DIEN DAN ja MOTSOVANDEDATRA TRONG XAY DliNG NIEM TIN XAHOI dVIET NAM HIEN NAr • PGS, TS DOAN TRIEU LONG HQC vien Chinh tri Iihu vifc III • Tom tdf Mem tin xdhgi co vai trb to Idn doi vdi siiphdt trien xd hgi, nd khdng chi tgo pd tri tinh than to Idn mdcbn tgo gid tri vdt chdt cho xdhgi, "niem tin tgo hien thtic" (Belief creates the actual fact) Nhd co mdt niem tin xd hgi mdnh liet md ddn tgc ViHNam da vtltitqua biit bao kho khan, gian kho de phdt trien nhu hdm Tuy nhien, hien tdc dgng tieu ciic cda nhieu ySu to mdi tit ben ngodi, cung vdi nhiing hgn che, bdt cap ngi tgi da ldm cho niem tin xd hgi cua ngiidi Viet Nam it nhieu cd sti gidm sut Bdi viit budc ddu xac dinh mgt so vdn decdn gidi quyet nham cung co, xdy dting niem tin xd hgi d Viet Nam hien tmy, %Tiikhda: niem tin xa hgi, cd nhdn, xd hgi Quan nif m ve niem tin xa lioi Tren the gioi, niem tin xa hot Csocial trust) dugc cac nha khoa hoc quan tam nghien cuu tirratsom Ngay tir the kyXK, Emile Durkheim da cho rang: "trong mpt hop dong khong phai mpi cai deu co tinh hop ddng, dieu quan la phai co dupc niem tin ctia cac ben tham gia"'" day, niem tin dupc hieu la mpt nguoi tu nguyen tin tuong vao nguoi khac voi cam giac an toan tuong doi Nhiin manh them diSu mdt phuong dien khac, Kenneth Newton cho r&ng: "Niem tin la su tin tuong nguoi khac vao thai diem toi te nhSt nhung se khong, hoac khong 1:6 y lam ban tdn hai, se co hanh dong dem lai loi ich tdt nhat cho ban"'-' Ben canh niem tin giiia cac ca nhan xa hoi thi co niem tin cua nguoi the che xa hoi - tiic la ni^'m tin ca nhan vdi cac van de xa hoi Niem tin xa hoi dupc hieu "la su tin tuong ve nhiing gia tri xa hpi cao quy dira tren nhiing cam kft xa hpi chan chinh, dling dan cila the che chinh tri va cong ddngxa hpi, ludn co su {*) Bai Viet la k^t qua nghien cuu de tai cap qudc gia "Niim tin xa hoi truoc thach thuc cua phat trien va hoi nhap Avung Trung Bp" Ma so KX.01.42/16-20 I f LUAN CHlNH TRI-So 8/2019 ^ DIEN DAN thdng nhat giua Idi ndi va viec lam, giira hinb Niem tin xa hoifrViet Nam va vin de dat thiic dien ngdn xa hgi vdi su that tuong ung hien dugc thue bien"'^' Digu bieu hien Viet Nam dugc biet den la mot dan tdc quat cugc sdng hang ctia ngudi d su hanh cudng vd cd nigm ttn xa hdi manh liet de vugt phuc, su hdi ldng ddi vdi the ehe ehinh tri tren qua bidt bao khd khan, tbii thaeh Trong ede cugc edc mat eiia ddi sdng xa hgi nhu kinh te, chinh khdng ehien chdng giac ngoai xdm, bao ve ddt tri, van hda - xa hdi , la mdt thdnh td cdt ldi nude, niem tin eiia ca ddn tde dupe dat vdo mdt eiia vdn xa hdi Niem tin xa hgi Id mdt trang thdi miie tigu nhdt, dd la ehidn thdng ke thii, ttnh thdn ciia mdi ngudi, thudng gdn lien nhting thdng nhat dat nudc Chinh niem tin dd da tao xuc cam, khdt vgng, ude ma ve nhiing gid tri tdt nen khdi dai dodn ket toan dan, tao nen y chi, dep cudc sdng hien tai va ttong tuong lai quygt tdm dg ehign ddu va chien thdng ke tbu O muc dp eao bon, niem tin xa hgi duge higu Id xdm luge Trong qud trinh ddi mdi dat nudc, mac su thua nhdn mdt chdn ly thudc vg xa hdi, nd dil cd nhimg liic diing dudc vd van khd khan, thii duoe hinh va phdt trign dap img duge thaeh, nhung vdi niem tin dung ddn vao dudng cdc nhu cau va lgi ieh thiet thue cua ngudi Idi ddi mdi, vao su lanh dao eua Dang, vao sue va xa hdi Khi niem tin xa hdi cao, dap ung tdt manh eua toan dan, dan tdc ta da ldm nen nhieu edc nhu can, lpi ich eua ngudi thi kha nang thdnh tuu vi dai, dua nudc ta thodt su nghgo khd, dodn kgt sg eao, Id thdnh td quan trgng de tien budc cimg vdi ban be tten the gidi bdo dam su dn dinh vd phat trign eua moi ea Hien nay, bi ehi phdi bdi cde quan he lgi nhan vd toan xa hdi ich vd bien ddi nhu cdu cudc sdng ttong nen Niem tin xa bdi Id mgt nhirng ygu td kinh tg thi trudng ma nigm tin xa hgi ed xu quyet djnh ban chat cac mdi quan he xa hgi, la hudng bign ddi khd phiic tap nhung trudng chat keo ket dinh cdc mdi quan he xa bdi Do hgp nhat dinh, nigm tin xa hdi cd bleu hien giam vdy, mdt quoc gia, dan tdc mud'n phdt ttign thi sut Mdt sd ngudi edn td boang mang, thieu can pbai tao lap duge nigm tm ebdn cbinh ttong niem tin giua ngudi vdi eon ngudi; giam siit xa hdi - niem tin giira nhiing ngirdi vdi nhau, niem tin vdo thg che xa hdi, ky cuong phdp ludt, niem tin cua eon ngudi vao ludt phap, vao td thieu su ky vong vao tuong lai Cu tiie: chuc, niem tin cua nhdn dan vdo he thdng ehinh Thunhat, su suy giim mdm tin xa hoi tren tri, vdo boat ddng cua doanh ngbiep, niem tin llnh vuc chinh tri giiia cdc doanh nghiep vdi tdt cd dd cd Thuc tign xdy dimg va phdt trien dat nudc dugc dua tten su trung thuc, chdn thdnh ttong ttong 89 nam qua da chting mmh rdng, su lanh suy ngbi vd hdnh ddng, dua trgn su thdng nhat dao dung ddn eiia Dang la nhan td hang ddu giira ldi ndi vd viec ldm cua mdi ca nhdn vd td quygt dinh su thdng Igi eua each mang Viet Nam cbirc toan xa bdi Khi ed niem ttn xa hdi, Cd sir lanh dao dung dan va sdng sudt dd Id nhd eon ngudi se cd dinh hudng eho nhimg hoat ed chu nghia Mac - Lgnin lam ndng cdt, cd tu ddng cua minh tien vg phia trudc Nguge lai, tudng Hd Chi Mmh lam kim chi nam eho hdnh khdng ed nigm tin xa hdi, eon ngudi, cdng dong ddng Nigm tin cua nhdn ddn vao Dang, vao ehu va xa hdi se mdt phuong hudng, tir mat di nghia Mac - Lgnin da tao ngn stie manh tdng ddng luc de phdn ddu vuon Ign hgp, lap nen nhung ky tich lieh sti, dua ddn tdc LYLUAN CHINHTRj-So8/2019 Viet Nam vugt qua dp biie, nd Ig, tta tiianh dat nudctijdo, dgc lap, tignlenxdy dung CNXH Tuy nhien, cd thdi diem nhigu dang cdng san tten the gidi mdc phai nhung sai Idm ttong van dung ehu nghia Mae - Lenin, dan den su sup dd he thdng md hinh CNXH hien thuc Viet Nam, cd nhiing liie ndng vdi, vi pham quy Iuat khdch quan, tinh bien chung ttong van dung chu nghia Mdc Lenin, ehiing ta da mae phai nhiing sai ldm ttong qud ttinh xay dung CNXH Hon niia, ban than hgc thuyet Mac - Lenin ed nhiing vdn dg, luan diem chua dugc lam sang td hoae da bi thdi dai vugt qua Tir dd khdng it ngudi eho rang nhung sai ldm, ygu kgm ttong xdy dung CNXH Id chu nghia Mac - Lgnin, dan den tinh ttang suy giam niem tin ciia khdng it can bd, dang vign va nhan ddn ddi vdi ehii nghia Mde - Lenin coi xay dungDang ttong sach, viing manh, nang eao nang luc va siic chidn ddu cua Dang cd y nghia quyet dinh den thdnh bai ctia cdch mang Digu vdn ludn duge the hien xuyen sudt qua cde nghi quyet dai hgi, cde nghi quygt ehuyen dg, ede cudc van ddng vg xay dung, ehinh ddn Dang, dae biet nhung nam gdn day Tuy nhien, viee thuc hien edc nghi quyet, cdc cudc van ddng thuc tg chua nghigm, chua dat dugc hdt nhung muc tigu dg ra; tinh trang suy thoai ve ehinh tri, tu tudng, dao diic, ldi song, hien tugng "tu dign bien", "tu chuygn hda" ttong ndi bd td ehiic Dang, cd nhdn cdn bg, dang vien vdn edn tdn tai, lam giam sut uy tin ciia Dang, giam siit nigm tin eua nhdn dan ddi vdi Dang Thuhai, su suy giam nidm tin tren linh vuc kinhtd Qua hon 30 tien hdnh cdng cudc doi mdt ddt nudc, viec tbuc bien ngn kmh tg thi trudng da tao digu kien thudn Igi eho san xuat kinh doanh, budn ban, ndn krnh te phat trien manh me Tuy nhign, su tae ddng cua mat trdi ngn h n h tg thi trudng, ehay theo lgi nhuan gay bign tugng sdn xuat hang hda kem chdt lugng, hdng gia, hdng nhdi, khdng dam bao an todn cho ngudi tigu dung dign khd phd bien Nhiing hdnh vi kinh doanh chop giat, lua ddi, chat chem vdn dang dign ra, gieo rdc sir lo Idng, mdt tin tudng nhan ddn ddi vdi sdn pham, hdng hda, dich vu ttong nudc, khien khd nang canh ttanh cua hang hda Viet Nam suy ydu so vdi cdc nudc tren the gidi Khi mat niem tin san xudt, kmh doanh, budn bdn tiii su thiet hai ddi vdi nen h u b te Id vd cung Idn Ddi vdi edeh mang Viet Nam, dgc lap dan tdc gdn lien vdi CNXH Id dudng ldi caban, xuygn sudt Hdnh trinh xay dung CNXH da dat dugc nhiing thdnh qua to Idn, da gidnh dugc ddc lap eho dan tdc, ttmg bude thuc hien am no cho nhan ddn Trongluc CNXH d mdt sd nudc Iam vdo thoai ttdo, khting hoang, Viet Nam vdn diing vung, kien dinh dudng di Ien CNXH, timg budc lap nen nhung ky ti'ch ttong xay dung ddt nudc Tuy nhien, che dp XHCN sup d Lien Xd va cac nudc Ddng Au da tdc dgng khdng nho dgn nigm tin eua mdt bd phdn can bd, dang vien va qudn ehiing nhdn dan Hon nua, ben eanh tuu ciia su ngbiep ddi mdi, van cdn tdn tai nhieu bat cap, ban che, dac biet ttong co che vdn hanh, dieu hanh nen kinh te thi tiudng dinh hudngXHCN Cimg vdi dd, cac the luc thii dich r±an ca hdi kieh ddng, chdng phd, khidn khdng It edn bd, dang vien va nhdn dan hi Thuba, susuygiam niim dn xahdi tren linh dao ddng, tu suy giam nigm tin vg CNXH vd vuc van hda, xa hdi, dao due dudng di len CNXH Nhiing hien tugng tteu circ vg cde mat ttong xa Trong qud trinh lanh dao each mang, Dang ta hdi, su bao dam an toan, an ninh ehua cao, su gia rdt quan tdm dgn cdng tdc xdy dung Dang, ludn tang cac loai tdi pham, ttdm eudp, Itia dao dang LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So8/2019 iL lara cho cudc sdng ttdndn bdt an Vdn hda - dao diie ttong xa hdi dang cd nhieu bdo ddng, ngudi dang sdng ttong su nghi ngd, thigu su ehan that vdi Tam ly hoai nghi, ludn phai de phdng cdnh giac khien niem tin xa hdi nhigu luc CO hd bi lung lay, tdc dgng, Ngay ttong linh vue gido due, noi duoc xem Id mdi trudng tdt nhat dg bao tdn, phat tngn cde gid tri ngn tang xa hdi, eung xudt hien nhirng hien tugng tieu cue nhu: mua ban diem, lam bang gia, vigt thue, mua ban luan van, ludn dn, bao luc hge dudng , gay nen buc xuc va hoang mang ttong xa hgi Vdi su phat trien nhanh chdng cua khdi lugng thdng tin tren mang xa hdi, rdt khd de pbdn biet diing sai, khien nhieu ngudi bi cud'n vao su "phan xgt ddng loai" mdt edeb vd thtic Tat cd nhimg yeu td ldm cho khdng It ngudi dan trd ngn thig'u nigra tin, mdt ddng lue edng hien cho xa hdi Su suy gidm niem tm xa hdi d Viet Nam can duge nhin nhdn mdt edeb thang than, nghiem ttic va kip thdi cd nhiing bien phap khde phuc dg tranh nhirng hdu qud khdn ludng Trudc mdt, chiing ta cdn tap trung giai quyet cae van de sau day: Mpf li, xdy dung niem tin vimg chac vg chu ngbia Mac - Lgnin, tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh cho can bd, dang vien va nhan dan Phai rigp tue nghien eiru chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh mdt each sau sde, todn dien va khoa hpc Nghien ciiu lam sang td nhirng ludn digm ndo cua chii nghia Mdc - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh cd gia tri bgn viing; nhiing ludn diem nao da hi nhdn thiic sal, lam sal; nhirng ludn diem nao bi cde the lue thu dich bdp meo; nhiing ludn digra ndo da bi tbdi dai vupt qua, khdng edn phu hgp; dac biet quan trgng ban la bd sung, phat trien cbii nghia Mde - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh phu hpp vdi xu the van ddng va phdt trign thdi dai mdi LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So8/2019 Song song dd, can day manh viec hge tap chu nghia Mac - Ldnln, ttr ttrong Hd Chi Minh mgt each khoa hgc, bai ban, vdi tinh than hge phai ndm va higu tiidt chdc, that sau; phdi "tham" vdo suy nghl, hdnh ddng eua cdn bd, dang vien va nhdn dan, tir dd eu thd hda ddi sdng bien tiiLTC Khi nhiing luan diem ciia chu nghia Mdc Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh di vao cudc sdng, trd ngn tang tu tudng, kim chi Nam thuc su cho su phdt trien ciia dat nudc thi Itic mdi tao dugc nigm tin viing chdc xa hgi, Haili, sir ton tai nhiing han che, bat cap ttong thdi ky qud dp di len CNXH la mgt tat yeu khdch quan, nhung van dg quan trgng la lam de mgi ngudi nhdn thirc rd dieu dd Do vdy, cdn tigp tuc ldm sdng td qua trinh thay ddi edc chg xa hdi lich sir nhdn loai, lieh su dan tgc ta - la qua trinh phat ttien tu thdp den cao, tu chua hodn thien ddn hoan thien, trdi qua nhigu chang dudng cam go, phue tap Luan giai va kbdng dinh ddy dii nhirng can cii khoa hgc ve su thdnh cdng tat ygu ciia cdng cude xay dung CNXH d Viet Nara Cimg vdi dd, Dang, Nhd nudc can td chiic, xay dung, phdt trign ddt nudc hieu qua, nhanh, manb, ben viing; nang cao ddi sdng nhan dan Cd nhu vdy, mdi ciing cd, tao dung dugc niem tin ve cdng cugc xdy dung CNXH Ba la, day manh cdng tdc xdy dung Dang de Dang ta thue su sach, virng manh, xiing dang vdi vai trd lanh dao eua nhdn dan Trong Ddng phai thuc hien diing va nghigm eac nguygn tac boat ddng Can phai triet tigu sir thodi hda, bien chdt, quan heu, tham nhung, lang phi Td chiic dang vd dang vign, dac biet la cdn bd lanh dao cbu chdt cac cdp phai thue su Id tdm guong de nhan ddn tin va lam theo Cd nhu vdy mdi tao nen dugc niem tin ctia ddn ddi vdi Ddng, cungvdi Dang xay dung ddt nudc De tiitje hien dieu nay, can day manh thue hien ed hieu Jl qua hon niia Nghi quygt Trung uong khda XII vi^ ting cudng xiy dmg, chinh ddn Dang; ngin chin, day ldi susuy thoai vd tu tudng chlnh tri, dao due, ldi sdng, nhung bleu hien "tu diin biin", "tu chuyen hoi" ngi bd; Nghi quygt s62Q-NQ/VN ve tip trungxiy dung doi ngu cin bg cac cap, nhat li dp chien luge, du phim chit, ning li/c vi uy tin, ngang tam nhiem vu; Quy dinh trich nhiem neu guong cua can bd, dang vien, trudc het li Uy vien Bd Chlnh tri, Uy vien Ban BI thu, Uy vien Ban Chip hinh Trung uong (Quy dinh sd 08-QDi/TW) thiic phd bien, qua cimg cd, phdt trien niem tm Neu sai lech, xuyen tac thi tao nen nhdn thuc lech lac, tti thiic, higu biet lech lae - va chac ehan se khdng ed nigm tin diing dan D (1) Trdn Hiru Quangvacdccpngstirldngtinva vdn xa boi, Nxb Tri diiic, Ha Ngi, 2013 (2) Kenneth Newton: Social and Political Tmst, Oxford University Press, Oxford (3) Van hoa, dao due va niem tin xa hoi trudc yeu Bdn li, xay dung, phat trien cac digu kien kmh cau phat then cua datnudchien nay, Nxb Ly luan tg, van hda, xa hdi nhu Dang ta da xac dinh:" Ket chinh tri, Ha Ndi, 2018, tt.29 hgp cic muc tieu ldnh tevdi cic muc tieu xi hdi (4) DCSVN: Van kien Dai boi dai bieu toan qudc lan tmngpham viei nudc, thm: hien tdt cic chlnh thuX, Nxb Cbinh tri qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2006, tt.lOl sach xi hdi tren co sa phit trien kmh te, gin quyin Igivin^avu, conghiinvahudngthu, tao Tai lifu tham khao: ddng luc manh me va bin vimg hon cho phit Nguygn Minh Ngpc: Mem tm ton giao mdi trienkinh ti-xihdL Tip trung giai quyit nhdng quan he vdi niem tin xa hoi, Tap chi Nghien cuu van de xahdi buc xde"'"' Thuc hien tdt cac nhiem Ton giao, so \2-20U vu dd Id tien dg quan ttgng de xdy dung, eimg ed Tran Huu Quang: Tun hieu khai niem vdnxa hpi, va phdt trien niem tin ttong nhan ddn Thue tign Tap chl KHXH, sd 7-2006 cho thdy, ttong bat cii mdt ehe xa hdi nao, Trdn Hiiu Quang: Long tin va vdn xa hdi, Nxb Tn niem tin ciia nhan dan cflng se gidm sut kinh diuc,HaNpi,2013 tg Idm vao khiing hodng, ede llnh vuc Ugn quan Hodng Ba Thinh: Vg vdn xa hoi va mang ludi xa dgn su phat trign eon ngudi nhu lao ddng - viec hdi, Tap chi Dan tdc hoc, sd (155), 2008 lam, thu nhap, miie sdng, y tg, giao diic, an nmh, 5.Ng\iyenQuyThanh:XahoihocveDuluanxahoi, an todn xa hdi khdng dugc phat trien va ndng Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi, 2006 cao \^ vdy, cbiing ta can chu ttong phdt trign kmh Nguygn Quy Thanh, Nguygn Thi KhanhHoa: Cac te - xd hdi tdt hon, tir nigra tin xa hdi se duge tdva mdi quan he giua chiing Uong cau Uuc Cling ed, xdy dung vd phat trign bgn viing long tin xa hoi cua nguoi Viet Nam, Tap chi Xa hoi Nim la, cdn dinh hudng tdt su phdt trien didng tm, du ludn xa hdi Hien nay, su phat ttign thdng tm gdn vdi mang xa hdi didn rat manh me, gdp phan quan trgng ndng eao nhdn thuc cho ngudi Ndu thdng tin va du ludn xa hdi diing ddn, thi chdc ebdn gdp phdn dinh hudng eho ngudi phat trien ve mat nhdn thuc, tri iipcsd 3-2013 Hdng Xuan, Ngoc Lanh; Bao chi khong chi tiiong tin ma xay dung long tin, Bao dien tir Vietnamnet, 31-1-2014 Khuc Thi Thanh Vdn: Nhan tbik:vengu6n vdnxa hdi - 5uc manh tiem tang ebo suphat trien, Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hdi, sd 4-2011 LVLUAN CHINH TRj-So 8/2019 ... - niem tin giira nhiing ngirdi vdi nhau, niem tin vdo thg che xa hdi, ky cuong phdp ludt, niem tin cua eon ngudi vao ludt phap, vao td thieu su ky vong vao tuong lai Cu tiie: chuc, niem tin cua... eiia vdn xa hdi Niem tin xa hgi Id mdt trang thdi miie tigu nhdt, dd la ehidn thdng ke thii, ttnh thdn ciia mdi ngudi, thudng gdn lien nhting thdng nhat dat nudc Chinh niem tin dd da tao xuc cam,... giua Idi ndi va viec lam, giira hinb Niem tin xa hoifrViet Nam va vin de dat thiic dien ngdn xa hgi vdi su that tuong ung hien dugc thue bien"'^' Digu bieu hien Viet Nam dugc biet den la mot dan