TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 12(l36)-2009 36 VON XA HOI VA NGHIEN CLfU VAN DE VON XA HOI VIET NAM HIEN NAY NGUYEN VAN TUAN TOMTAT Bai viet tap hap mdt so ket qua nghidn cwu vi xac dinh cac tidu chi thudc von xa hdi, thang cac tidu chi dd, ket qua da sir dung cua cac nghidn cwu da cd va hwdng ap dung nghien cwu von xa hdi phuc vu nghidn cwu, giang day ve cac mdn lien quan den khoa hoc lanh dao quan ly TH£ NAO LA VON XA HOI Cd nhiiu djnh nghTa v l v i n xa hpi, theo chdng tdi ed t h i SLP dung khai niem v i n xa hpi va cac ndi dung lien quan d i n v i n xa hdi nhu sau Von xa hdi la loai von hinh tw cac mang Iwdi xa hdi, cac lidn kdt ndi tai mang Iwdi dd, cac chuan mwc xa hdi dwac cdng ddng thdng qua budc cac vien thirc hidn Von xa hdi tao thuan lai cho str hap tac giCra cac vien va cac cdng dong, to chwc, ca quan; tao thuan lai, cdng cho cac chien Iwac phat trien ciia cac ca nhan Ciing c i n phai ndi them ring, Vdn xa hdi la mdt khai niem phCpc tgp da chilu Chdng tdi gidi thieu nhu'ng triln khai them khai niem v i n xa hdi cua Halpem (2005) Ong xae djnh cd khia egnh cda v i n xa hdi theo chilu ngang: Cac bd phan hgp Nguyin Van Tuan Tiin sT Vien Xa hpi hpc, Hpc vien Chinh trj-Hanh chinh Quic gia Ho ChiMinh v i n xa hdi; Cac mCpc dp phan tich/hinh thCpc von xa hdi va ChCpc nang eda v i n xa hpi vdn xa hdi cd bd phan hap thanh: Mgng ludi: Cae mdi lien k i t ben trong/lan cda mpi ngudi; cac chuin mye hanh ddng phai tuan theo (cac hanh dpng ehuin, cae qui tic, eae gia tri, cac mong dgi duge t h i thLPC hoa); va s y c h i p hanh/thu'a nhgn (dd la viec thudng, phgt lam cho cac hanh ddng tieu ehuin ed SCPC mgnh them) Cac bp phan ed moi lien he va tac ddng qua Igi vdi Mang ludi xa hpi lam sau s l e them eae hanh ddng tieu chuan va chdng chi mgnh them bdi sy c h i p hanh/thCpa nhgn Cac bp phan phan biet vdi nhau, khac nhung ed m i l quan he qua Igi va tae ddng tuang hd vdi Von xa hdi dwac phan tich a cap ddIZ hinh thLPC Vi md, trung md va vT md O mwc vi md, vdn xa hdi bao g i m cac moi lien he than thilt vdi gia dinh, bgn be; d c l p dp trung md, v i n xa hpi bao gom cae m i i quan he cac cdng dong, td chCpc xa hpi; O" e l p vT md, v i n xa hdi bao g i m : cac m i i lien k i t giCpa cac dja phuang va lien k i t quoc gia xuyen qua cac dja phuang O' c l p ed d i i m ehung ve mat chd'c nang cua v i n xa hdi N l u mdt nghien CCPU nao dd ehi d l cap d i n mdt cap dp cda von xa hpi thi e i n xem xet them sy tae dpng eua e l p khac Vi dy, n l u NGUYEN VAN TUAN - VON XA HQI VA NGHIEN CUU VAN DE ngudi mdt xa hdi b i t d i u vdi cac m i i quan he y i u vdi gia dinh cua hp (khi nghien CCPU vdn xa hdi d c l p vT md), thi dilu dd lam m i t di chCpc nang tang eudng sy tham gia eua hp cdng dong hoae hp se tich eye han viec tham gia d mCpc qudc gia (vT md) Vdn xa hdi cd chwc nang ca ban: mpt, kit noi (bonding); hai, vuan ngoai (briding) va ba la, chCpc nang k i t n i i chCpc nang tren ChCpc nang k i t noi cd nghTa la ed logi v i n xa hpi ma mgng ludi cua ea nhan hoae epng dong cda hp cd xu hudng tang eudng sy thing nhit, ding nhit nhdm ngudi g i n gui ChCpc nang vuan ngoai hoae md rdng ben ngoai, la mang ludi xa hpi dd ed t h i vuan vdi nhu'ng ngudi xung quanh Khae vdi quan he k i t n i i d tren, chCpc nang lam cho eon ngudi d l chia tach khdi nhu'ng moi quan he b i n chat, than thupc kiiu gia dinh, bgn be; thd- ba, chd-c nang lien k i t cua v i n xa hdi, cd nghTa la lien k i t mpi ngudi thdng qua cac m i i quan he can bing/nhu vdi quyin lyc va cd t h i tam coi la hinh thd-c dae biet eua chd'c nang vuan ngoai, nd lien quan dae biet tdi quyin lye Nd la c l u n i i theo ehilu dpc/thd' bae thdng qua cac m i i quan he can xd'ng v l quyin lyc va tai nguyen xa hpi Ba chCpc nang t i n tgi d i n g thdi va d cac md'c dp khac Trong mat cua moi chilu canh cua von xa hpi cd m i i lien he tuang tac npi tgi vdi nhau, ehilu egnh eda v i n xa hdi (cae bp phan; c l p dp phan tich va chCpc nang eua v i n xa hdi) thudng ed tuang quan vdi d ve b l ngoai ThCpa nhan cac chilu cgnh khae nhau, dong thdi cung c i n ed 37 each d l lien k i t ehdng lai nghien CCPU Vi dy, phan tieh chCpc nang k i t n i i b i n chat d mCpc vi md eua von xa hpi, ching han viec cham sdc cai cua cha me, d i n g thdi eung quan tam tdi tae ddng eua chd'c nang hudng ngoai d mCpc vi md, vi dy, nhu eae to chCpc mdi trudng ky vpng nhu t h i nao ve sy thay d i i cua ngudi dd, nhu lien k i t vdi cac nhdm mdi trudng khae Thdng qua each xem xet theo chilu ngang dd, gidp eho viee nghien CLPU t i t han, va nd gidp chdng ta cd dwac thdng tin v l mpt xa hpi, d dd cd von xa hpi cao hay thip, vi nd cd t h i cao d phuang dien nhung Igi t h i p d chilu cgnh khae Vdi each hilu v l v i n xa hpi nhu vay, ed t h i ap dyng nd dk tim hilu xu hudng van dpng cda v i n xa hpi va t l m quan trpng eda nd d cae e l p dp phan tich khac Vi du, vdi eae bd phan hgp thanh, cac c l p dp nghien CLPU theo cac chCpc nang eua v i n xa hpi, nhiiu trudng phai nghien CLPU v l v i n xa hdi da cd danh gia v l xu hudng van ddng cda von xa hdi d mdt q u i c gia, ching han Hoa Ky: d h l u h i t eae tieu chi/thang (measure), vdn xa hpi di xuing suit thdi gian td' 1960 d i n 2000 Nhung sy di xuing dd lam cho v i n xa hpi tang len rd rang I n djnh han giai dogn sau dd (diu t h i ky XXI) Cung chu y ring, ehi cd mpt nhdm td chd'c xa hpi hai Idng vdi xu hudng do.- Nhu cac nhdm tinh nguyen, cac nhdm ed cung tdn giao, eae phong trao xa hdi, edn h l u h i t eae nhdm xa hdi chinh thd'C khae khdng thda man vdi xu hudng dd (Halpem, 2005) Uc va Anh dudng nhu theo v l t chan eua Hea Ky, cdn d Thuy diln, Nhgt Ban, va Niu Di lan v i n xa hdi lai theo xu hudng tang 38 NGUYEN VAN TUAN - VON XA HOI VA NGHIEN CUU VAN DE len Nhin ehung cae hinh thd'C von xa hpi truyin thing nhu eae t l chd'c nha thd, eae hiep hpi kinh doanh v i n xa hpi giam xudng d quy md toan c l u