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42 Xa hdi hoc sd (105), 2009 VON XA HOI, MANG L U I XA H O I VA NHLTNG PHI TON HOANG BA THINH Quan niem ve von xa hoi va mang lufdi xa hoi Vdn xd hpi (Social Captial), la mdt thuat ngfl da dfldc sii dung tfl diu the ky XX, nhflng nd chi dfldc sii dung mdt each rdng rai sau cdng trinh ciia Coleman, Bourdieu va Putnam vao cud'i nhflng nam 1980 va dau nhflng nam 1990 Thuat ngii lien quan den mang Ifldi xa hdi, cac chuan mflc va sfl tan thanh/thfla nhan khien cho hanh dgng hdp tae gifla cac ca nhan va cac cgng ddng dfldc de dang Tfl nam 1995, da cd mdt sfl bung nd trdng cac chii de nghien cflu ve vd'n xa hdi vdi pham vi rdng d cac nganh khoa hgc han lam Dieu cho tha'y r i n g cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach, cac the che qud'c gia va quoc te da the hien sfl quan tam cang tang ve nhan thflc va nhflng anh hfldng cua vd'n xa hdi O Chau Au, Pierre Bourdieu dUa dinh nghia ve vd'n xa hdi: "Ld tdng hdp cdc nguon lUc, hUu hinh hay v6 hinh hoac sU tich luy cda mpt cd nhdn hay mpt nhom bdi mpt mang ludi bin vUng cda cdc md'i quan he qua lgi cd mdc dp the che hod nhiiu hay it dd dUdc thiia nhdn Phdi thiia nhdn rdng vd'n co the mang de'n mpt sii khde Met vi cdc hinh thdc jnd khong the thieu duac viec gidi thich cdu true vd nhiing dpng liic vi sU khde biet gida cdc xd hpi" (Boundier vd Wacquant, 1992, p 119) Cung vae thdi gian vdi Boundier, nha xa hdi hgc ngUdi My Jame Celeman, tUdng tfl nhfl Bdundier, dfla mgt khai niem ra't rdng ve vd'n xa hdi ma khdng dfla vao Cd sd nghien cflu linh vflc hep "Vdn xd hpi dUOc dinh nghia bang chde ndng cua nd No khong phdi Id nhiing thUc thi rieng li md Id nhiing thUc the da dgng, vdi hai thdnh td chung: chung bao gdm mpt sdkhia cgnh cua cdu true xd hpi vd tdt nhien Id chung linh hogt cdc hdnh dpng cua cdc tdc nhdn - du cdc cd nhdn hoac lien kit cdc tdc nhdn - cdu true dd Cung giong nhU cdc hinh thdc khac cua vd'n, nhd vdn xd hpi co the dgt dUOc nhiing muc tieu cu the md neu khong co vd'n xd hoi thi khong the dgt dUdc".(Halpern, 2005:39) Ngan hang The gidi, mdt td chflc qudc te da ra't tfeh cflc treng viec nghien cflu va dfla vao hoat ddng khai niem va da dfla met dinh nghia ve vd'n xa hoi bao ham ca cac the che xa hgi: "Vdn xd hpi lien quan de'n nhiing the che, nhiing mdi au he, nhiing chuan miic ldm dinh hinh chdt lUOng vd sdlUdng cua cdc tUdng tdc xdh"' xd hpi Co nhiiu bdng chdng cho thdy tinh gdn kit xd hpi Id rdt quan ddt Hodng Bd Think 43 vdi cdc xd hpi co the trd nen phdn thinh vi kinh te'vd phdt trien mpt cdch bin vdng Vdn xd hpi khong chi Id tdng sd dan thuan cdc the che tgo nen mpt xd hpi - no la chdt keo dinh gdn kit chung lgi vdi nhau".(World Bank 1999, d i n theo Halpern, 2005: 16) Khac vdi cac dinh nghia tren de cap de'n ca'p vi mo ciia von xa hgi, thi Putnam, met giao sfl xa hgi hgc d Dai hgc Harvard lai nhan manh khia canh vi md cua vd'n xa hgi: "Nhiing mot lien he mang kit not gida cdc cd the tiing ngUdi vdi nhau, gida cd the ngUdi vd xd hpi, ve nhdng mdi quan he tgo sii cd di cd lgi, sii tin cay nhau, ve nhiing chudn miic hinh thdnh tie nhdng mdi quan he ndy Vdi nghia nhu vay, vdn xd hpi lien quan mat thiet den pham chdt cong ddn" (Putnam, 2000, din theo Nguyin Trung, 2006) Tham chf, Fukuyama - mdt nha khoa hgc cd ten tud'i va cd nhieu bai viet ve vd'n xa hdi, nhflng cung cd nhflng dinh nghia khac ban den vd'n xa hgi va vai trd cua nd dd'i vdi sfl phat trien Ong nhan xet ring, cd rat nhieu dinh nghia quy vd'n xa hdi vae nhflng bieu hien cua nd hdn la chfnh ban than vd'n xa hdi Fukuyama quan niem "vdn xd hpi Id nhiing chudn miic khong chinh thdc cd tdc dung thuc ddy sii hdp tdc gida hai hay nhiiu cdc cd nhdn" (Fukuyama, 2001) Theo dng, nhflng chuan mflc cau von xa hdi cd the dfldc ke tfl nhflng chuan mflc cua sfl tfldng tac gifla hai ngfldi ban den ca nhflng hgc thuyet phflc tap, ti mi, quy cii nhfl Thien Chua giao hay Nho giae Chung phai dfldc giai thfch bing mdt md'i quan he thflc te ciia cdn ngfldi: chuan mflc ciia sfl tfldng tac tdn tai tiem tang treng each cfl xii cua toi vdi tat ca mgi ngfldi, nhflng nd chi dfldc thflc hien met each thflc sfl each cU xvt ciia tdi vdi nhflng ngfldi ban cua tdi Bing dinh nghia nay, ldng tin, mang Ifldi, xa hdi dan sfl va nhflng thfl tfldng tfl, nhflng thfl gin vd'n xa hdi, la ta't ca cac san pham phu, sinh nhfl la ket qua cua vd'n xa hdi nhflng khdng ca'u ban than vd'n xa hdi Mdt nam sau, treng mgt bai viet khac, Fukuyama lai dfla mdt dinh nghia khac: "Vdn xd hpi la cdc chudn miic, gid tri dUdc chia se de thdc ddy sU hdp tdc xd hpi, diiu ndy dUdc chieng minh bdng cdc mdi quan he xd hpi thiic sU" (Fukuyama, 2002) Khi tim hieu ve vd'n xa hdi, ngfldi ta khdng the khong nhac den Coleman, nha xa hdi hgc giai thfch vd'n xa hdi theo quan diem chflc nang, dng dinh nghia vd'n xa hdi la "cac ngudn Iflc cau true xa hdi ma ca nhan cd the s i dung nhfl la ngudn vd'n tai san"(Celeman,1994 :302) Ddng thdi, dng cung.chi mdt sd'hinh thai ciia vd'n xa hdi, nhfl sau: • Ldng tin, sfl ky vgng, trach nhiem dfldc the hien quan he xa hdi va nhd chung ma hanh ddng dfldc thflc Men deu la nhflng hinh thai ciia vd'n xa hdi • Thong tin dfldc phat trien va trad ddi quan he gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi khac ma nhd nd hanh dgng dfldc thilc Men cung la hinh thai ciia vd'n xa hoi 44 Vdn xd hgi, mang litdi xd hgi vd nhiing phi ton • Nhflng chuIn mflc xa hdi cd hieu Iflc ma nhd nd hanh ddng dfldc thflc hien Dfldi hinh thai la nhflng chuan mflc, vdn xa hgi cd the khuyen khich hoac kiem che hanh ddng ciia cac ca nhan, nhdm xa hgi • Quyen Iflc hay uy tfn cung dfldc xem la met hinh thai ciia vd'n xa hgi, bdi vi giad quyen kiem seat hanh ddng che mgt ngfldi nae dd, dieu cung cd nghia la da tao von xa hgi chd ngfldi dd (Cdleman, 1994 : 306, 313) Trong cdn cd nhflng sfl khac gifla cac nha nghien cflu ve each dinh nghia va each van dung vd'n xa hgi, nhflng nhin chung he thd'ng cac leai hinh ve vd'n xa hdi cd the dfldc xac dinh He thdng cac leai hinh ket hdp chat che ba khia canh khac cua vd'n xa hdi: nhiing thdnh td chinh cua nd la (cac mang Ifldi, chuan mflc va va sfl tan thanh/thfla nhan); cdc edp dp phdn tich dfldc thflc Men ( d p dd ca nhan, d p trung gian va vi mo) va dgc triing hay chde ndng ciia vd'n xa hgi (md'i quan he rang huge, tinh chat bic ciu, sfl lien ket) (Halpern, 2005:39) Mflc phd bien nghien cflu ve vd'n xa hgi khdng chi the hien d viec nghien cflu ly thuyet ma cdn nghien cflu vd'n xa hdi heat ddng thflc tiln Nhieu qud'c gia tren the gidi da nghien cflu ve vd'n xa hdi va dieu dd da d i n de'n sfl hieu biet cic thdng tin cu the hdn ve nhieu dang vd'n xa hdi khac va he qua ciia nd Mang ludi xd hpi (Social Network), trfldc de cap de'n mang Ifldi xa hdi, de hieu ve vd'n xa hdi mdt each ddn gian, td't nhat la dfla mdt vai vf du Nhieu ngfldi da tham gia vao nhflng td chflc va mang Ifldi xa hdi khac Chung ta la ban be, la ddng nghiep Chflng ta cd the thudc mdt to chflc xa hdi hay nghe nghiep ngoai ndi lam viec Trdng thdi gian rdi, chung ta cd the chdi the thad vdi mdt nhdm rieng biet nad dd hay mgt cau lac bd, trd thanh vien ciia met nhdm cd ldi ich cd ban khac, nhfl nhflng nhdm chflng khoan, budn ban bat ddng san, hoac nhdm tfn dung Chung ta cung cd the thudc ve mdt td chflc chfnh tri - xa hdi Va cudc sd'ng gia dinh, chung ta la met p h i n cua gia dinh, chung ta cd md'i quan he lang gieng, v.v Nhflng mang Ifldi hang ngay, bao gdm rat nhieu cac loai quy che, khe fldc xa hdi ma viec dinh nghia chflng va thflc Men chung chinh la nhflng y nghia ma chflng ta ndi ve vdn xa hdi Thuyet mang Ifldi xa hdi la met nhanh ciia khoa hgc xa hgi da dfldc flng dung chd mdt pham vi rgng ciia td chflc ngfldi, tfl nhflng nhdm nhd cho de'n toan bd qud'c gia Thuat ngfl "mang Ifldi" lien quan de'n chudi cac vat the, diem ma'u chdt, va met ban dd mieu ta ve md'i quan he gifla cac vat the Theo each thflc ciia mang Ifldi xa hdi thi cac vat the lien quan de'n cen ngfldi hdac nhflng nhdm ngfldi Vi du, mdt mang Ifldi cd the bao gdm met cen ngfldi va quan he ciia ngfldi dd vdi mdi met ngfldi ban cflng nhfl ngfldi than ciia anh/chi day Md'i quan he dd cd the' cd dinh hfldng mdt chieu hoac hai chieu Do vay, cd the dinh nghia met each ddn gian, mang ludi bao gdm tap hdp cac dd'i tUdng (trdng toan hgc: giao diem) va mdt lUdc dd hoac sU mieu ta Hodng Bd Thinh 45 cua moi quan he gifla cac dd'i tfldng dd Mang Ifldi ddn gian nhat bad gdm hai dd'i tfldng, A va B va met moi quan he ket ndi gifla chung, cd nhieu hdn met md'i quan he, mang ludi xa hgi dUdc ggi thee thuat ngfl la quan he da phin Mgt treng nhflng ly ma thuyet ve mang Ifldi xa hgi dfldc nghien cflu la b i n g sfl hieu biet ve md'i quan he gifla met ca nhan dd'i vdi ngfldi khac, chung ta cd the danh gia dfldc vd'n xa hdi cua ca nhan Bdi vi, vd'n xa hgi lien quan de'n vi tri mang Ifldi cua khach the va bao gem kha nang dat dfldc cac ngudn Iflc cd trdng cac vien ciia mang xa hgi dd Ndi each khac, mang Ifldi cac quan he la san pham cua cac chien Ifldc d i u tfl, ciia cac ca nhan hoac tap the, cd y thflc hay khdng cd y thflc n h i m thiet lap hoac tai tao cac quan he xa hdi dfldc stt dung trflc tiep trdng giai ddan ngin han hdac lau dai Mang Ifldi xa hdi cd the chia theo nhflng d p khac (vi md, trung gian, vi md) va mang Ifldi xa hdi cua cac ca nhan cung cd the khac Dieu thugc vao vd'n xa hdi va vd'n ngfldi cua ca nhan nhfl the nao, vf du: mang Ifldi xa hdi cua Chu tich Hdi ddng quan tri mdt tap dean kinh te se khac vdi mang Ifldi xa hdi ciia met giad sfl xa hdi hgc, tfldng tfl mang Ifldi xa hgi ciia ngfldi dan ndng thdn cung cd nhflng khac biet se vdi ngfldi dan dd thi tam qud'c te, mang Ifldi xa hdi ciia Bill Gate se khac xa vdi mang Ifldi xa hdi cua mdt ngfldi theo thuyet nfl quyen, v v Mang Ifldi xa hgi cd the dac biet quan trgng qua trinh xay dflng danh tieng cho mdt ngfldi Dieu dac biet re rang tai cac thi trfldng mua ban tren mang, day la mdt vi du ve met he thd'ng Idn nhieu ngfldi s i dung, tai dd viec giao tiep ca nhan qua lai gifla cac vien la rat ft Trong nhflng he tho'ng nhfl the, cd the rat khd cho cac vien xay dflng uy tfn ma khdng cd sfl trd giup ciia cac cong cu cu the cho muc dfeh Uy tfn cd the dfldc dinh nghia nhfl la sfl danh gia chung va khai quat ve met ngfldi vdi sfl kfnh trgng tfnh each hdac cac pham cha't khac Viec danh gia dfldc hinh mdt each cin thiet va cap nhat qua thdi gian vdi sii giup dd cua cac ngudn thdng tin khac Cac nha xa hdi hgc da nghien cflu xem cac mang ludi xa hdi cd the dUdc s i dung nhU the nad de cap nhat va phan tfeh sii tin cay va uy tfn Nhflng nghien cflu cho thay cd the ndi ra't nhieu ve each flng x i cua cac ca nhan bing viec s i dung thdng tin cd dfldc tfl phan tfeh cac mang Ifldi xa hdi cua hg Trong mang xa hdi, vd'n ngfldi n i m d cac d i u md'i cdn vd'n xa hdi nam d cac dfldng lien he, quan he gifla cac d i u md'i Ngfldi ta cd the phan chia mang Ifldi xa hgi mang Ifldi xa hdi vi md (quan he xa hdi cac nhdm nhd) va mang Ifldi xa hdi vi md (quan he xa hdi trdng cac nhdm Idn, cdng ddng, xa hdi) Cau true va chdfc nang cua von xa hoi Dfldc hinh va phat trien dfla tren ldng tin/sfl tin cay, dd ben vflng cua vd'n xa hgi thudc vao mat tfldng tac/quan he gifla cac ca nhan, cac nhdm xa hdi Vd'n xa hdi se dfldc tri va phat trien ben vflng neu mflc lien he gifla cac ca 46 yon xd hgi, mang liidi xd hgi vd nhiing phi ton nhan, nhdm dien r a thfldng xuyen, khdng gian ddan Cd t h e d a n chflng b a n g cau ca dao cua eha dng chung ta, ndi "Nang mfla thi gieng n a n g d i y Anh n a n g di lai me t h i y n a n g thfldng" Neu mflc dg q u a n he thfla thi sfl g i n k e t cua m a n g xa hdi se mdng hdac giam d i n Cung cd the vdn xa hgi hi gian dean, m a t di sfl tac ddng cua yeu to' k h a c h q u a n n h u sU chuyen cU Chang han, k h i cac dU a n p h a t t r i e n can giai toa, de bu va tai dinh cU cho ngUdi dan sinh sd'ng k h u vUc dii an, k h i den khu tai dinh cU, nhflng gia dinh n a y da m a t di mdi trfldng xa hgi trfldc dd m a hg da cd ngudn vd'n xa hgi dfldc xay dflng va tri bad n a m t h a n g N a y de'n ndi d mdi, khu tai dinh cfl cd t h e m nhflng "hang xdm mdi" va hg lai p h a i xay dflng lai md'i quan he xa hdi Cd nhflng vd'n xa hgi m a t di khdng the lay lai dfldc, nhfl trfldng hdp cic gia dinh cd c i a h a n g k i n h doanh d m a t phd' k h i bi giai t e a md rgng dfldng, hg dfldc bd' tri tai dinh cU d mdt k h u chung cU, le di nhien hg khdng t h e md c i a h a n g kinh doanh n h u trUdc, va nhflng b a n h a n g - m a n g Ifldi xa hdi - m a hg thiet lap nhieu nam da k h o n g cdn t r i dfldc Vdi nhflng ngfldi d a n tfl cac dia phfldng d phia B i c di cfl vad mien N a m lam k i n h te, hg cdn de lai que cu cac ngudn vdn xa hdi khac (phong tuc, v a n hoa b a n dia, md'i q u a n he hg hang, lang gieng) de rdi c i n cd thdi gian de lam quen, thich n g h i vdi v a n hoa, phong tuc va nep sd'ng cua que hfldng mdi, va xay dflng vd'n xa hdi lai tfl d i u Vd'n xa hdi cung cd t h e m a t di ye'u td chu quan, trfldng hdp n a y thfldng xay r a k h i mdt dd "ma't ldng tin" dd ngfldi khac h a y m e t dd'i tac da khdng thflc Men d u n g cam ket/thoa t h u a n - p h i n Idn la ba't t h a n h v a n - h a y ndi each khac, met sd ngfldi ldi d u n g ldng tin c i a b a n be m a cd nhflng h a n h vi sai lech Vu v3 tfn dung vdi vai chuc ty ddng d cac tinh, t h a n h phd'nhfl Gia Lai, D a N i n g , v.v g i n day la met vf du va sfl lam d u n g ldng tin c i a cac t h a n h vien m a n g Ifldi xa hdi Ve cdu true cua vdn xd hpi, cd nhflng sfl k h a c n h a u each dinh nghia va each v a n d u n g vd'n xa hdi, nhflng n h i n chung he thd'ng eac loai h i n h vd'n xa hdi cd the dfldc xac dinh He thd'ng cac loai h i n h ket hdp c h a t b a k h i a canh khac c i a vd'n xa hgi: nhiing thdnh to'chinh c i a nd la (cac m a n g Ifldi, c h u a n mflc va va sfl t a n thanh/thfla n h a n ) ; cdc edp dp phdn tich dfldc thflc Men (ca'p de ca n h a n , cap t r u n g gian va vi me) va dgc trUng hay chde ndng c i a vd'n xa hgi (md'i q u a n he rang huge, tinh cha't b i c c i u , sfl lien ket) (Halpern, 2005:39) Ve chde ndng, vdn xa hgi mgt m a n g Ifldi h a y met nhdm dac t h u cd the tae r a nhflng chflc n a n g tich cflc hoac tieu cflc Chflc n a n g tich cflc, cd the vf du b i n g viec giao due cho ngfldi nhflng dflc tinh xa hgi nhfl t r u n g thflc, nhfldng n h i n va dang tin - nhflng cai ma sau hg cd the dung trdng mdi q u a n he vdi nhflng ngudi khac N h u n g vdn xa hdi cung cd the tao n e n chflc n a n g tieu cflc (ma cac n h a xa hgi hoc goi la p h a n chflc nang) Tren thflc te, da s d c a c qud'c gia d a n g p h a t trien deu ra't giau vo'n xa hgi tdn tai dfldi dang nhflng nhdm ngfldi cd quan he r u e t thit h a y nhflng nhdm xa Hodng Bd Thinh 47 hdi truyen thd'ng nhfl ddng hg, hoac nhflng hiep hdi, td chflc lang xa Cd the ke ra't nhieu d i n chflng ve "phan chflc nang" cia vo'n xa hgi, nhfl "Mgt ngfldi lam quan ca he dfldc nhd", "Chi bg hg nha ta", hay c h i nghia dia phfldng, cue be, v.v Ndi each khac, cac lien ket ben treng mgt mang Ifldi cac quan he khdng dfldc bd sung hay khdng dUdc kiem che bdi cac nhu ciu ket nd'i vdi nhflng mang Ifldi xa hgi khac, thi met sfl gan ket va tin cay ben trdng met nhdm xa hgi cang Idn thi cang cd kha nang leai trfl nhflng ngfldi ben ngoai nhdm dd Cai ma hg thieu la nhflng td chflc hien dai, cd ban kinh rgng de cd the ket nd'i vdi nhflng nhdm thieu sd', t i n g Idp hay nhflng ranh gidi dia vi va tdn tai vdi tfl each la nhflng cd sd cho nhflng td chflc kinh te chfnh tri Men dai Nhin tfl gdc nay, nhieu nhdm truyen thd'ng - hien than nhfl mdt dang c i a vd'n xa hgi - cd the xem la nhflng vat can c i a sfl phat trien bdi vi tfnh thien can va bae t h i Ben canh chflc nang tfeh cflc va tieu cflc, vd'n xa hdi cdn cd chde ndng sdn xudtlsinh ldi (cd vd'n xa hdi thi dat dfldc hieu qua/muc dfeh cdn neu thieu nd thi se khdng the dat dfldc) va chde ndng thay the I bd sung cho cdc loai vdn khde (nd cd the thay the vd'n tai chinh hoac vd'n cen ngfldi Vf du "Nha't than, nhi quen ") Vd'n xa hdi cd vai trd quan trgng khdng chi dd'i vdi phat trien cen ngfldi (Hdang Ba Thinh, 2003) ma cdn quan trgng dd'i vdi sfl phat trien c i a mdi qud'c gia Khi dd lUdng ngudn c i a cai the ky 21, cac chuyen gia cho r i n g vd'n xa hdi la met nhflng td' cd ban c i a vd'n vd hinh (hae gdm lad ddng thd, vd'n ngfldi, vd'n xa hdi va chat Ifldng c i a cac the che) Nghien cflu c i a hg che tha'y g i n 85% cac nfldc mau nghien cflu cd ty trgng vd'n v6 hinh trdng td'ng c i a cai Idn hdn 50%, va vd'n vd hinh tao nen 80% tdng c i a cai cia cac nfldc cd thu nhap cao (Ngan hang The gidi, 2008: 31) Nhiing phi ton de tri vo'n xa hoi va m a n g lifdti xa hoi Trong xa hdi hgc, cd ly thuyet ve sfl Ifla chgn hdp ly de cap de'n hanh ddng c i a chi the quyet dinh Ifla chgn phfldng an td'i flu, dfldc dfla tren sfl phan tfeh chi phi - ldi ich Dieu cung cd nghia, gid'ng nhfl sfl trae ddi xa hdi, tac nhan mud'n cd dieu minh mud'n thi phai "trao ddi" vdi ngfldi khac cai ma hg mud'n d minh, cho dfl khdng phai bae gid sfl trad ddi cung la sfl trao ddi "ngang gia" Trong phan tfeh chi phf - ldi ich, ngfldi ta thfldng de cap de'n nhflng chi phf trflc tiep va chi phi gian tiep (hay chi phi cd hdi) dd'i vdi mdt hanh dgng nad dd Van dung dieu vao xem xet viec tri vd'n xa hdi va'mang Ifldi xa hdi, chung ta cd the tha'y nhieu diem sang td Nhfl da de cap d tren, hat nhan c i a vd'n xa hdi la niem tin/ldng tin Ndi cich khac, chfl tin quan he gifla cac ca nhan dfldc xem la cha't keo gin ket va tri mang Ifldi cac quan he xa hgi Va de tri, de cao chfl tfn, nhieu phai cha'p nhan nhflng td'n that to Idn, nhfl vi du sau day "Vdo thdng 11 ndm 1994, dgi tap dodn Intel dd phdi ddi mat vdi nhdng khdch hdng gidn dU yeu cdu ddi lgi mach vi xd ly (chip) 48 Vdn xd hgi, mang lii&i xd hgi vd nhiing phi ton Pentium vdn dl dUdc thong bdo cd loi ldm anh hudng tdi viec tinh todn Phdn dng ddu tien ciia cong ty Id yeu cdu khdch hdng dUa cdc chip hi lot, vd chi sau Intel mdi ddi lgi cho hg Dii Intel dd khdng dinh rdng lot ndy khong the ldm anh hUdng tdi mgi khdch hdng sd dung vi nd chi cd the xdy mpt lan ti cdc phep tinh thong thudng, song long tin cua khdch hdng vi sdn phdm dd bdt ddu gidm xudng Cong ty vdn cdng ddu ddm chdn tgi cho vong hdn mpt thdng dang phdi dot mat vdi mpt lan sdng phdn dd'i Sau IBM, khdch hdng chinh sd dung chip Pentium, cdng dd tam ngdng viec gdi cdc mdy tinh cda hg de lap chip Cuoi ciing thi, trUdc bd vUc cua mpt thdm hga vi thi trUdng, Intel dd dUa chinh sdch thu hoi sdn phdm md khong hi tranh cdi gi nda Cdi gid phdi trd cho viec thu hdi sdn phdm Udc tinh khodng 500 trieu la" (Vietnamnet,10:15' 15/01/2008 Lien he vdi mpt so'"phi ton" deduy tri "vd'n xd hpi" d Viet Nam Ve ban chat, vo'n xa hdi cang s i dung thi lai cang dfldc tri va phat trien, nhflng nd se mai met neu it hoac khong s i dung thfldng xuyen Dieu cd nghia, mud'n cd dfldc vdn xa hdi thi phai cd nhflng chi phf hdac "diu tfl" de nudi dfldng va tri Nhflng phi td'n nay, bad gdm ca kinh t e v a phi kinh te Dieu tra mflc sd'ng dan cfl Viet Nam 1997 - 1998 cho thay sd 11 khoan chi tieu cho ddi sd'ng van hoa cia cac hd gia dinh (nhfl mua sach bao, dd trang sflc, giai trf, ) cd nhan xet ring: "Dot vdi nhdng hp ngheo, chi tieu cho cUdi xin vd ma chay Idn gdp 30 Idn so vdi cdc khoan chi tieu cho sdch bdo vd tap chi Ddy Id mpt chi bdo manh cho thdy anh hudng cua niim tin vdo thdn linh, hoac cua dp liic xd hpi dd triim len long Udc mudn vi tri thdc" (Mflc sd'ng thdi ky bung nd kinh te, 2001: 45) Seng, neu chflng ta giai thfch dieu tfl each tiep can vd'n xa hdi thi se tha'y van de sang td va cd sflc thuyet phuc hdn Chung ta biet ring, ngfldi Viet Nam thfldng sd'ng va hanh x i theo khudn m i u truyen tho'ng, vdi nhflng cdng ddng ndng then thi dieu cang ro hdn, cudc sd'ng cia nhflng ngfldi dan d ndng thdn flng x i thed phfldng cham "Ban anh em xa, mua lang gieng gin" va nhflng tap tuc c i a cdng ddng dd manh de'n mflc nhieu Mat phap cflng be tay hdi "Phep vua thua le lang" Trdng ddi sd'ng then lang, nhflng sfl kien treng sinh heat c i a ngfldi dan nhfl viec hieu (gid chap, ma chay), viec hy (cfldi xin, mflng nha mdi, mflng thdi ndi, mflng diy thang, khao dd dai hgc, khae xe may mdi, v.v.) hay tham hdi ngfldi khac luc dau d'm, hoan nan, gap r i i ro cudc sd'ng v.v thfldng cd tfnh cdng ddng ra't cad, thu hut ddng did ngfldi dan trdng thdn, xdm tham gia che dfl khdng phai anh em, hg hang Neu dd khdng tham gia cac heat ddng cd tinh cgng ddng nhfl vay, la hg da tfl tach minh khdi nhip sd'ng chung, va cung cd nghia la hg da lam mat di vo'n xa hdi ngfldi khac lai dang tri, cing cd va lam giau them ven xa hgi Trong dd, mflc chi phi cho sach, bae chie'm ty le tha'p, bdi vi chi phi cho ddi sd'ng vdn hod, tinh thdn Id chi phi khong cd tinh bdt bupc, nhflng chi phi lien quan den Hodng Bd Thinh 49 hieu, hy la chi phi cd tinh bdt bupc (khong Mem trfldng hdp ngfldi ngheo phai di vay mfldn de tham gia vad viec hieu, hy) Tuy theo nhu ciu ve ddi sd'ng van hda, tinh thin, va quan trgng hdn, dieu kien kinh te ma ngfldi dan chi phf cho mdn an tinh t h i n VI cd ban, ngfldi nghed chfla the quan tam hoac flu tien cho ddi sd'ng van hda, tinh thin Dd la chfla ndi de'n viec trdng nhdm dan sd nghed thi thfldng khdng cd dieu kien tiep can vdi giae due nen hgc van tha'p, tham chf nhieu ngfldi chUa biet chfl, vay thi cd ca'u chi tieu cia hd ngheo, ty le danh cho sach hao tha'p thi cung la dieu dl hieu (Hoang Ba Thinh, 2007) Chinh vi the, h i u nhfl khdng cd sfl khac biet gifla ngfldi giau vdi ngfldi nghed dd'i vdi cac cdng viec lien quan de'n ma chay, cung ll (35,6% va 37,2%), bdi cung tham gia khdng chi vi "nghia t i la nghia tan" ma cdn vi mud'n san se, giup dd, ddng vien gia c h i gap chuyen budn Sfl giup dd dd ben canh thdi gian, cdng sflc cdn cd giup dd ve kinh te (thfldng la tien mat), day chfnh la "phf td'n" cho vd'n xa hdi Ndi each khac, vd'n xa hdi cung cin dfldc d i u tfl, cho du gia dinh ngfldi dd cd nghee, thieu thd'n Khi nghien cflu xa hdi hgc ve mang Ifldi xa hdi, ngfldi ta thfldng dat cau hdi vdi nhdm dd'i tfldng dfldc khad sat, r i n g "Khi gap khd khan, anh/chi cd nhan dfldc sfl giup dd tfl ngfldi khac hay khdng?" va "Anh, chi thfldng nhan dfldc sfl giup nhfl the ttpo?" v.v Nghien cflu d xa Ml Tri (Tfl Liem, Ha Ndi) nam 2006 qua khao sat 642 ngfldi cho tha'y, rieng ve cfldi xin, mdi nam binh quan ngfldi dan dfldc hdi chd biet: dfldi 10 dam cfldi (24%), tfl 10 - 20 dam cfldi (61.2%) va tren 20 dam cfldi (14.8%) Mflc tien mflng trung binh mdi dam cfldi la: dfldi 50 ngan ddng (4.2%); 50 ngan (85.7%), tfl tren 50 ngan den dfldi 100 ngan (4%) va cd 6.2% mflng trung binh mdi lan 100 ngan ddng Thang nam 2007, khao sat tai xa Ai Qud'c (Nam Sach, Hai Dfldng) cho tha'y, 94.7% sd' hd dfldc hdi cd tham gia cac heat ddng lien quan den viec hieu, hy; va 10.6% cd tham gia ll mflng sinh nhat Dang chu y la 77.6% ndi r i n g viec hieu hy tang len so vdi vai nam trfldc Ve mflc chi, trung binh met nam, 42.4% chi dfldi trieu, 31% chi tfl den trieu; 22.8% chi tfl den trieu; va 3.8% chi tren trieu ddng Ket luan Vd'n xa hdi - mdt td' quan trgng c i a vd'n vd hinh - la mdt mflc dd/thflde cdng ddng, nhfl cac mang Ifldi, ldng tin, sfl ket hdp va cam ket dd'i vdi phuc ldi va chia se cac gia tri c i a cdng ddng/xa hdi Khdng chi d vung ndng thdn ma cac cdng ddng dd thi vd'n xa hgi cung cd t i m quan trgng: "Qua trinh dd thi hda khdng chi lam thay ddi ldi song c i a ban than ngfldi dan ma cdn lam thay ddi quan he c i a ngfldi dan vdi cgng ddng Hdn 2/3 y kien cho rang ngfldi Da Ning ludn san sang tfldng trd lan trorig luc khd khan" (Trinh Duy Luan, 2008) Nhin tfl d p vi mo, thi vd'n xa hdi the hien ro nha't md'i quan he hang xdm lang gieng, la mdi quan he ludn ludn dfldc danh gia cad Khdng chi d Viet Nam, 50 Vdn xd hgi, mang liidi xd hgi vd nhiing phi ton ma ngfldi dan Thuy Si va nhieu nfldc chau Au cung ra't cei trgng md'i quan he De bfl dip chd nhflng quang thdi gian qua ban rgn c i a ddi sd'ng cdng nghiep hien dai, chi d i de ndi vdi "Xin chao, anh/chi cd khde khdng?" mdi l i n gap tinh cd d dau dd Tfl nam 2004 ngfldi dan Thuy Si danh rieng mgt trdng nam (ngay 27 - 5) de thiet dai nhflng ngfldi hang xdm, ggi la "Ngay hgi hang xdm", day cung la dip de hg quen di nhflng phien phflc ma ngfldi hang xdm gay che minh Sfl kien dfldc hfldng flng nhiet tinh va khdng ngflng dfldc nhan rdng, trdng lanh tho Thuy Si va ca d met sd' que'c gia lang gieng c i a nfldc Trong hgi nay, ngfldi ta thfldng td chflc nhflng bfla tiec dflng vad chieu td'i Mdi gia dinh mang tdi hdi nhflng mdn an minh tfl che bien de "gdp vui" Trdng nam 2007, cd trieu ngfldi hang xdm trdng 28 nfldc chau Au cflng nang ly de chuc sflc khde (Tuoitreonline, 27/05/2008, 18:21 (GMT+7) Vi du tren day cho tha'y t i m quan trgng c i a vd'n xa hdi cudc sd'ng hang c i a ca nhan va cgng ddng, va vd'n xa hdi khdng chi la tdng sd' vd'n ngfldi c i a cac vien trdng mdt cgng ddng Vd'n xa hdi dfldc xac dinh b i n g kha nang de giam cac cu sdc, khai thac cac cd hdi va dinh hfldng tdi tfldng lai c i a mdt cdng ddng Khdng cd vd'n xa hdi, mgt cdng ddng se thieu sfl g i n ket, khdng the td chflc de tri moi trfldng xa hdi hdac kinh te va se khdng ha'p d i n dfldc nhflng ngfldi ben ngdai cdng ddng Vd'n xa hdi thfldng hi thiet hai de cac bieu Men tieu ciic/phan chflc nang Hieu dfldc nhflng dac diem va chflc nang c i a vd^n xa hdi, chung ta cd the phat huy nhflng khia canh tfeh cflc (chflc nang) c i a vd'n xa hdi va h a n che nhflng mat tieu cflc (phan chflc nang) c i a vo'n xa hdi dd'i vdi sfl phat trien cdng ddng/xa hgi Ddng thdi cd the tad dieu kien chd cac vien c i a cdng ddng/xa hdi tham gia tich cflc hdn vad qua trinh dan c h i cd sd, huy ddng dfldc cac ngudn Iflc to Idn, tiem tang cac ca nhan, nhdm va cac the che xa hdi vao sfl nghiep phat trien dat nfldc./ Tai lieu tham khao Vdn kien Dgi hpi dgi bieu todn qud'c Idn thd X; Nxb Chfnh tri qud'c gia, Ha Ngi, 2006 Nguyin Quang A (2006): Vd'n vd vdn xd hpi Tap chf Tia sang, sd' 14, 20.7.2006 Trinh Duy Luan (2008): Bie'n ddi tdm ly - xd hpi ciia cpng ddng ddn cU thi dudi tdc dpng cua thi hod, tfl ket qua nghien cflu tai Da Ning; Tap chf Xa hdi hgc, sd 1(101)- 2008, tr - 10 Nguyin Trung (2006): Sdn vi vdn xd hpi, Tap chf Tia sang, sd 14; 20.7.2006 Hodng Bd Thinh 51 Ngan hang The gidi (2008): Cua cdi cdc qudc gia d ddu? Do lUdng ngudn ciia cdi theky 21; Nxb Chfnh tri qud'c gia Ha Ndi Hoang Ba Thinh (2008): Vi vd'n xd hpi vd mang lUdi xd hpi Tap chf Dan tgc hgc, sd'5(154)/2008 Tong cue Thd'ng ke - UNDP (2001): Mdc sd'ng thdi ky hiing nd kinh te, Nxb Thdng ke, Ha Ndi Vu Minh Viet: Nong ddn dang sd'ng nhU the, bao Ndng nghiep Viet Nam, sd' 223, 224, va 7/11/2008 Tuoitreonline 27/5/2008 10 Bourdieu, Pierre (1997) The Forms of Capital, in: A Halsey, H Lauder, P Brown & A Stuart Wells (Eds.) Education: Culture, Economy and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press 11 Bourdieu, P and Wacquant, L (1992): An Introduction University of Chicago Press to Reflexive Sociology; 12 David Halpern (2005): Social Capital, Polity Press 13 Coleman, James (1994): Foundations Press of Social Theory; Harvard University 14 Fukuyama, Francis (2001): Social capital, civil society and development; 15 Kadushin, C (2004): Too much Invesment in Social Capital; Social Networks, 29 pp.75-90 16 Fukuyama, Francis (2002): Social capital and development: Agenda The Coming
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