian, cd vin de xa hpi trflde mat va van de xa hpi lau dai Nhdng vd'n de xd hpi lau ddi thfldng gan vdi cae quan he kinh te-xa hpi ed ban: vin de quan he gifla tang trfldng kinh te va edng bing xa hpi, van de viec ldm, van de phan t i n g xa hpi gia tang khoang each giau-ngheo, v.v Nhdng vdn di trUdc mdt va nd vao tflng thdi diem: xung quanh van de chl so gia tieu dung tang - giam, cd sd t i n g giao thdng bat cap; tinh trang thfla t h i y thie'u thd giai quyet viec lam, vin de cham sdc sfle khoe eho ngfldi ngheo, v.v Mdi nam xua't hien cdc vdn di xd hpi bde xdc khac Cac van de xa hpi chiu sfl tac dpng eua nhflng bien ddi lieh sd Mpt so' v i n de sau nhieu nam van dflde quan tam, mpt so' van de khac bien m i t de sau mpt thdi gian lai xuat hien b dang da bien ddi Dflng trflde nhflng van de - sfl kien xa hdi dflde neu ra, thai dp eua mdi ea nhan cung khac nhau: hoae lo lang, hoae thd d bdi hp cd cam xue thUe sU va mud'n cd mpt hanh dpng gi dd de tac ddng den van de xa hpi va/hoac hp trung lap bang quan xet thay van de khdng anh hfldng den ca nhan/gia dinh hp va hp khdng ed hanh dpng gi ca Dieu ed the ly giai ring: eac van de xa hdi dflde san sinh tfl cac quan he xa hpi, hoae la ket qua cua cac quan he xa hpi, vi vay se cd vd van cac van de xa hpi sinh ddi sdng cua mpt xa hpi, eho nen, viec mdi nhdm, ca nhan quan tam den van de lien quan den ban («) TS Vien Nghien cflu Du luan xa hoi 28 than va nhdm ma cd the khdng quan tam de'n va'n de khac hoae khdng cho dd la van de xa hpi cflng la dieu dl hieu; neu khdng hp se rdi vao khung hoang thfla thdng tin, rdi loan nhan thflc Th6ng Mn Khoa hoc xa hoi sd 9.2010 tfl phat phd, tao nhflng thay ddi phflc tap ve nhieu mat cho ca phd tiep nhan eung nhfl ca nhan ngfldi di cfl - Phdn hod gidu - ngheo, bdt binh Cung nhu vay, ed nhflng v i n de ma ddng ngdy mpt gia tdng chung ta xem la van de xa hdi Thu nhap d i u ngUdi cua nUdc ta nhUng trudc day lai khdng xem nhfl dflde cdng bd da vfldt ngfldng 1.000 vay Vi du: CNH, HDH cdn sd khai, USD, nhflng day la eon sd trung binh, cd rat it nha may, xi nghiep thi v i n nan hay ndi each khac la sd trung vi d nhilm mdi trUdng, hieu flng nha kinh Tflc la nflde ta v i n cdn cd nhflng chit thai cdng nghiep khdng dflde ngfldi/gia dinh thu nhap binh quan chi ngfldi ta ehu y, dUa cong luan NhUng vai tram USD, va eung ed ngfldi thu dieu kien hien nay, sfl xa thai nhap hang nam len de'n ea trieu USD da pha vd mdi trfldng tfl nhien; d nhiem Ndi each khac, kheang each giau mdi trfldng sd'ng td'e dp CNH, HDH ngheo rat Idn ma so' tren chfla phan ngoai vdng kiem soat, gay nhflng hau anh dflde qua mdi trfldng xa hpi nang ne va nd da Nhieu bat cap cae quy dinh ve trd van de xa hdi bde xdc Hay nhieu quan niem ve hdn nhan gia dinh, den bu d i t ndng nghiep phuc vu cac mue dich khac (xay dflng khu cong ve vai trd eua phu nfl, nghiep, khu dd thi mdi, md rpng Nhiifng van de xa hgi hien voil van de an dfldng, ) cham dflde khic phuc cung sinh xa hdl gdp phan ndi rpng khoang each giau - Thdt nghiep, thieu viec ldm vd vdn ngheo va lam sinh nhieu van de xa hpi phflc tap di mUu sinh That nghiep va giai quyet viec lam la bai toan nan giai, dae biet la ddi vdi cac nen kinh te chuyen ddi dieu kien CNH, HDH thi v i n de that nghiep va yeu ciu giai quyet viec lam eang trd nen bfle xdc Viec xay dflng cac khu cdng nghiep, khu che xua't, md rpng eae dd thi da sd dung dien tich Idn dat ndng nghiep, dieu dd ddng nghia vdi viec nhieu ndng dan hi m i t tU lieu s i n xua't, mat viec lam Theo tinh toan, cd 01 da't hi thu hdi, cd tfl 10-13 lao ddng ndng nghiep mat viec lam, ed nghia la vdi 750.000 da't hi thu hdi da ed khoang 10 trieu lao ddng ndng nghiep hi mat viec lam hoae hi anh hUdng Thie'u dit, thieu viec lam d ndng thdn da d i n den xu hudng di dan - Te nan xd hpi, tpi pham Mac du edng tac phdng, chd'ng tpi pham, te nan xa hpi dude quan tam day manh, nhflng te nan xa hpi ed xu hfldng eang da dang va eang gia tang, dang la ganh nang va eang bfle xdc Cd the ndi, xa hpi dang phai ddi mdt vdi mdt nghich ly la: kinh te phat trien, tpi ac va te nan eung dang phat trien Tdi ac va te nan dang thach thflc sfl an toan va phat trien san xuit, dang de doa an sinh xa hpi va ddi sd'ng dan cu, lam anh hudng Idn de'n toe dp tang trudng kinh te, xa hpi, van hoa; dang la rao can thu hut d i u tfl, rao can cua tien trinh CNH, HDH Ve giii quyet van de Tinh trang suy thoai dao dfle, vi pham phap luat, lech lac dinh hfldng gia tri, dae biet la gidi thanh, thieu nien dang la ndi lo ling Idn eua mdi gia dinh va toan xa hpi Te nan tham nhung khdng giam, khd kiem soat da va dang gay b i t binh Idn nhan dan Tam trang b i t an, eang thang xa hdi cd chieu hudng tich luy, tiem i n xung dot ehinh tri - xa hdi, ed nguy cd lam m i t doan ket xa hdi, giam dpng lUc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi ben vflng - Vdn de mdi trUdng - d nhiem mdi trUcfng O nhieu qud'c gia tren the gidi, van de mdi trudng va phat trien ben vflng ndi chung va van de mdi trfldng va cae vin de xa hpi ndi rieng dang thflc sfl la van de quan trpng va cip thiet TrUdc day, tien hanh quy hoach phat trien kinh te xa hpi, b mpt so' qud'c gia cung nhu b nUdc ta hoan toan khdng chu y den vin de mdi trfldng Chlnh vi vay nhieu phfldng an quy hoach khdng dem lai hieu qua mong mud'n; kinh te ed phat trien nhUng hdu qua lai gay d nhilm mdi trfldng nghiem trpng, anh hfldng khdng nho de'n an sinh xa hpi va cudc sd'ng cua ngUdi dan Tinh trang d nhiem nang ne tai nhieu lang nghe, ed sd kinh doanh khdng chi cua tfl nhan va cdn b ca cae tap the, doanh nghiep FDI (nha may Super Phdt phat Lam Thao, nhd may VEDAN, eac lang nghe d Bic Ninh, Ha Npi, ) cho tha'y hdu qua to Idn cua vin de Quan dl^m gl^l quyet v^n de xa hfil, bio dim anslnhxahAl Cin nhdn thdc ring, cac van de xa hdi nan giai khdng the hoa giai bing cac giai phap ddn gian, hoae cflc doan Giai phap ddn n h i t chi giai quyet vin de mpt 29 each nhat thdi, tham chl tao ao tUdng la da giai quyet xong van de Ky thflc vin de vin chfla dflde giai quyet xong xudi, cd diln tien cdn gay git hdn Cac van de xa hpi deu phai dUde nghien cflu, giai quyet theo quan diem he thd'ng, phai dat eac van de xa hpi cae mdi quan he xa hpi, mang ludi xa hpi va ehi cd mang Ifldi xa hdi, cac van de xa hpi mdi dflde giai quyet thoa dang Trong mang Ifldi xa hpi dd ed it nha't bd'n phfldng thflc ed ban dflde tien hanh de giai quyet cae van de xa hpi, dd la: (1) kiem soat xa hpi, (2) chlnh sach xa hpi, (3) cdng tic xa hpi va (4) phong trao xa hpi Kiem soat xa hpi thude chdc nang cd ban cua the che nha nflde, cd sfl hd trd eua the che xa hpi dan sfl; cdng tac xa hpi va phong trao xa hpi la chfle nang ed ban cua xa hpi dan sfl, ed sfl hd trd cua nha nUde, cdn chlnh sach xa hdi la chd giao thoa gifla kiem soat xa hpi, edng tac xa hpi va phong trao xa hpi Bd'n phfldng thflc cd ban the hien mdi quan he, mau thuan - hdp tac gifla nha nflde va xa hpi dan sfl viec de phdng, phat hien va giai quyet cae v i n de xa hpi sinh Trong giai quyet v i n de xa hpi, chdng ta dang b i t gap nhflng van de dflde dat nhfl sau: (1) Cd nen ehu trfldng dinh hfldng thu hep khoang each giau - ngheo, giam bdt chenh lech dd thi - ndng thdn, trung tam - ngoai vi cua vung hay chip nhan sfl gia tang khoang each, chenh lech hdp ly de ddi lay sfl tang trfldng kinh te nhanh hdn nfla? (2) Cd nen tiep tue flu tien d i u tfl cho khu vfle dd thi, trung tam hay chuyen sang cho khu vfle ndng thon, ngoai vi? 30 (3) Cd nen kiem che va dinh hfldng c i t giam ddng di dan tfl tai vflng hay chap nhan sfl gia tang tiep tuc ddng di cfl tfl cd ldi eho ca hai, nghia la eho vung nhap cU va eho ca vung xuit cu? Thdng hn Khoa hoe xa hdi so 9.2010 de vin chua dUde giai quyet xong xudi, cd diin tien cdn gay git hdn Co nhieu chUdng trinh, dfl an da rdi vao tinh trang nhfl the Thi du nhfl ehu trUdng thu gom tre em lang thang (4) Cd the xoa bo tinh trang thie'u dudng phd tra ve dia phUdng ndi eac em viec lam b ndng thdn va that nghiep d xua't cU, khdng phdi hdp lien nganh, dd thi hay phai chap nhan mdt ty le lien dia phfldng ma dfl an da khdng nhat dinh cua lao dpng that nghiep va cdng Hoae nhfl chfldng trinh xoa thie'u viec lam tdng lUe lUdng lao ddi giam ngheo da tao ao tfldng "xoa ngheo" dflde mdt khoang thdi gian ngin, dpng cua vung? de'n cd sfl thay ddi chuan ve mflc Ve nguyen tac, he thd'ng an sinh xa ngheo thi dai bd phan gpi la thoat ngheo hpi hfldng tdi phue vu eho toan dan lai rdi vao ngheo Nhflng thflc te', vdi kha nang bao phu cd gidi han, he thdng thUdng Chap nhan phan hoa giau-ngheo, xa khdng the eung cap miln phi hoae ehi hpi cd ngUdi giau, ngUdi ngheo la mpt bao cap mpt p h i n cho ddng dao edng hien tfldng xa hpi phfl hdp vdi quy ludt ehung Do dd, he thd'ng an sinh xa hpi phat trien trf nhien Tang trfldng kinh can dflde hieu la: 1/ Mpt he thd'ng bao ve te phu hdp vdi phat trien va cdng bing xa hpi hfldng tdi muc tieu eang md xa hpi la muc tieu cua phat trien dat rpng dien bao phu de'n cho toan bp dan den xa hpi van minh; nhien chung; 2/ Nha nUdc, nhan dan va eae td mpt xa hpi dang tren da phat trien chdc xa hpi phi nha nUde eung ndng, dae biet la giai doan diu tham gia vao viec xay dflng va eung ed' cua nen kinh te thi trUdng dang chu he thd'ng an sinh xa hpi (dieu eang trpng den cae ehi bao tang trudng kinh dae biet dung d khu vfle ndng thdn b cac te thi mue tieu phat trien gin vdi edng qude gia dang phat trien); 3/ Do kha bing xa hdi se khd bao dam dUdc npi nang phuc vu mien phi ed ban ve chit ham cua nd Ddng thdi, chap nhan lUdng va so' lUdng nen viec tang ve so' nhflng he luy eua nd nhU eac tpi pham Ifldng va chat Ifldng cac loai hinh bao va te nan xa hpi gia tang, chap nhdn hiem la can thiet de dap flng nhu ciu khoang each giau-ngheo gifla cae dan cfl cua nhflng ngUdi cd kha nang chi tra va eang doang ra; nhflng nhdm ngfldi ddng thdi giup giam thieu ganh nang yeu the ca ve mat tfl nhien va xa hpi chi tra eua he thd'ng an sinh xa hpi eho cung nhu diem x u i t phat khu vUc phi bao hiem Vi vay, khdng qua gay g i t vdi Di vao giai quyet cac van de xa hpi, khoang each giau-ngheo ma nen quan chdng ta can lflu y: tam nhieu hdn de'n viec lam cho chit - Mpt Id, cdc vd'n de xd hpi nan gidi Ifldng cudc sd'ng cua ngUdi ngheo, va khdng the hod gidi bdng cdc gidi phdp "nen quan tam den p h i n banh ma ngudi dcfn gidn, hodc cUc doan Giai phap ddn nghed nhan dUde la bao nhieu, chfl nhat chl giai quyet vin de mpt each khdng phai la p h i n banh hp nbsLn dflde nhat thdi, tham chi tao ao tudng la bing bao nhieu so vdi p h i n banh ngudi da giai quyet xong van de Ky thUe vin giau nhat cd dflde" Ve giii quyet van de - Hai Id, cdc vdn di xd hdi diu phdi dupe nghien cdu, gidi quyet theo quan diem he thd'ng, phai dat cac vin de xa hdi cac mdi quan he xa hpi, mang ludi xa hdi va chi cd mang ludi xa hdi, cac van de xa hpi mdi dUde giai quyet thoa dang Cac v i n de xa hpi mdi quan he xa hpi, tUdng tac nhau, anh hfldng lin nhau, mdt van de xa hdi sinh keo theo lam t r i m trpng them cac vin de khac hoae lam sinh cac vin de xa hdi mdi VI du, that nghiep, thieu viec lam d i n de'n ddi ngheo, de thoat khdi ddi ngheo - vi mflu sinh, ngUdi bat chip nhflng hdnh vi san xua't cua minh, khdng tinh den cac he qua lau dai nhU, mdi trfldng hi anh hfldng nghiem trpng, d i t ndng nghiep hi thu hep Cu the: + Van de khdng cd da't ddi vdi ngUdi ndng dan la nghiem trpng, vi nhU vay ngfldi ndng dan se khdng cdn la ndng dan theo dung nghia cua nd la "ngfldi cay cd rudng" NhUng vi sU phat trien cua xa hpi, ein thay ddi tU tfl "ngfldi cay cd rudng" sang "ngfldi cay cd viec" Muc tieu la bao dam mflc thu nhap xflng dang cho tat ca mpi ngfldi ndng thdn, chfl khdng phai bao dam mdi ngfldi ndng dan deu phai ed mpt "manh rudng cim ddi" Viec da dang hoa nganh nghe, ddy manh eae bien phap tao viec lam cho lao dpng ndng thdn la giai phap cin nghien cdu ap dung Vi vay, tao viec lam cho lao dpng ndng thdn, trflde het va chu yeu phai dfla vao cac bien phap tao viec lam linh vfle ndng nghiep, ndng thdn Ldp ke hoach chuyen ddi nghe nghiep va tao viec lam eho so' lao dpng ndng nghiep phai thu hdi da't; mdt san xuit hang boa phat trien va viec md rpng cac nganh nghe tao them cdng an 31 viec lam cho hp thi hp cd the s i n sang tach khdi rupng da't de chuyen sang mpt hfldng lam giau khac, khdng phai bing sin xuit ndng nghiep Dao tao nghe, chuyen ddi nghe eho ngfldi lao dpng hi thu hdi dat vfla can cd vao tiing ddi tUdng eu the vfla bam sat ed eau kinh te cua dia phfldng + De ngan chan, khdc phue va xd ly cd hieu qua nhflng hanh vi gay d nhilm mdi trfldng, ein hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat ve bao ve mdi trfldng, dd nhflng ehe tai xd phat (efldng che hanh chlnh va xd ly hinh sfl) phai thfle sfl du manh de dii sfle ran de cac dd'i tfldng vi pham Thfldng xuyen tra, kiem tra, giam sat hoat dpng eua cac td chfle, ddn vi, ca nhan lien quan de'n mdi trfldng nham phat hien, ngan chan va xd ly kip thdi, triet de nhflng hanh vi gay d nhiem mdi trfldng + c i n than trpng nghien cflu, tfl vin de dam bao tinh khoa hpe quy hoach phat trien eae khu, cum, diem cdng nghiep, eae lang nghe, eac thi Chu va td chfle thflc hien nghiem tuc viec tham dinh, danh gia tac dpng mdi trfldng ddi vdi cae dfl an d i u tfl, tren cd sd dd, ed quan chuyen mdn tham mUu chlnh xac cho cdp cd t h i m quyen xem xet quyet dinh viec cap hay khdng cap giiy phep d i u tfl Tuyen truyen, giao due ve mdi trUdng toan xa hpi n h i m tao sfl chuyen bien va nang eao nhdn thfle, y thdc chap hanh phap luat bao ve mdi trUdng, trach nhiem xa hpi cua ngfldi dan, doanh nghiep viec gin gifl va bao ve mdi trfldng - Ba la, gidi quyet vd'n di xd hpi bdo ddm an sinh xd hpi la dung he thd'ng an sinh xd hpi de gidi quyet cdc van di xd hpi O mflc nao dd, phai chip nhdn 32 van de xa hdi, la van de khdng the giii quyet tuyet ddi Viec xay dflng va hoan thien Phap luat ve An sinh xa hdi d Viet Nam la het sfle cin thiet, n h i m bao dam mpi vien xa hdi deu cd quyen dudc hudng an sinh xa hpi; Nha nUde thd'ng nha't quan ly van de an sinh xa hpi; ket hdp hai hoa gifla chinh sach kinh te vdi ehinh sach xa hdi; binh ding, dan chu, cdng khai va cdng bang xa hpi Xem he thd'ng bao hiem xa hpi la tru edt eua mang Ifldi an sinh xa hdi; phap dien hoa, xay dflng eae quy pham xac nhan ddi tfldng, ehe dp flu dai ve trd cap xa hpi, che dp Uu dai ngoai trd cip; md rpng cac hinh thflc cflu trd, mflc cflu trd gan vdi thUe tien cudc sd'ng; Ben canh viec sd dung he thd'ng luat phap de dieu ehinh eac quan he xa hpi, bao dam thUe thi ky cUdng xa hdi thi mdt nhdm giai phap quan trpng giai quyet van de xa hpi la xay dflng dflde mdt he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi, the hien b hai linh vfle cd ban: bao hiem va hd trd, gan trach nhiem cho Nha nflde, thi trfldng va xa hpi cung tham gia Sdm nghien cflu va thUe hien md hinh "quy hflu" cho ndng dan, n h i t la eae hp ndng dan phai thu hdi 100% da't ndng nghiep va nhflng ngfldi ndng dan da het tudi lao ddng Tdm lai, an sinh xa hpi la chfldng trinh boat ddng trpng tam cua xa hdi hien dai vi muc tieu dan chu, van minh; v i n de xa hdi khdng nhat b i t bien, khdng mai mai la nd ma lien tuc chuyen ddi, hoae xuit hien v i n de mdi sU phat trien Giai quyet vin de xa hpi ed hieu qua ben vflng bao dam an sinh xa hdi cin dflde nhin nhan tren quan diem he thd'ng, ddng bd la nhflng yeu ciu nan giai hien Van Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 9.2010 de la ehflng ta cin chap nhan thflc te cua xa hdi phat trien khdng bao gid m i t di cac van de xa hdi ed tinh "tieu cflc", khdng bao gid giai quyet tuyet ddi dUde van de xa hdi; nhUng giai quyet v i n de xa hdi phai tren ed sd he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Pham Dfldng On dinh kinh te, bao dam an sinh xa hdi Bao NgUcfi lao dpng, sdngay 17/10/2008 Hoa Linh Lan Viec lam va an sinh xa hpi http://www.toquoc.gov.vn/Thongtin / Goc-Nhin / Viec-Lam-Va-An-SinhXa-Hoi.html Dd Van Quan Bao dam an sinh xa hdi cho ndng dan - mpt vin de xa hpi cap bach b nUde ta hien Tap chi Bdo hiem xd hpi, sd' thang 7/2008 Phan Tan Xung dot xa hpi ve dit dai d ndng thdn (nghien cdu trUdng hdp tinh Ha Tay) H.: Cdng an nhan dan, 2009 Nguyen Thanh Tue Bay vin de xa hpi eua Trung Qud'c, http: / / vietbao / The-gioi /Bayvan-de-xa-hoi-cua-TrungQuoc/40069382/159/ Vien Khoa hpe xa hpi Viet Nam, ChUdng trinh Dieu tra bd sung, tdng ket thue tiln kinh te-xa hpi va de xuit giai phap phat trien hdn nfla vung kinh te trpng diem phia Nam H.: 2008 Vien Khoa hpe xa hdi Viet Nam Ky yeu Hpi thao: Bien ddi xd hpi ndng thdn Viet Nam dUdi tdc dpng cua thi hod, tich tu rupng ddt vd chinh sdeh ddn dien ddi thda: nhdng van di ly ludn, thiic trang vd gidi phdp H.: 2008 ... te nan eung dang phat trien Tdi ac va te nan dang thach thflc sfl an toan va phat trien san xuit, dang de doa an sinh xa hpi va ddi sd'ng dan cu, lam anh hudng Idn de'n toe dp tang trudng kinh... te nan xa hpi ed xu hfldng eang da dang va eang gia tang, dang la ganh nang va eang bfle xdc Cd the ndi, xa hpi dang phai ddi mdt vdi mdt nghich ly la: kinh te phat trien, tpi ac va te nan eung... gidi thanh, thieu nien dang la ndi lo ling Idn eua mdi gia dinh va toan xa hpi Te nan tham nhung khdng giam, khd kiem soat da va dang gay b i t binh Idn nhan dan Tam trang b i t an, eang thang xa