Phụ nữ tham gia công tác lãnh đạo, quản lý một số yếu tố tác động và các giải pháp

Xa hoi hoc so (112), 2010 PHU NtT THAM GIA CONG TAG LANH DAO, QUAN LY: M O T SO YEU TO TAG D O N G VA GAG GIAI PHAP NGUYEN HUtJ MINH* va TRAN THI VAN ANH" P h u nuf t h a m g i a c o n g t a c q u a n ly b V i e t N a m Ngay 29 t h a n g 11 n a m 2006, Quoc hoi khoa XI, ky hop thii 10 da thong qua L u a t Binh d a n g gi6i, tao r a h a n h lang p h a p ly q u a n de thUc hien muc tieu binh dang n a m nfl da difcfc D a n g Cong s a n Viet N a m neu r a t\i L u a n cUdng chinh tri n a m 1930 Tiep do, 27 - - 2007, Bo Chinh tri da b a n h a n h Nghi quyet so 11-NQ/TW ve cong tac can bo niJ thdi ky day m a n h cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa d a t niidc: "Xdy dung, phdt trien viCng chdc dgi ngu can ho nH tUcfng xt2ng v&i vai trb to Idn cua phu nU Id yeu cdu khdch quan, Id noi dung quan trgng chien iMc cong tac cdn bg cua Dang' Dieu k h a n g dinh quyet t a m cua Dang, N h a nU6c thiJc hien muc tieu Binh d a n g gidi va sU tien bo cua p h u nil Viet N a m Nghi quyet 11/NQ-TW xac dinh mot so noi dung dinh hil6ng q u a n doi v6i cong tac quy hoach, dao tao boi diidng va bo tri siL d u n g can bo nU: - Xay diing quy hoach can bo ni3 quy hoach tong t h e ve can bo cua D a n g ci tiing ca'p, tiing n g a n h , t t o g dia phiidng; - C h a m lo dao tao, boi diidng can bo nut de chu dong ve n h a n s\i; - ThiJc hien n g u y e n tac binh dang giiia n a m va niJ ve tudi quy hoach, dao tao, de b a t va bd n h i e m - Chi tieu p h a t trien doi ngu can bo mL den n a m 2020: + T h a m gia ca'p uy D a n g d a t t\i 25% trcl len; + Dai bieu Qudc hoi va H D N D cac cap t\i 35% den 40%; + Cd q u a n , ddn vi ty le nii 30% tvh len n h a t t h i e t c6 c a n bo l a n h dao chu chot la nii S a u h d n n a m t r i e n k h a i L u a t Binh dang gi6i (BDG) va Nghi quye't cua BCT, mot s6 muc tieu b i n h d i n g giai da dUdc thvtc hien bii6c ddu N h i e u t i n h t h a n h va b a n / n g a n h da td c\vxic t a p hua'n vg L u a t Binh dang gi6i va q u a n triet Nghi quyet 11-^ BCT xay dUng chifdng t r i n h h a n h dong cu the' de' thiic hien L u a t va Nghi quyet So can bo nfl d^dc sap xe'p vao cac vi tri l a n h dao cap uy da t a n g len C h a n g h a n , theo so lieu c i a Ban Td chvfc TlT va D a n g doan Hoi Lien hiep P h u nil Viet N a m thi cap Bi PGS.TS Vien Gia dinh vd Gidi TS Vien Gia dinh vd Gidi Phu niC tham gia cong tac lanh dao, quan ly thU TU" va iiy vien BCHTW (ke ca uy vien du khuyet) cdng nhii ca'p uy vien cac cap tinh/thanh va cd sci cua nhiem ky 2006 - 2010 deu tang so v6i nhiem ky triidc (Dang doan Hoi Lien hiep Phu niJ Viet Nam 2009) Tuy nhien, h nhieu dia phufdng, ban/nganh, viec thuc hien Luat BDG va Nghi quyet 11 chiia dat yeu cau So'can bo nijt tham gia cac chile danh lanh dao khong dat diidc chi tieu de Chang han, ti le dai bieu Quo'c hoi la phu niJt d\i kien la 30% trci len (Van ban so 698/UBTVQHll 28/2/2007), song ti le dai bieu nfl dfldc bau vao Qudc hoi khoa XII chi la 25,76%, giam 1,55% so v6i khoa XI Doi v6i cac chflc danh chinh quyen tfl ca'p Vu trflcing trcl len, so' lieu cho den nam 2009 cho tha'y ti le phu nfl tham gia deu giam so v6i nhiem ky 1999 - 2004 (TLDD 2009) Viec phat hien, gi6i thieu ngudn can bo nfl dfla vao quy hoach ca'p uy va cac chflc danh lanh dao cac ca'p cho nhiem ky 2010 - 2015 da dfldc ca'p uy cac ca'p quan tam hdn Tuy nhien, neu so v6i chi tieu ty le nfl ca'p uy de Nghi quyet den 2020 la 25% thi hau het cac tinh/thanh phai pha'n da'u rat nhieu v6i thdi gian dai m6i dat Dae biet, ty le can bo nfl dfldc dfla vao dien quy hoach can bo chu chdt cac ca'p la rat thap (TLDD 2009) Hai nam la khoang thdi gian chfla dai do'i v6i viec thay ddi cd ca'u can bo bdi le chung ta khorig the c6 doi ngfl can bo nfl dap flng yeu nhiem vu m6i ma khong trai qua qua trinh dao tao Tuy nhien, dieu quan chi nhflng yeu to' gay trcl ngai cho viec xay dflng doi ngu can bo nfl dap cau dat doi ngu cau cua la flng yeu Mot so' yeu to gay trof ngai cho viec xay dvfng doi ngii can bo lanh dao, quan ly nuf 2.1 Nhan thiic vi vai trb cua phu nQ vd cong tdc cdn bg nU Nhieu nghien cflu da xac nhan tinh trang nhan thflc han che cua khong it can bo lanh dao va ngfldi dan ve vai tro cua phu nfl va cong tac can bo nfl Dieu bat ngudn tfl dinh kien gi6i truyen thong ve vai tro cua phu nfl noi chung, gan phu nfl v6i cong viec cham s6c gia dinh va nam gidi v6i viec kie'm tien giup gia dinh Mot so' dinh kien gidi thfldng gap nhfl: • Nam lam viec 16n, nfl cham s6c gia dinh: "dan ong xay nha, dan ba xay td am"; • Nam nhin xa rong hdn nfl: "dan ong nong ndi gieng khdi, dan ba sau sac nhfl cdi dflng trau" Nhieu ca'p uy va chinh quyen cac ca'p chfla coi cong tac can bo nfl la mot bo phan quan trong cong tac can bo cua Dang Con bieu hien thieu tin tiicing vao kha nang ciia can bo nfl, ngai tuyen dung nfl Nghien cflu cua Hoi LHPN Viet Nam chi rang khuon mau gi6i kha ro nhan thflc cua can bo nhflng ngfldi dfldc hoi chu yeu chon nam lam ca'p trfldng va lam quan ly chuyen mon va chon nfl lam cap va lam cong tac hanh chinh, cong-tac doan the (Ban nghien cflu, 2003) Nguyin Hitu Mink vd Trdn Thi Van Anh Nhieu ngifdi coi nam gidi c6 dly du nhflng pham chat cua lanh dao hdn so v6i phu nfl va phu nfl khong nen tham gia vao cong tac lanh dao vi nhfl vay se ma't di tinh nfl, mot dac diem khong the thieu cua phai dep Chinh vi vay, khong chi nam gidi ma ca phu nfl cung se c6 xu hfldng ung ho mot ngfldi nam gidi lam lanh dao neu ngfldi phu nfl va nam gidi c6 cung cac nang Iflc va dieu kien can thiet Dinh kien gidi the hien cuoc song gia dinh cung khien cho cac vien gia dinh, dac biet la ngfldi chdng, khong tao dieu kien cho ngfldi phu nfl tham gia cong tac Con c6 nhflng quan niem nhfl: ngfldi phu nfl nen kem dat xa hoi hdn chdng thi mdi gifl dfldc hanh phuc gia dinh Vi vay buoc phai Ifla chon gifla cong viec gia dinh va cong viec xa hoi thi ngfldi phu nfl thfldng Ifla chon gia dinh Mot nfl can bo lanh dao ca'p tinh chia se: "chi em minh c6 suy nghi Id cong viec xa hoi xa xdm Idm, Idm thi Idm, khong biet minh c6 vdo qui hoach dMc khong Con [chdng may] quay ve md gia dinh tan ndt thi minh khong gi" (TrSn Thi Van Anh va cong sfl, 2009) Trong boi canh ciia mot xa hoi ma nen kinh te chfla phat trien, nhieu ngiidi coi day la mot sfl Ifla chon hdp ly nham to'i da hoa Idi ich gia dinh 2.2 NhUng van de ve chinh sdch, ccf che cong tdc cdn bg nU Quan diem, muc tieu phat trien doi ngu can bo nfl den nam 2020 va cac nhiem vu cong tac can bo nfl ma Nghi quye't 11/NQ-TW de chfla dfldc sfl chi dao chat che, quyet liet ciia cac ca'p uy Dang d nhieu dia phfldng, bo, nganh Nghi quye't 11 ciia Bo Chinh tri chii yeu mdi dfldc quan triet tai cac hoi nghi cap uy, mot so' ndi bien tren cac phfldng tien thong tin dai chung, dang tren cac ban tin ciia ca'p uy Cac chinh sach nham phat trien doi ngu can bo nfl lanh dao, quan ly chfla dfldc xay dflng va thflc hien tho'ng nha't chung tren ca nfldc Cac chinh sach cu the ve quy hoach, dao tao, bdi dfldng, bo nhiem, luan chuyen do'i v6i can bo nfl, dac biet doi vdi can bo nfl la tri thflc, cong nhan, ngfldi dan toe thieu so', ton giao cung nhfl chinh sach dac thu do'i vdi can bo nfl cong tac cl vung cao, vung sau, bien gidi, hai dao, la ngfldi dan toe thieu sd^, can bo nfl di hoc c6 nho deu chfla c6 Viec ban hanh cac van ban hfldng d i n cham va mot so' van ban hfldng dan, quy dinh cu the ve cong tac quy hoach, dao tao, bd nhiem ban hanh sau c6 Nghi quye't 11/NQ-TW da khong the hien dung tinh than Nghi quye't Chfla c6 van ban hfldng d i n thflc hien Nghi quye't 11 ve thuc hien nguyen tdc binh dang giiia nam vd n€e ve tudi quy hoach, dao tao, de bat vd bo nhiem Nhieu tinh/thanh, Bo, nganh v i n c6 phan biet tudi quy hoach, bd nhiem/de bat Quye't dinh ciia Bo triiclng Bo Noi vu so 04/2006 QD/BNV 25 thang 01 nam 2006 ve viec sfla ddi khoan dieu cua Quyet dinh so 104/2005/QD-BNV 13 thang 10 nam 2005, Quy che cfl can bo cong chflc di dao tao, bdi dfldng nfldc ngoai bang ngudn ngan sach Nha nfldc quy dinh sau dao tao ve thdi gian phuc vu cd quan nha nfldc 10 nam Can cfl vao quy dinh ve tudi ve hflu hien thi tren thflc te, tac dong cua quy dinh mdi win la nfl c6 it hdn nam it nha't la nam nam cd hoi di dao tao, tflc la gidi han cd hoi phat trien ciia can bo nfl 6 Phu nQ tham gia cong tdc lanh dao, quan ly Viec ban hanh va thflc hien chinh sach do'i vdi can bo nfl hien thuoc vao sfl quan tam va dieu kien cua tflng dia phfldng, ban, nganh Cac tinh, hau het c6 chinh sach ho trd bang tien ddi vdi can bo nfl dfldc cfl di hoc, mflc ho trd cao hdn can bo nam Mot so tinh/thanh c6 xay dflng quy khuyen hoc va phat trien tai nang nfl (TP Ho Chi Minh, Dong Nai, Binh Thuan) Tuy nhien, ty le can bo nfl tre tudi, c6 trien vong dfla di dao tao tai nfldc ngoai vdi nganh nghe phu hdp chfla dfldc nhieu (mdi ro net d TP Ho Chi Minh) Cac Bo hau nhfl chfla c6 chinh sach hd trd rieng khuyen khich can bo nfl tham gia dao tao, bdi dfldng Viec trien khai thflc Men Luat BDG cham Nhieu can bo chfla c6 kie'n thflc sau ve gidi nen kho thflc hien chi dao Luat BDG Viec ban hanh cham cac Nghi dinh hfldng d i n thi hanh Luat BDG da han che viec thflc hien luat d cd sd.^ Chfla c6 chien Ifldc phu hdp nang cao nang Iflc can bo va ngfldi dan ve binh dang gidi Viec tuyen truyen doi ngu can bo vien chflc md nhat Chfla c6 bo chi so va he thong dfl lieu thS'ng ke ve va'n de de quan ly va giam sat ve binh dang gidi (Vien Gia dinh va Gidi, 2009) Cong tac kiem tra viec thflc hien cac chinh sach, phap luat ve binh dang gidi chfla dfldc quan tam dflng mflc Mac du da c6 nhflng quy dinh ve ty le nfl lanh dao nhflng neu dia phfldng khong thflc hien dfldc yeu cau thi cung khong giai trinh ly vi khong dat dfldc yeu clu va cung khong bi anh hfldng gi den tich cua dia phfldng (Tran Thi Van Anh va cong sfl, 2009) Nhflng quan diem cd ban ciia Luat BDG da dfldc quan tam van dung xay dflng cung nhfl sfla ddi, bd sung cac bo luat khac Cd che tham tra cac dii an luat ve khia canh gidi da diidc Uy ban cac van de xa hoi cua Quo'c hoi thflc hien Tuy nhien, thflc te, mot so quan diem cd ban cua Luat BDG va NQ 11 cua BCT chfla dfldc quan triet dly du, nhat la d mot so' bo luat lau van c6 cac diem gay tranh cai ve binh dang gidi nhfl Luat Lao dong va Luat Can bo cong chflc Nhflng kho khan thfldng gap viec long ghep gidi vao chinh sach, phap luat la: thieu sfl cam ket cua lanh dao; thieu chien Ifldc phu hdp; thieu ngudn Iflc va can bo thieu nang Iflc; thieu he thdng giam sat, danh gia, quy trach nhiem; thieu so lieu can thiet de phan tich ve ba't binh dang gidi; v.v Mot nhflng diem ma'u chdt c6 lien quan nhieu den viec nang cao sd Ifldng va cha't Ifldng can bo lanh dao nfl la t u d i ve hiiu c u a c a n bo nuf trvLbc thoii h a n ciia n a m n a m , bdi le cac quy dinh lien quan den tudi quy hoach, dao tao - bdi dfldng, de cfl, bd nhiem, v.v deu can cfl vao tudi nghi hflu Nhflng quy dinh ve tudi dang dat nam va nfl tren nhflng mat blng so sanh khac nhau, va gay kho khan cho viec quy hoach, dao tao, bdi dfldng can bo nfl Quy dinh ve tudi d i n den nhflng kho khan ddi vdi ca ngiidi sfl dung can bo cflng nhfl do'i vdi ban than can bo ' Nhieu can bo cd sd rat lung tung trien khai thiic hien luat khong c6 cac nghi dinh hu6ng d5n Cho den c6 Nghi dinh Chinh phii lien quan den viec thifc hien Luat BDG thi Nghi dinh 70/2008/ND-CP ddi sau Luat BDG la 1,5 nim, Nghi dinh 48/2009/ND-CP vk Nghi dinh 55/2009/NDCP ddi sau luat la 2,5 nSm Nguyin Hitu Minh vd Trdn Thi Van Anh Ddi vdi ngiidi sfl dung can bo, ho gap it nha't ba kho khan Thfl nha't, xet tfl hieu qua d i u tu thi viec danh thdi gian de bdi dfldng mot can bo nfl la khong c6 Idi so vdi mot can bo nam, vi thdi gian lam viec cua nam dai hdn nam Thfl hai, xet ve sd Ifldng thi cang len vi tri quan ly cao sd Ifldng nfl flng vien cho mot vi tri cang it hdn so nam flng vien, ma it hdn thi kho Ifla chon hdn Thfl ba, xet ve tfldng quan, dat flng vien nam va nfl cung tudi lam viec so sanh vdi thi nfl flng vien ve nguyen t i c kho c6 the hdn nam flng vien ve be day kinh nghiem, ddn gian vi ho tre hdn tudi Ddi vdi can bo nfl, ho phai vfldt qua nhieu thach thflc Thfl nha't, ho phai thu xep de di hoc nham dam bao cac tieu chuan (quan ly hanh chinh nha nfldc, ly luan chinh tri va/hoac sau dai hoc) sdm nha't c6 the, hay it nha't la sdm hdn nam so vdi nam, neu muo'n b i t kip thdi gian cho khung tudi bd nhiem O day ho gap thach thflc thfl hai la quy dinh hien hanh ve viec cfl di dao tao/bdi dfldng la nhfl do'i vdi nam va nfl, vi du sau nam cong tac Thfl ba, ho phai thu xep ket hon nhflng nam dau cong tac, thfldng la sdm hdn cac dong nghiep nam cflng tudi vai nam, de tranh bi coi la "qua thi" Thfl tfl, ho cung muo'n va cflng phai thu xep de sinh con, chang han vong - nam dau sau ket hon, de tranh ap Iflc cua gia dinh va tranh nhflng rac ro'i c6 the ve hanh phuc gia dinh theo quan niem thong thfldng hien Thfl nam, da cd con, ho phai thu xep de vfla nuoi nhd, vfla hoan td^t cong viec dfldc giao, vfla cung chdng lo kinh te gia dinh Thfl sau, vfldt qua tat ca nam thach thflc dau, ho phai pha'n da'u de khang dinh nang Iflc, it nha't la khong kem hdn so vdi dong nghiep nam, de dfldc lanh dao cong nhan va Ifla chon sdm hdn nam nam neu khong muo'n bi loai vi tudi 2.3 Cong tdc quy hoach, ddo tao, boi dudng vd bo tri siC dung cdn bg nQ Cong tdc quy hog,ch Cong tac quy hoach can bo d nhieu cd quan chfla the hien quan diem gidi va khong phu hdp vdi Luat Binh dang gidi (phu nfl sinh va nuoi nhd phai ma't tfl nam den nam va nghi hflu sdm hdn nam tudi song tudi quy hoach gio'ng nhfl nam gidi, tudi dao tao tha'p hdn nam gidi) Viec Ifla chon can bo quy hoach mang tinh tuan tfl, dong kin tflng ddn vi, chfla cd dot pha dfla tren viec phan tich mot each khoa hoc, phat hien cac tiem nang de bdi dfldng va quy hoach sdm Do ngudn can bo nfl ty le tha'p va cung chfla that kha thi nen can bo nfl qui hoach eo chuyen cong tac hoae nghi hflu thi ngfldi thay the thfldng la nam gidi Trong nhieu cuoc phdng va'n vdi can bo lanh dao, da sd cac y kien cho r i n g viec quy hoach, tao ngudn lam theo "thdi vu", chfla dat yeu clu tao doi ngu nfl lanh dao du va vflng tfl cd sd va d tflng ca'p (TLDD, 2009) Cong tdc ddo tg.o, boi diidng, bdtri, svC dung cdn bg niJt Dao tao, bdi dfldng can bo nfl la giai phap quan nha't de phat trien doi ngu can bo nfl ve chat ludng va sdliidng Nghi quye't 11/NQ-TW cua Bo Chinh tri xac dinh ro yeu clu: "Ddm bao ty le nic tham gia cdc khod ddo tao tai cdc trUdng ly luan Phu niJC tham gia cong tdc lanh dao, quan ly chinh tri, quan ly hanh chinh nhd niCdc tii 30% trd len Thi/c hien cii tuyen ddo tao cdn bg nQ cdc ddn tgc thieu so, ton gido vd cdc llnh vUc c6 ty le cdn bg nit qud thap " Sau ban hanh N Q l l , cong tac dao tao, bdi dfldng can bo nfl c6 chuyen bien dang ke, ty le can bo nfl cac ca'p dfldc dao tao, bdi dfldng tang len Tuy nhien, theo danh gia cua Dang doan Hoi lien hiep Phu nfl Viet Nam, chi tieu dao tao ly luan chinh tri tai cac trfldng Trung fldng, khu vflc khong dap flng nhu cau cua cac dia phfldng, bo, nganh vi phu thuoc vao chi tieu dfldc giao cua Ban To chflc Trung fldng Ca'p huyen va ca'p xa, ty le can bo nfl dfldc dao tao tha'p hdn ca'p tinh Va'n de cfl tuyen dao tao can bo nfl cac dan toe thieu so', ton giao va cac linh vflc c6 ty le can bo nfl qua tha'p chfla dfldc cu the hoa chinh sach de thflc hien (Dang doan Hoi Lien hiep Phu nfl Viet Nam, 2009) Nhfl da neu d tren, nhflng quy dinh ve tudi ve hflu khac ma cd hoi dfl bdi dfldng, dao tao cua can bo nfl cflng bi giam di so vdi nam gidi Cd hai nhdm van de, mot la nhflng quy dinh phan biet do'i vdi nam va nfl, vi du quy dinh ve tudi di dao tao, bdi dfldng chinh tri, hanh chinh hay tham gia vao cac de an dao tao d nfldc ngoai Quy dinh ve tudi thfldng ap dung la nfl dfldi 35 va nam dfldi 40 tudi Nhflng quy dinh nay, du la vdi muc dieh nao thi cung han che cd hoi cua nfl so vdi nam Hay so sanh, neu hai ngfldi nam va nfl tdt nghiep dai hoc cong tac va het tap sfl d tudi 25 - 27 thi cd hoi tham gia dao tao, tinh theo nam, la 10 nam doi vdi nfl va 15 nam do'i vdi nam Cd hoi cua nfl tren thflc te bing 2/3 so vdi cd hoi cua nam Hai la nhflng quy dinh nhfl nhUng thflc te lai tac dong khac do'i vdi nam va nfl Vi du dien hinh d day la quyet dinh cua Bo trfldng Bo Noi vu so' 04/2006 QD/BNV 25 thang 01 nam 2006 nhfl da neu d tren Vdi nhflng quy dinh nhfl vay ve tudi dao tao, bdi dfldng, cd hoi cua can bo nfl dap flng dfldc cac tieu chuan cua vi tri lanh dao se it hdn nam gidi va lam cho nhieu can bo nfl khong cd dieu kien dam dfldng nhflng cong viec lanh dao ma ho c6 the lam td^t dfldc Lien quan den viec dao tao, bdi dfldng can bo thi dieu quan la phai cd lo trinh cu the de tao ngudn Dang tide la thflc te cong viec chfla thflc sfl lam td't, chinh vi vay ma tinh trang kha bien d nhieu dia phfldng chinh la quy hoach khong cd dfldc ngudn can bo nfl tfldng flng Chinh vi viec tao ngudn chufa td't nen viec dfla can bo nfl len gap kho khan Vai ^rd ciia ngi/di diCng dau cdquan hogc nhQng ngUdi c6 trdch nhiem Viec trien khai chinh sach va cac quy dinh cu the ve cong tac can bg nfl thuoc rat nhieu vao lanh dao cac ddn vi, cu the la thu trfldng ddn vi va bi thif ca'p uy Dieu quan la ngiidi lanh dao cd tam, thflc sfl cham lo do'i vdi cong tac can bo nfl, the hien d each lam viec cong bang, khach quan, ddng thdi c6 kha nang dua each thflc thflc hien mdi, phu hdp vdi tinh hinh thflc tiin Chlng han, viec chuan bi doi ngu can bo, neu vin gifl each nhin cu, dao tao, bdi dfldng can bo hay de bat mot Nguyin HOu Minh vd Trdn Thi Van Anh each t u i n tu thi kho phat hien dfldc can bo nfl c6 tidm nang mdi Tuy nhien, ndu c6 each nhin viidt khoi khuon mlu cu thi se tim dfldc ngudn can bo nfl de bdi dfldng Vai tro cua ngiidi dflng d i u the hien d anh hfldng ma ho tao ddi vdi moi ngUdi ddn vi thong qua quan dieV va y kie'n cua minh Ne'u cd sfl quan triet va chi dao cua thu triidng ddn vi thi c6 the gop phan lam thay ddi nhan thflc cua cap dfldi Trong thvfc te mot sd lanh dao vIn c6 each nhin dinh kien ve gidi hoae ung ho tren Idi noi nhUng dinh kien hanh dong Mot sd ngfldi tan vdi viec thflc hien binh dang gidi nhflng ddn gian nhan thflc va thieu cac bien phap cu the Ho nghi r i n g eo luat rdi, cfl de tfl nhien thi sfl bat binh dang gidi se tfl dong ma't di, ma khong c6 cac bien phap eu the de thflc hien Chlng han, mudn dfla phu nfl len lam lanh dao, nhflng lai chi ehd cd cac can bo nfl du tieu chuan, khong dao tao can bo nfl, khong tao moi trfldng cho phu nfl the hien kha nang Cung c6 nhflng ngifdi lanh dao nhin binh dang gidi chu yeu nhfl la mot cong cu de dat dfldc muc dieh khac (quan tri tot, hieu qua kinh te', v.v.) hdn la coi la mot gia tri cd ban, la va'n de quyen eon ngfldi 2.4 NhUng kho khdn lien quan trUc tiep den cdn bg nH Trfldc het la quan niem, thai cua can bo nfl do'i vdi cong tac quan ly lanh dao Mot trd ngai kha Idn do'i vdi sfl vfldn len cua can bo nfl hien la tam the muo'n danh nhieu hdn thdi gian cho cong viec gia dinh vi coi mdi la thien chflc cua ngfldi phu nfl Viec tham gia chinh tri, xa hoi la cong viec cua nam gidi Vi vay, mot bo phan khong nho can bo nfl eon bieu hien tfl ti, an phan, chfla ed y chi vfldn len va khong chuan bi du cac dieu kien can thiet de c6 yeu cau cd the bd nhiem vao vi tri lanh dao (Ngo Thi Tua'n Dung va cong sfl, 2009) Mot bo phan phu nfl e ngai phai luan chuyen xa gia dinh, nhieu ngfldi an phan va khong nhan vi tri lanh dao dfldc phan cong (Dang doan Hoi Lien hiep Phu nfl Viet Nam 2009, Tran Thi Van Anh va cong sfl, 2009) Viec khle phuc trd ngai ve mat nhan thflc khong d i dang vi dinh kien gidi "nam ngoai, nfl noi" da an sau vao tam thflc nhieu the he Ngoai ra, hoan canh kinh te - xa hoi va quan diem tdi da h6a Idi ich gia dinh nhfl da phan tich d tren cung la mot yeu td khien cho nhieu phu nfl Ifla chon tap trung cho cuoc song gia dinh thay vi cd ging de ddng gdp nhieu hdn cho cong viec xa hoi DdiVdi nhflng ngiidi phu nfl thflc sfl mudn pha'n da'u thi viec thu xep cong viec gia dinh de cd dieu kien lam chuyen mon cung gap nhieu kho khan Va'n de doi hoi mot quyet tam rat cao cua phu nfl Nhieu phu nfl hien la can bo lanh dao da nhan manh den yeu td no Iflc viidn len, khic phuc trd ngai moi mat, nha't la cd gang de thu xep cong viec gia dinh, phan da'u lam tdt cong viec dfldc giao, la dac biet quan trong qua trinh pha'n da'u cua ho (Trin Thi Van Anh va cong sfl, 2009) Sfl quan tam cua ngUdi chdng va sfl ung ho cua cac t h a n h vien khac gia dinh ddi vdi viec pha'n da'u cua phu nfl cung ra't quan ddi v6i cong cua phu nfl Nhieu phu nfl dat cong tac quan ly cho bie't 10 Phu nic tham gia cong tdc lanh dao, quan ly nhflng gi ho dat dfldc khong tach rdi sfl ung ho nhiet tinh cua t h a n h vien gia dinh, ma trfldc het la ngfldi chdng Sfl iing ho cua ngutdi chdng the hien trfldc het d thai khuyen khich ngfldi vd theo dudi cong viec va thfl hai, quan hdn, la ho trd ngvtdi vd b I n g nhflng viec lam cu the de ngUdi vd c6 the dat dfldc muc tieu de Khi ban den nhflng kho khan cua can bo nfl qua trinh vfldn len cflng c i n lilu y den thdi gian sinh va nuoi con, mot trach nhiem het sflc Idn lao ma nam gidi khong the thay the dfldc Do dac diem sinh hoc ma giai doan thfldng xua't hien thdi gian d I u cua cong tac, nhflng Iflc cIn cd sfl dau tfl nhieu nhat de lam quen vdi cong viec va nang cao trinh chuyen mon Chinh nhflng kho khan gan lien vdi giai doan dau da lam cham bfldc tien lau dai cua nhieu ngUdi phu nfl Vi vay, ben canh sfl no Iflc cua ngfldi phu nfl thi cIn c6 nhflng cd che chinh sach dac biet n h i m giup dd can bo nfl khoang thdi gian Mot so v a n de c a n q u a n t a m dd^i vdi cong t a c c a n bo nuf h i e n n a y Van de tao cd hoi, dieu kien de phu nfl tham gia nhieu hdn vao cong tac quan ly, lanh dao la mot dinh hiidng dung d i n cua Dang va Nha nfldc ta Dieu quan la lam the nao de cac chu trfldng dflng dan dd di vao thflc tien Bac Hd da tflng nhan manh, binh dang nam - nfl "la mot cuoc each mang kha to va kho Vi trai khinh gai la mot thdi quen ma'y nghin nam de lai Vi no an sau dIu de cua moi ngfldi, moi gia dinh, moi t i n g Idp xa hoi Vu Iflc cua cuoc each mang la sfl tien bo ve chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, phap luat Phai each mang tflng ngfldi, tflng gia dinh, den toan dan Du to va kho nhflng nha't dinh cong." (Hd Chi Minh 1970: 31) Nam 2010 se b i t dIu nhiem ky d I u tien thflc hien Nghi quye't 11/NQ-TW cua Bo Chinh tri va Luat Binh dang gidi vdi mue tieu tang Iflc Ifldng can bo nfl lam cong tac quan ly lanh dao nhfl cac chi tieu da de Tren cd sd nhflng phan tich d tren xin neu mot so'va'n de can quan tam nhfl sau: Tang cfldng cong tac truyen thong de lam thay ddi nhan thflc cua cac ca'p lanh dao va ngfldi dan ve vai tro phu nfl va vi the can bo nfl Dieu c6 lien quan den dinh kie'n gidi ndi chung Binh d i n g gidi cIn phai dfldc xem xet khong chi nhfl la mot cong cu de dat muc dieh nao ma phai dfldc xem nhfl la mot gia tri cd ban va la van de quyen ngfldi Chinh vi vay, giai quyet va'n de can bo nfl cung phai xua't phat tfl phfldng thflc giai quyet cac nhu c l u gidi chien liidc va nhu cau gidi thflc tiln Khi dat cac bien phap giai quyet nhflng nhu clu cu the thiet yeu nhIm giam thieu nhflng kho khan tam thdi cua phu nfl cIn phai tinh den nhflng nguyen nhan go'c r i cua bat binh d i n g gidi, tfl dd de nhflng giai phap mang tinh chien Iflde hdn, tflc la dap flng nhflng nhu cau ma sau eo the giup vao viec thay ddi cac quan he ve quyen Iflc cung nhfl sfl phan cong lao dong gifla nam va nfl va gdp p h i n cai thien binh d i n g gidi Nguyin Hitu Minh vd Trdn Thi Van Anh 11 Long ghep gidi vao cac chu trfldng, chinh saeh cua Dang va Nha niidc Long ghep gidi la phfldng phap tiep can, mot bien phap chien Ifldc nham dat dfldc BDG tren dien rong xa hoi Do la mot qua trinh lien tuc nham thay ddi each t\i duy, mdi quan he gidi gifla nam va nfl cung nhfl each thflc lam viec cua ho Long ghep gidi bao dam cac khac biet cua nfl va nam deu dfldc cdi trong, xem xet va giai quyet mot each tfl giac tfl dIu, d moi ca'p, moi giai doan cua chu trinh chinh sach Ndi each khac, cIn phai dat van de binh dang gidi tfl gde, tfl sfl menh cua td chflc/chfldng trinh, tfl mdi cong doan cua qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach va the hien d mdi bien phap chinh sach Thflc hien idng ghep gidi doi hoi phai ed tam nhin chien Ifldc ve gidi; tang cfldng nang cao nang Iflc ve phan tich gidi cua can bo; c6 cd che thfldng phat, danh gia ve nhflng diem lam dfldc hay chfla lam dfldc thflc hien binh ding gidi; xay dflng van hoa to chflc biet quan tam den ehieu canh gidi (khuyen khich hanh dong binh dang gidi, len an hanh dong ba't binh dang, de cao cac gia tri binh dang gidi); hoan thien cac eong cu thflc hien binh dang gidi (quy dinh cu the, cac bieu m l u so' liSu tach theo nam - nfl, cong cu theo doi, bao cao, giam sat ) Ra soat nhflng diem chifa hdp ly cac chinh sach hien hanh caii cfl vao Luat Binh dang gidi va N Q l l cua Bo chinh tri, ddng thdi tang cfldng cong tac kiem tra viec thflc hien nhflng diem hdp ly chinh sach da cd Mot so' diem cIn quan tam xem x6t sfla doi dd la: tudi ve hflu cua can bo nfl, dac biet la can bo cd hoc vi, c6 trinh chuyen mon cao, can bo quan ly; tudi bo nhiem lanh dao; tudi cfl di dao tao De nghi bao dam binh dang tudi dao tao, quy hoach cung nhfl bo nhiem cua can bo nfl va nam Trfldc m i t cIn thflc hien nghiem tuc Chfldng trinh hanh dong cua Chinh phu giai ddan den nam 2020 thflc hien Nghi quye't sd ll-NQ/TU" 27/4/2007 cua Bo Chinh tri ve cong tac phu nfl thdi ky day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nfldc (Nghi quye't sd 57/NQ-CP 1/12/2009), dd nhan manh "Xay dflng cd che dam bao thuc day sfl tham gia cua phu nfl vao qua trinh quyet dinh, tang ty le nfl flng cfl Quo'c hoi Hoi ddng nhan dan cac ca'p" Can chu y giam sat cac hoat dong Bo Noi vu chu tri va pho'i hdp vdi cac bo Giao due va Dao tao Bo Tai chinh gdm "Hfldng d i n thflc hien chinh sach ho trd nfl can bo cong chflc, vien chflc tham gia dao tao, bdi dfldng mang theo dfldi 30 thang tudi"; "Xay dflng va thflc hien chfldng trinh dao tao can bo, cong chflc nfl d cac Bo, nganh va dia phfldng de tao ngudn can bo nfl" va hoat dong Bo Giao due va Dao tao chu tri "Nghien cflu, ban hanh chinh sach hd trd de tang nhanh ty le phu nfl dfldc dao tao sau dai hoc" Dinh ky td chflc giam sat, danh gia va cd cac bien phap cu the khen thifdng, bieu dfldng doi vdi cac dia phfldng, Bo, nganh thflc hien tdt binh d i n g gidi va chi tieu ty le nfl lanh dao, va phe phan nhflng ndi lam chfla tdt C6 the td chflc mot trang Web cd chflc nang giam sat va cong bd cac vi pham ve binh d i n g gidi qua cac van ban chinh sach hoae thflc te d cac ddn vi Viec se cd tac dung nang cao trach nhiem cua cac td chflc ve thflc hien binh d i n g gidi cung nhfl gop phan nang cao nhan thflc phap luat cua can bo va ngUdi dan 12 Phu nU tham gia cong tdc lanh dao, quan ly Can cd cd che va quy trinh cu the cua viec quy hoach can bo va tao ngudn can bo Chang han, neu muo'n cd mot ty le nfl nha't dinh thi can tim hieu ve ngudn hien tai can bo nfl nhfl the nao, thieu nhflng tieu chuan gi, can bao nhieu nam hoae lam the nao de dao tao cap toe can bo nfl de dfla vao vi tri lanh dao Khi da phat hien nhflng can bo ed tiem nang thi can manh dan bdi dfldng mot each nhanh chdng Ve nguyen tac, viec tao ngudn ein b i t dau tfl ed sd va bat dau tfl khau tiep nhan can bo mdi vao cong tac Nguyen tac tao ngudn mot each hieu qua la theo hinh kim tfl thap Vi du d ca'p tinh, de cd 15% nfl lanh dao sd, ban, nganh thi nfl trfldng/pho phdng phai la 20 - 25%, nfl can bo cong chflc dat tieu chuan quy dinh phai la 30 - 40% va nfl tot nghiep dfldc tiep nhan vao cong tac phai la 50% Viec tang cfldng dao tao bdi dfldng can bo nfl la rat quan de chuan bi ngudn can bo Cong viec phai bat dIu tfl viec bao dam dao tao hoc va'n cua phu nfl ndi chung vi hien cang d trinh cao thi sfl chenh lech ve hoe van cua phu nfl va nam gidi cang cao Md rong cac dieh vu giup viec gia dinh la cd sd quan de giam bdt thdi gian cham lo cong viec gia dinh cho can bo nfl, tao dieu kien cho ho phan dau dat dfldc trinh va ky nang eIn thiet cho cac vi tri lanh dao Mot so' sang kien d cac dia phfldng nhfl md Idp dao tao ngfldi giup viec nha; cham sde ngfldi benh, cham sdc ngfldi gia, cd pho'i hdp vdi y te; td chflc nha tre cong lap gifl tre - 18 thang tudi; phat hanh cac ban tin hfldng dan mua sam eho phu nfl, v.v la rat dang khuyen khich va tao dieu kien cho thflc hien (TrIn Thi Van Anh va cong sfl 2009) Cflng vdi dieu dd cIn tang cfldng truyen thdng khuyen khich nam gidi chia se cong viec gia dinh nhieu hdn, tao dieu kien cho ngfldi vd phat huy dfldc het kha nang cua ho ddng gdp vao cong viec xa hoi Can cd cac nghien cflu danh gia mot each khoa hoc viec thflc hien Luat Binh dang gidi va N Q l l Nhflng diem nao chfla phu hdp thi cIn dieu chinh Can xay dflng cd sd dfl lieu ed tach biet gidi de dam bao chinh sach ban hanh phu hdp muc tieu Binh dang gidi Mot so' chu de nghien cflu cIn dfldc quan tam la: nhan thflc gidi va nhflng yeu to tac dong den viec phan dau cua nfl lanh dao tai ndi lam viec va gia dinh; nhflng mo hinh cong va chfla cong viec tang cfldng doi ngu lanh dao nfl; ed sd khoa hoe cua ed che, quy trinh dao tao, bdi dfldng, bd nhiem can bo lanh dao nfl Tai lieu t h a m k h a o Ban Nghien cflu - Trung fldng Hoi Lien hiep Phu nfl Viet Nam 2003 Bao cao Thflc trang doi ngu can bo nfl lanh dao quan ly va de xua't cac giai phap tang evidng sfl binh ding va phat trien cua can bo nfl qua trinh cong nghiep hoa - hien dai hoa dat nfldc Chfla xua't ban Nguyin Hitu Minh vd Trdn Thi Van Anh 13 Bo Lao dong - Thfldng binh va Xa hoi, Uy ban Qudc gia Vi sfl tien bo phu nfl, Bd Ke hoach va D l u txi 2009 Hoi nghi sd ket thflc hien ke hoach hanh dong vi sfl tien bo cua phu nfl Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2010 Ha Noi Dang doan Hoi Lien hiep Phu nfl Viet Nam 2009 Bao cao cong tac can bo nfl sau nam thflc hien nghi quyet ll-NQ/TU" ve cong tac phu nfl thdi ky day manh eong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nfldc (dfl thao) Hd Chi Minh 1970 Hd Chu Tich vdi va'n de giai phdng phu nfl NXB Phu nfl Ha Noi Luat Binh d i n g gidi, Qudc hoi khoa XI, thong qua 29/11/2006 Nghi quye't sd 57/NQ-CP 1/12/2009, Chfldng trinh hanh dong cua Chinh phu giai doan den nam 2020 thflc hien Nghi quye't sd ll-NQ/TU" 27/4/2007 cua Bo Chinh tri ve cong tac phu nfl thdi ky day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nfldc Ngo Thi Tua'n Dung, Phung Thi Kim Anh, Ha Minh Khfldng, Lo Viet Phfldng (2009) Bao cao ket qua khao sat can bo cong chflc nfl Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam nam 2008 Chfla xua't ban TrIn Thi Van Anh, Nguyen Phfldng Thao, Ngo Thi Tua'n Dung 2009 Ket qua nghien cflu dinh tinh ve nfl lanh dao khu vflc nha nfldc d Viet Nam Bao cao nghien cflu gfli UNDP Vien Gia dinh va Gidi 2009 Ket qua nghien cflu de tai : Ddnh gid ndng lUc ciia cdc cd quan nhd niidcthiXc hien Luat Binh Ddng gidi vd Luat Phong chong Bao liXc gia dinh", hdp tac vdi Bo Lao dong, Thfldng binh va Xa hoi va UNIFEM  ... XII chi la 25,76%, giam 1,55% so v6i khoa XI Doi v6i cac chflc danh chinh quyen tfl ca'p Vu trflcing trcl len, so' lieu cho den nam 2009 cho tha'y ti le phu nfl tham gia deu giam so v6i nhiem... thiet Dinh kien gidi the hien cuoc song gia dinh cung khien cho cac vien gia dinh, dac biet la ngfldi chdng, khong tao dieu kien cho ngfldi phu nfl tham gia cong tac Con c6 nhflng quan niem nhfl:... cua can bo nfl hien la tam the muo'n danh nhieu hdn thdi gian cho cong viec gia dinh vi coi mdi la thien chflc cua ngfldi phu nfl Viec tham gia chinh tri, xa hoi la cong viec cua nam gidi Vi vay,