Sự biến đổi của cơ cấu giai tầng xã hội và những vấn đề đặt ra trong bối cảnh hiện nay

_|[3 sa BIEN DOI CUA CO CAU GIAI - TANG XA HOI VA NHUTNG VAN DE DAT RA TRONG BOI CANH HIEN NAY • GS, TS NGUYEN DINH TAN HQC viin Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh • Tom tdt: Qud trinh doi mdi ddt nUdc, md ciia hgi nhdp, phdt trien kinh te'thi tnidng ddn den nhieu bien doi kinh te- xd hgi to Idn, ben canh nhiing thdnh tiiu dat diidc cd y nghia lich s^, cd cdu xd hgi cdng cd sti phdn hda, phdn tdng manh me Mpt xd hpi cd "cdu true tdng hdc" xudt hien ngdy cdng ro rdng hinh thdnh nen nhiing giai - tdngxd hpi khac ve thu nhdp, miic song dia vi kinh te, hUdng thu vdn hoa, quyen liic chinh tri vd uy tin xd hpi Do rdt cdn rd sodtvd dieu chinh cdc chinh sdch kinh te- xd hpi, gdp phdn tao diing nhiing chuyen bien tich ciic cd cdu giai - tdng xd hpi hoi cdnh hien • TU khda: cd cdu xd hpi, giai cdp xd hpi, tdng ldp xd hpi Su biln doi cua CP C^U xa hoi giai - tang thoi ky qua len chu nghia xa hdi d Viet Nam hiln Tirsau Dai hdi VI (1986), chung ta dd chuyin tir nin kinh te tap tmng quan heu bao cap sang xay dung kinh tl bang hda nhilu pbdn, phdttiilnkuih tltiiitnidng dinh hudng XHCN, day manh edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, tich cue, chu ddng hdi nhdp qudc te Qua trinb da dan den nhiing biln ddi v\ md CCXH giai cap, nghl nghiep, ddn sd, lanhtiid,dan tpc, tdn giao , dae biet ca cdu xa hdi giai cap CO sii biln ddi rd ret Giai cdp edng nban tang nhanh vl mat sd luang, chat luong (ke ca sd lupng myet ddi cung rtiiu ty trpng dan eu) Ham lupng lao ddng ed trinh dp cao, tay ngbe cao gia tang rapt each dang ke Giai cap ndng dan van tang manh vl mat sd luang song ty ttpngttongddn cugiam Hien nay, san xuat theo chudi, theo tieu chudn Vietgap mdt gia tdng, dua ndng ngbiep nude ta biit phd nhanh cbdng va cdng xuat khau san pbam khdp tbigidi, thdm nhdp vdo ca nhting thi trudng khd tinh nhu My, Tay Au, Nhdt Ban, Uc, Newdilan Nam 2018, san phara xudt khau ndng ngbiep nude ta da can dich ttIn 10 ty USD Trong tuong lai, ndng ngMep nude ta cdn tiep tue biit pha va trien vpng settdtiidnhmdtttong30 nudc cd nen ndng nghiep phat trien nbat till gidi Dieu ndy dan den nhiing bien ddi ttong ca cau lao ddng - LVLUAN CHINH TRI-So6/2019 yy DiiMfti DAN viec Iam Lao ddng dich vu tang cimg su gia tang phuc tap "dan kit; nhilu chiiu thdng qua nhanh cbdngtiianhphdn kinb tl tu nhdn, ttong nhung CO ddng "ngang" (horizontal mobility), dd cd sy Idn manh dang ke cua tang ldp doanh dpe(vertieal), "vdo", "ra"cua nhimg ca nhdn, nhan (ca nude Men cd tren triiu hd san xuat nhdm tir khdp edc giai cap, tang Idp, to chuc, kmh doanh, gan mdtttieudoanh ngMep vdi dpi doan the xahpi ngu ddng ddo doanh nhdn) Theo each nhin mdi bien nay, co cau giai Tdng ldpttithiic tang nhanh ve mat sd lupng, tang d nudc ta Id mdt cdutiruc"dan klt"vua cd da dang hda co eau nghl nghiep vd llnh cdu true "ngang", vira cd cau tnic "dpc" Cau Oiic vuc boat ddng Cdng nghl thdng tm pbat ttien "ngang", dd Idrapttap hpp cdc giai cap, tang ldp, manh; cac linh vuc ddu kM, dien tii, buu chinh nghe ngMlp, td chuc, doan the xa hdi viln thdng (dac biet Id dien thoai di dpng) Sd Trong bao ham cdc giai cap edng nhdn, ndng lupng Idn tri thuc lam viee cdc khu vuc ddn, tieu tiiuang, doanh nhdn, tri tbuc Cdu kinh te tu nban, vdi nudc ngoai va lam viec d tnic "doc", tuc Id eau tnic "tdng bae" cao thap ngodi nude mang lai rtiiieu cdng nghl, kinb khac nhauttongxa hdi, dupe xem xet (bieu Men) nghiim tien tien eila the gidi phue vu nbu cau d ba dau bieu ca ban kbac nhau: dia vi kmh te phdt triin cua nin kinh tl- xa hdi nude Tri (tdi san,tiiunhap), dja vi chinh tti (quyin luc), thuc tdng lin nhieu ban luc lupng tham gia lao diavixdhpi(uytin) dpng truetiepra cua cai vdt chat, gdp phan thuc Tang ldp xa hdi "mi trdi" day tang trudng va tang cudng khdi dodn kit Trong bdi canh ddi mdd dat nudc, xdy dung cdng- ndng- tri Da cd nhieu tri thuc ttd thdnh nen kinh te da pban, phat triin kinh tl doanh nhdn, cdng dong hdnh "4 nbd", "5 nha" tbi trudng, md cua, hpi nhdp qude tl vdi nhung vdi nha nudc, nha ndng, ngdn hang, nba quan ly tac nhdn kinh tl - xa hdi khde (ke ca vd dang danttdtiidnhmot luc lupng xa bdi quan nhung tac nhan qudc te ben ngoai cung nhu trpng tbdi ky ddi mod nhtmg yeu td ndi sinh), ben trong, moi giai cap, Qua trinh ddi mdi dat nudc, mdcua hdi nhdp, tdng ldp, td chuc xa bdi deu khdng tinb tai md phdt trien kinh te tbi trudng da dan den nhieu bien ddi khdng ngung Su bien ddi ndy diln biln ddi kmh tl- xa bdi to Idn Ben canh nhiing ndi bd (trong long) mdi giai cdp, tang Idp, ttiu dat dupe ed y nghia lich sii thi dd la cung nhu trongradiquan he giua eae giai cap, qud trinh pban hda, phan tang xa hpi manh rae tdng ldp va tren binh diln toan xa hdi (xa hdi Turaptcau tnic ve ca ban va pbd bien la ngang tdng thi) Bieu bien ndi bat nhat la su phan bang tmdc ddi mdi (thdi bao cdp) tbi eho tang xa hdi, phdn hda giau ngheo Dang lmi y tdi da xuat hten mdt xa hdi cd "can true tang Id ed suxuat bien ciia tangldp xa hdi "uu trdi" bae" (hierarchical stmcture) edng rd rang; Tang ldp khdng "ndi" len nbu mdt lire Mnh tbanb nen nhiing giai - tang xa bdi khac lupng xa bdi, nhdm xa hdi riing re ma bao gdm vl thu nhdp, muc sdng, dia vi kinh te, nhiing ngudi uu tu, tai hoa nhat vupt trdi Ien tir hudngtiiuvan hda, quyin luc chinh tri vd uy tin khdp cdc giai cap, tang Idp, td cbuc xa xa bdi Nhting giai - tdng khdng phai la hdi Dd la nbung cdng nhdn vdi nhilu sang phep cpng cahpc, don gian cita ehi bai giai cap kiln tim tdi, lam viec cd nang sudt cao, t^o va tang Idp md la kit qua cua su Mnh dupc nbieu sdn pbam dep, tdt, cd chat lupng LYLUAN CHfNHTRI-So 6/2019 JQ mang lai nhiing lpi ich htru dung cho xa hdi; Su bien ddi eua ea eau xa hdi cung binh nhung doanh nhan tai ba, thao vat, sdn xudt mdt sd nhdm xa hpi khac dd cd kinh doanh gidi, ap dung duoc nhiing ca chl nhdm xa bdi (chua the dinb danh) md boat quan Iy mdi, cdng nghl - ky thuat tiln tien ddng eua hp tao nbiing bat dn xa hdi, hodc mang lai nhilu lpi nhuan, gidi quyit dupe tao mdm mdng eua nbiing bat on (nhirng nhieu vile lam cho ngudd lao ddng, tao nhilu ngudi lam nghl mai dam, budn ldu vdi sd sdn pham, hang hda dpc ddo, da dang, chat len din hang chuc nghin ngudi); nhdra xa hdi lupng tdt, ndng cao ndng lire canh tranh ma ngudn sdng dua chu yiu vdotiencua ngudi tiiuong trudng, trich nop dupe nhieu ngdn than dang sdng vd lam viec d nudc ngoai giii ve sacb cho nha nude cung nhu ddng gdp nhieu (sd lupng hang van ngudi, ehii yeu d eac ngudn tdi chinh cho cdc viec Iam thien phd phia Nam) nguyin Dd la nhiing nhd quan ly gidi, nhting Nhu vdy, dae diem ca cau xa hpi nude ta hien nha khoa hpe ed nhilu phdt minh, sang ebe, la rapt xa hdi da ea edu - giai tang xa hdi; dua nhiing quy trinb cdng ngbe mdi, nhirng mdi giai cdp, tdng ldp lai cd su dan xen da CO chl quan If uu viet, nhiing dl xudt kien nghi dang, da cau true Cac giai cap va tang ldp xa thiit thuc mang lai nhieu Ipd ich cho ddt nudc bdi dang qua trinh biln ddng, chua dinb Dd la nbiing ndng ddn lam dn gidi, nhung chii hinh, khd xde dinb vd kbd nhdn dien trang trai ddm nghi, ddm lam, thdo vat, ndng Nhirng van de dat can nghien ciiu ddng, sang tao, khai thae, tdn dung lao ddng Trong qua trinh cai each vd xay dung ddt ddi du tu ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, tao nude mdy chuc nam qua, ddc biet la ddu mde nhiing san pham ddi dao, cd gia tri cho xa bdi ddi mdd licb sii tir nghi quyet dai bdi VI (1986) Nhiing ngudi thp thu cdng, phdt huy bdn tay Dang ta khdi xudng, xa hdi nudc ta da cd vang vdi nhiing y tudng "vang" tao nhirng nhiing ehuyin biln to Idn, cd y nghia lieh sir dac san pham dpc ddo mang lai thuong hilu ed uy biet la kit cau giai tdng xa hpi Cac giai tin vd lpi ich cao cho xd hdi Dd Id nhiing cdngcap, tdng ldp xa hdi nhu; giai cap cdng nban, chiic dua dupe nhieu y tudng cai each, bpp ndng ddn, tdng ldp tri thtic da dinh Mnh edc ly hda, tdi uu hda cde giai phdp, thti ttic hdnh dac trung xa hdi Song, su chuyen dpng chinh, mang lai nhieu tien ich vd su hai ldng kinb te - xa hdi cua dat nude, cde giat cdp, tang cho ngudi ddn ldp xa hdi cung da va dang cd su ehuyin dich kit edu npi bd cua mdi giai cap, tang Tang ldp xa hoi yiu thi Song hdnh vdi su hinh cua "tang ldp ldp cung nhu su tuang tae vdi eae giai cap, xa hdi uuttdi",la su xuat hien mdt each tat yeu tdng ldp kbdc Su chuyen dieh dd bat ngudn tir ciia tang ldp "yeu thi" Tdng ldp eung duac su chuyin dicb cde hinh thuc sd biiu nganh hinh tir khdp cde giai cdp, tang ldp, to ngbl cae giai cap, tang ldp chiic, nghl nghiep, dodn thi xa hpi; da sd hp la Trong giai cap ndng ddn dd hinh thdnh nhiing ngudi vira han che ve cde ngudn lire kinh rtiiiing ndng dan lam dicb vu, mdxudng eo khi, te, xa hdi, van hda td chirc, vira cd nhiing yeu Idm nghl phu, budn bdn nbd ; cd ndng ddn kem vl the chat, tinh than va gap nhieu riii ro, lam cbu trang trai, ed ndng ddn lam thue, eo khdng may mdn eupc sdng ndng dan sdng va lam viec d ndng thdn nhung LYLUAN CHlNH TBI-So6/2019 ng^ DliN DAN cung da ly ndng Su chuyin dich dd ddn din cau vd sy biln ddng ve tinb chat ciia tang ldp tinh chat thuan ndng ttong giai cap ndng dan ttong xa hdi Tang ldp tri thire Viet Nam la mdt ngayraptthuyin gidra Trong thdi gian tdi, thue tang ldp hpi du cac thdnh phdn xd hpi: ndng hiln chii truang chuyen manh co edu lao ddng dan, cdng nhdn,tieutiiuong,tiiu chu vdd mpi d ndng thdn theo hudng giam nhanh ty ttpng liia tudi va ddn tdc Ddy cung la tang ldp Idra lao ddng lara ndng nghiep, tang ty trpng lao viec tat ed cdc ngdnh nghe xa hdi, ddng edng nghiip, dieh vu, tao dieu kiln de hp gia nhap "khdng tu gidc" vdo cdc giai cap ndng ddn cd viec lam va ngodi khu vuc vd tang ldp xa hdi khac Cd tri thtic da trd ndng thdn, kl cd d nudc ngoai si lam cho giat doanh nhdn, ed tri thuc ehi la nbiing cap ndng ddn ed su ehuyen dieh manb vl kit ngudi lao ddng binh thudng cac ca sd edu va tinh chat giai cap san xudt kinh doanh nudc ta hiln da xudt hiln nbilu nhd tu Trong giai cdp edng nhdn nudc ta Men hinb thdnh mdt nhdm xa hdi co vi tri kinb tl, xa san, song nhieu yeu td, bp chua "liin kit" dl hdi va dl nhan thay vai trd cua hp sdn ttdtiidrihmdt giai cap Tuy nhien, tdng ldp ndy xudt, kinb doanh nhu; chu trang trai Tin gpi dang ngdy edng Idn manb, khdng dinh vai ttd chu trang trai cbi mdi phan dnh vi tri, vi the quan trpng nin kinh te - xa hdi, khdng cM sdn xudt cua hp - vdi tinh cdch Id nhirng ttong nude ma cd chilm llnh rtiiimg vitiiquan dng chu sd hiiu (sir dung mdt sd dat dai, ao hd, trpng tren tmdng qude tl Xet xu hudng rudng vudn, md mang sdn xudt, thue khodn van ddng kinh tl - xa hdi va qud trinb hdi nhap nhdn cdng, sdn xuat ndng ldm, hdi sdn), chir kinb tl qudc tl,ttongtuong lai khdng xa d nudc ehua phan anh vi tri, vi the xa hdi Tren thuc te, ta se xudt Men "tang ldp la nhimg ngudi tu san", bp chua cd su "hen he binttong"de hmh thdnh theo nghta Id nhiing doanh nhdn lam ngbe kinh rapt tang ldp xa hdi, nhiin cho thdy rd hon doanh (khdng phdi giai cap tu san theo nguyen su pbdn hda, tinh phirc tap kit cdu cua nghia nhu tmdc day) Day la mot nhung van dl ly Man rat can cdc nhd kboa hpc tilp tue giai cdp ndng ddn Trong qud trinb day manh CNH, HDH, md nghien eiiu cira vd hpi nhap qudc te, giai cdp cdng nhdn Viet Nhu vdy, cdc giai - tang xa hdi nude ta hien Nam da cd nhieu chuyen dich vl ngdnh nghl, dang cd subiln ddng, chua dinh hinh Qua ddn din su chuyen dich vl kit cau ndi bd ttuib day manh CNH, HDH, md ctia, hdi nhap giai cap Tinh phue tapttonggiai cap cdng nhdn qudc te se Idm tang thim su biln dpng tinh chat ngdy cang tang len, cdng nban lam tbul dan xen xa hdi, kit cdu xa hdi cua cdc giai - tdng xa hdi d vdi edng nhan cd cd pban, thdm cbi Id chit nude ta Do do, cdc nhd khoa hpc, nghien ciai ly xudng Trong giai cap cdng nban da xuat hiln ludn rat edn quan tam theo sat de ed the kilm cdng nhdn "cd trang" ben canh nhiing cdng sodt dupe su bien ddng dd Mpt s6 kien nghi nhan "ed xanh" tmyIn thdng Dilu rat can chung ta pbaitieptuc ngMIn ciiu de cd till dua Nhiing phan tich tten cho tbay, mdi trudng nhiing quyet sdch tMch hap phdp ly va ehinh sdch cd nhiing tac ddng, gop Tang ldp tri thiie cang ddng ddo ve mat phan tao nhiing bien ddi ca cau giai sd luang va eung chua dung su phuc tap vl kit tang xa hdi Do do, cac ca quan d cdp trung LYLUAN CHiNH TR|-So 6/2019 JO uong tiep tuc rd sodt va dilu cbinh cdc chinb saeh kinh te - xa hdi nhu; chmh sach xda ddi gidm ngheo, tao edng an vile lam, xdy dung ca sdha tang, phat trien gido dye va dao tao nghl nghiip, cham sde sue khde, phdng chdng te nan xahpi Cdc cap uy Dang cdn tang cudng su lanh dao thuc hiln soat lai cdng tac td chiic edn bd, chan chirtii bd may; xdy dyng dong bd cdc giai phdp, bao gdm ca viec cai cdch till che, nang cao nang luc dieu hdnh va su phdi hpp boat ddng giua cdc ban, bd, co quan cbuc nang, cac Nhd nudc can tun eo ehi thich hpp nhdm ngdnh, cdc cdp Xdy dung quy hoaeh cdn bd pbat hiln vd sdm ed ehinh sach thu hut, ddo tao, mdt cdch bai ban, ddng bd, he thdng "dai hoi", SII dung, sdp xep nhiing lyc lupng xa hdi uu ttdi, tuang ddi dn dinh va ed trmh tu, budc di thich nhiing cd nhdn uu tu, nang ddng, cd trinh dp hop ttong mdt cbinh the thdng nhdt Cdn phai nang luc lanh dao quan ly, nang lyc san xuat dua dupc nhung tieu chuan (kl cd dinb tinh kinh doanh vdo nbiing vi tri thieh hop dl hp ed va dinh lupng) vl nhimg pbam chat va yiu cau till phdt buy tdt nhdt tilra nang, tri tue eua bp can thiit cua tirng loai, tiing cap can bd; xdy vao tien trinh pbat trien kinh t l - xa hdi Day la dung nhung nguyen tac khoa hpe dl tao ngudn CO hdi de Men thue hda nhiing biit phd vl mat can bd, sdp xep, luan chuyin can bd, cd c h l dp chinh saeh, eai each till che ma Dang ta da de khen thudng ddi vdd nhiing ngudi Idra tdt, cd Ddc biet la can ddu tu, khuyin khich nhiing tich vd xir phat ngbilm minh ddi vdi chti tdp dodn doanh ngbiep lon dang cd uy tin nhting ngudd sai pham, lam vile kem bilu qua tren thuong trudng, tilp tiic md rdng ddu tu, Cdn sdm xdy dyng bd cbi bdo danb gia, be phdt ttiln, tao nbiing bdnh lang an todn vd thdng luong thudng phu bpp vdd tdi nang, dtic nhiing dieu kiln tot nhat de hp cd the tiep tuc dp va su cdng hiln, ddng gdp thyc te cua mdi phdt ttiln vuon len trd nhiing tap dodn ca nhan, to ehtic cho xa hdi san xuat xiing tam qudc te, gdp pban pbat triin Ddi vdi cpng ddng xa hdi can tich cue day kmh t l ddt nude manh cdng tdc thdng tin, gido due, truyen Dang va Nhd nude cung can day manh boat ddng tdn vinh cdc nba khoa hpc cd nMeu phdt minh, sang kiln, cde nha lanh dao - qudn ly tai ba, cde doanh nhdn lam an gioi, tao nhiing mdi tmdng tot nhdt dl eho ho pbdt tnen, de hp tiep tue phat huy ban niia nhiing su sang tao vd ddng gdp sue mir± eho xd hdi, ddng thdd cd chinh sach, che dp dai ngd, tbu lao thda ddng cho hp, dac biet ddi vdi nhiing tri thuc, viln chiic hdnh cMnh, su ngMlp (nhirng ngudi ldm vile d nhiing khu vuc phi lpi nhuan) d l ghi nhdn va khuyin khich hp eung nhu lara eho nban dan thau bilu va ddng thuan vdi nbung danh gia cdng bdng, dung dan cua Dang, Nba nudc ve dpi ngii uu tii ndy thdng nham thay ddi hdnh vi xda ddi, giam ngheo, phdng chdng te nan xa hpi vd tdng eudng sdn xudt, kinh doanh theo budng ngudi ngheo bdt ngblo va ngudi giau giau thim Tao du luan xa hdi ung bd rich eye edc cd nhan vuot trdi, cac nhdra xa bdi uu trdi bpp tbiic co cau giai - tang xa hdi, ddng thdd p h i pbdn, dau tranh khdng khoan nhupng vdi edc pban tu tiiu cue • (1) Ban luan vl giai tang xa hpi, co cau xa hdi - giai tang xa hot Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hgc xa boi, sd 9/2007, tt.51-53 LYLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 6/2019 ... nhiing ndi bd (trong long) mdi giai cdp, tang Idp, ttiu dat dupe ed y nghia lich sii thi dd la cung nhu trongradiquan he giua eae giai cap, qud trinh pban hda, phan tang xa hpi manh rae tdng ldp... nganh hinh tir khdp cde giai cdp, tang ldp, to ngbl cae giai cap, tang ldp chiic, nghl nghiep, dodn thi xa hpi; da sd hp la Trong giai cap ndng ddn dd hinh thdnh nhiing ngudi vira han che ve cde ngudn... trd cua hp sdn ttdtiidrihmdt giai cap Tuy nhien, tdng ldp ndy xudt, kinb doanh nhu; chu trang trai Tin gpi dang ngdy edng Idn manb, khdng dinh vai ttd chu trang trai cbi mdi phan dnh vi tri,