Bảo tồn di sản văn hoá với việc di dân tái định cư công trình thuỷ điện sơn la

Bao ton di san van hoa vdi vec di dan tai djnh cucong trinh thuy dien Sdn La • (Qua trirdng hdp cua ngu'di Thai d thi xa IVIirdng Lay tinh Dien Bien) NGUYEN THI HAO * em chi cho dn vdng nen thit bo cdn rdt nhiiu dn khdng het NgUdi em lien bdm nho thit roi mang cung vdi mg ddi khdp khu rugng cua minh Thit vdi mg ndi tren mat nUdc roi cd mgt ddn qug rdt ldn bay qua nhin thdy thit liin xd xud'ng dn, chung dn de'n ddu lgi ddm mg xud'ng bun de'n dd khien cho khu rugng dUdc cdy xong chi khodng khde nen tU dd Truyen ke ring: XUa co mgt gia dinh ngUdi ta ggi khu ddt ndy Id Na Ca cd sinh dUdc hai anh em trai, ngUdi anh thi nghla Id rugng qug^^\ gidu ngUdi em thi ngheo kho Den Ngay nhflng thifa rudng nUdc ay la mua cdy Ida hai anh em de'n nhd ddn bdn ngudn sd'ng chfnh ciia cU dan Mudng Lay cdy giup NgUdi em ngheo noi rdng; "Khd Trong san xua't ndng nghiep, ngudi Thai d ngo" nghla den Id rang vdng nhUng dgc day da biet tan dung sflc lao dgng ciia chech Id giet bo de mdi nhdng ngUdi thd nhflng vat cd ich, vdi hg trau la cdy Con ngUdi anh gidu co lgi noi rdng; dau cd ngMep, ndng nghiep lfla nfldc sflc "Kho ngd" nghla den Id giet bo nhUng dgc keo trau bd trd nen quan trgng va can chech Id rang vdng de mdi thd cdy Ddn thiet cdng viec ddng ang, nd la tU bdn de'n gidp ngUdi anh rdt ddng nhUng lieu sin xua't quan trgng ciia cac gia dinh cdy xong ngUdi anh chi rang vdng cho Sau mdi mfla vu cay trdng vat va ngfldi hg dn vd td ddn bdn khdng bao gid cdy Thai thfldng tien hanh cflng via cho trau giup ngUdi anh nda Con ngUdi em ngheo pd khodn khodi Nham cira dn trau da lgi mo mgt bo rdt to de chudn bi mdi giup dd gia chii canh tac vu vfla rdi, bd de'n gidp Khi mg nho xong nhUng va cau raong hdn trau ludn khoe raanh, ddn bdn de'n giup rdt it vi nghi rdng ngUdi tranh dfldc dich benh, tiep tuc la sflc lao D di bd ddng Nam Lay la cac lang ban trfl phfl cila ngfldi Thai trang Hg den dinh cfl d ndi day tfl bao gid khdng cdn nhd ro nhflng nhflng cai ten nhfl: Ban Mo, Na Ca, Na Nat, Nghe Toong, Chi Ludng, ban Dd, Xa Dan, ban d, Ban Bic 1, Bae la nhflng ban dinh cU lau ddi ciia ngUdi Thai Tring gin vdi rat nhieu truyen thuyet tren raanh da't Mudng Lay * Nguyen Thi Hao, Nghien cflu vien, Vien Van hoa Nghe thuat Viet Nam 74 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 1/2011 tet dgn dep vui ve ngfldi t a deu sd ddng khoan d xoay tdc la khoan chinh cd vai trd ban lam phien den cac vi t h a n nen bg phai quyet dinh den sfl sdng t r e n cd the Neu Iam le cflng td ty de c i u xin cac t h a n phfl n h u cac khoan tren cd the bd di ehdi hay hd, che chd bi ma b i t thi ngUdi se bi d'm dau t h a m Viec dau tien gia dinh ngfldi mud'n lam le phai den lam le phai xin phep ngfldi trdng gifl cay td ty va nhd lam le giflp Sau da xem xet gid Iam le cho hdp vdi gia chii Ngfldi chu Ie tien h a n h dgn dep p h a t quang va dat m a m cflng dfldi gd'c cay rdi t h i p hfldng m a k h a n r i n g : "chung tdi gdy tieng dgng ldm cho cdc ma ngu khong dUdc yen gidc, chdng tdi xin lay gd, ldn ddng cdng le vdt de tg ldi"'-^\ chi cd the dan den cai chet Cflng hdn la radt nghi l i n i m nghi le chu t r i n h ddi ngudi, n h i m bao ve gin gifl sflc khoe cho cac t h a n h vien gia dinh Khi gia dinh cd ngfldi dm song song vdi viec chfla chay b i n g thud'c men hg cung t h u d n g td chflc le cung cau cho hdn via cua ngUdi dm khdng di lang t h a n g raa ludn trfl ngu tai cd t h e giflp cd the khoe m a n h , xua dudi b e n h tat KM b a n no du, cac hg gia dinh cd Het khodn - day la nghi thflc ggi va dfla dieu kien ngfldi t a thfldng gdp le vat de khoan trd ve vdi cd t h e Tuy thugc vao lam l i cung ldn chung ciia ban, cdn ggi la tflng loai k h o a n raa gia chti radi thay mo Xen mUdng (tflc la l i c i u a n cho dan ban) va each thflc chfla b e n h thich hdp Thay L i cung dUdc dien r a tai gd'c cay td ty, dan rao hoac ragt lara le di tira khoan lac rdi ban s i p dat dd le quay q u i n dudi gd'c cay du dd dan dfldng de dfla khoan trd ve vdi va chau td ty k h a n c i u xin t h a n linh phfl gia dinh n h a p vao cd t h e sau dd thay cho hg cho dan b a n khoe raanh, khdng bi khoan an, lara le cgt khoan vao vdi cd the dm dau, khdng bi b e n h dich, n h a n h a lara rdi khuyen nhii r a n de k h o a n l i n sau an t h u a n ldi, rafla m a n g tUdi td't, cflng khdng dUdc rdi bd cd t h e di xa Khe khodn: TrUdc mdi t h i y mo ve dfldc no dii Ngfldi Thai t r i n g d MUdng Lay cflng n h a gia dinh c h u a n bi mdt chie'e tui Thai n h u nhieu dan tgc khac d Tay B i c nudc t a ben cd dUng q u a n ao cua ngUdi d'm, hg ludn tin r i n g ngUdi gdm hai p h a n ragt qua trflng lugc, mdt ca nfldng, dd la p h a n hdn va p h a n xac Tren cd the mdt gdi xdi ngUdi cd r a t nhieu hdn via, hdn tieng Thay rao lam Ie Pd k h o a n thfldng la nfl Thai ggi la Khodn va Phi Khoan, ne'u n h u gidi, kM cflng ba raac ao sfla ludng (ao dai khdng cd hdn thi sfl sdng ciia ngfldi Thai mau den), d i u ddi ndn, tay trai cam khdng tdn tai Theo ngfldi Thai thi mdi bd quat, tay phai cam bd hUdng, vai deo tui p h a n tren cd the deu cd khoan tflc hdn via da chuan bi d i y dii le vat Khi tien h a n h Moi khoan cd mdt chflc n a n g rieng nhfl lara l i thay mo di ggi hdn tfl dfldi g i m san, khodn hu tfl chan c i u t h a n g ve, luc ngfldi (via tai) biet nghe, hay khodn tin dm d'ra p h i i ngdi n h a khdng dfldc di lai d chan tdc cd k h i n a n g chiu gid va T h i y ggi hdn r i n g : "hdn d ddu di ta (via mat) biet nhin, khodn Nguyen Thi Hdo - Bdo ton di sdn vdn hoa vdi viec ch ddn tdi dinh cU ddng chfnh cho gia chfl d nhflng vu rafla tiep theo T r a u la thflc the sflc m a n h giflp ngfldi, song ngfldi lai udc vgng va cau mong mgt sflc m a n h sieu nMen khac nfla de sflc m a n h dd t a n g len bdi p h i n Cau truyen truyen t h u y e t ay da gian tiep cho chflng ta biet ve cudc t r a n h cha'p tfl thfld hdng hdang khd k h a n ve dia ban 75 vi tri vd cflng q u a n trgng he thd'ng tin ngfldng cfla ngfldi Thai Trang Dan radi ban ngUdi Thai t r a n g d Mudng Lay deu quy dinh ragt cay thieng d vi trf d i u b i n tieng thai ggi la cay Td Ty, dUdc xera la ndi ngfl tri ciia t h i n b a n va dfldc ragt cu gia b i n trdng coi, thd cflng theo che cha t r u y e n ndi cfl trfl cung nhfl tfl lieu s i n xua't cua ddng Cau truyen lflu truyen ve sfl tich cay td bao, nd da k h a n g dinh gia tri cfla radi vflng ty nhfl sau: "XUa cd ba anh em trai nhd ng da't trfl phfl ven sdng nhfl Mfldng Lay rdt gidi nghi bdi todn vd phong thuy, mdi Le vat le pd k h o a n khoai gdm cd: ngUdi cd mdt tdi ndng ddc Met NgUdi anh mdt ga, h a i b a t xdi, hai b a t canh, mdt cd cd tdi ddnh ddn khien cho sdng trdu chet cung day ddnh nhau, cdc lodi chim bat gao, mudl, dia trau, rfldu va la raia thu tren rdng cung ve nghe NgUdi anh Trau dfldc budc vao gam san, chii n h a thd hai cd sdc khoe vd vd nghe phi thudng cflng k h a n de ggi hdn via cho t r a u trd ve, NgUdi em dt hieu nhieu chuyen vd nghe khoe m a n h sau nhflng cay bfla vat dUdc tieng mudng thu Ba anh em dd ldn v i Ngi dung ldi cung cd y r i n g : "Khdng md vdn chUa ldm dUdc nhd de d Do cd tdi ndi thi khdng biet, khdng ke thi khdng hay vd gidi nhiiu mdn nhdt Id dia ly phong Chu gia dinh di xem, hg bdo rdng thuy, nen xem ngdy de dUng nhd thi nhd ndy nhiiu mdc md, trdu het kieng vdo ngUdi anh lgi kieng vdo khdng dUdc khoe, hdm het vu rdi, gia ngUdi em nen hg cd chgn mdi, chgn mdi dinh kiem dUdc chut le vdt, cdi mdc cdy dd ngdy ndy qua ngdy khde md vdn chUa bo di roi, cdu xin ma ddt, chu ddt vi gid chgn dUdc ngdy td't de dUng nhd roi ba via cho trdu khoe mgnh, khdng cho anh em ldn lUdt qua ddi md nhd vdn chUa ruoi vi ddt nd, trdu di vdo riing cdi dUng dUdc Khi sdng chUa dUng dUdc nhd chdn sau khdng mdc vdo re cdy, cdi chdn nen luc chet cd ba anh em nUdng nhd vdo trUdc khong vUdng vdo co dgi, vdo riing gd'c cdy to ddu hdn vd trd thdnh ngUdi che nen hon dd, ve nhd nen sue vdt, trdi trd cho ddn ldng td mdi cdc gia sdp td'i thi biet vi nhd, mat trdi ldn hdn thi dinh bdn cd viec diu de'n ldm le cdu biet vdo chudng, cdi dudi ve nhd vda di xin cdc vi phu hg cho gia dinh mgnh khoe vda ve vdy Tdi de'n trdu biet ve nhd, biet ldm dn gap nhieu may mdn"^^\ vi chd ngu nhe " Le cflng ket thflc b i n g h a n h dgng chu n h a cho t r a u an la raia coi nhfl hdn via cua t r a u da ve khdng di lang t h a n g de t r a u khoe m a n h Sfl p h a n chia k h u vUc ndi dinh cU ciia ddng bao t r e n dia d a n h tflng b a n cflng cd Mdi b a n gia dinh nao cd viec nhfl t a n g ma (do dau budn ma t h a n khoc, lam le lai chem vao vach nha), cfldi xin (do vui qua raa cat tieng hat, ldi ca, chflc t u n g nhgn nhip), lam n h a mdi (mang vac due deo, hd dd keo cdt), hay a n 76 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 1/2011 ehdi khdng ve, gia dinh da chudn bi cd, trdng de di ddn hdn ve, hdn ve thi ddng di ddu nUa, hdn ve khdng phdi lo viec ddng dng, rugng nUdng dd cd chdu lo ldng, hdn vi dn udng vui ve, ddng di ddu xa ddng di theo tieng qug keu, tieng ma ggi" Sau dd thay mo ggi to: "chau khoan di hdn cbo ngudi khoe m a n h bdn T b i y cflng dgc ten cu cua ngudi d'm va xin ddi mgt cai ten mdi, c i u cho ngudi dd khde m a n h hdn, sd'ng lau hdn L i cflng ket thflc b i n g viec t h i y mo budc cho ngfldi b e n h mdt sdi chi lara khfldc d cd tay de gifl hdn d lai, phfl hg cho t h a n chii Mdn khoe raanh da ve chfla?" va ngfldi dm p h i i t r a ldi r i n g : "khoan da ve rdi"*'*' Sau ggi dfldc hdn ve gia dinh mdi lam le pd khoan - ngfldi t a cho r a n g kM da mdi dfldc hdn ve Viec ch chuyen dan den vflng tai dinh rdi tM phai cflng hdn va radi hdn a n tM cfl ve raat nao dd se tao cho ddng bao cac hdn radi nhd ma khdng di ehdi nfla Mara dan tgc ndi chung va ngfldi Thai d Mfldng cflng hdn gdra mdt ga ludc, b a n h Lay ndi rieng cd cudc sd'ng dn dinh hdn, chflng, chudi, b a n h keo, hai cdng xdi, hai cac thiet che van boa d i y dii hdn, nhflng bat canh, chen rfldu T h i y mo mdi hdn ragt so' net van boa cd t r u y e n se bi bie'n an: " xin khodn dang va cd nguy cd bien raat Do dd viec khodn khdng di ehdi nUa, ne'u di theo qug, theo diiu hdu khdng phdi anh em minh ddu, khodn nhd xem nggc, xem vdng d thi quy hoach di dan tai dinh cU theo quy md vi lang b a n dara gifl nguyen cd ca'u lang ban, bem, ddng hg khdng bi p h a vd ca'u trflc xa hdi nUdng vd'n cd phfl hdp vdi t a p q u a n s i n xuat, tdn dd cd chdu lo ldng, ddi chdu cho giao, tfn ngUdng cua tflng d a n tgc cd the dn, nhd cd gd, cd rUdu, cd xdi mgi ngUdi dfldc xem la phfldng p h a p tdi flu Ngoai ra, ddng du cd mdi khodn vi xum hgp cung cdng viec sUu t a m bao tdn va p h a t h u y vd'n khdng cd viec thi dgc sdch, rugng gia dinh "^^\ Rdi t h i y rao lay thit ga va di s i n van hda v a t the va phi vat the ciia xdi dfla cho ngfldi d'm an coi nhfl hdn da cdng ddng cac d a n tgc thugc vung ngap n h a p day du vao t h a n xac, tfl cua ldng hd la viec lam can tMe't./ ngfldi hay khoe m a n h len Cflng xong, thay lay mgt sdi chi den (hoac mgt sdi den met sdi t r i n g ben vao nhau) budc vao tay ngfldi d'm Neu ngUdi d'ra lara dflt sdi chi thi phai raang ve budc vao CHU THICH diu gifldng, day nhfl la mdt each gifl hdn ciia ngfldi Thai Ddi vdi nhflng trfldng hdp dm qua nang, theo nguyen vgng ciia gia dinh, thay cflng se lam mgt l i ddi ten (tieng thdi ggi Id ken chU) Bdi theo ho thi cai ten cu xau, m a n g lai nhflng dieu khdng may m i n cho ngfldi chu n e n thi phai ddi ten mdi de NgUdi ke: ong Vang Van Thdi 48 tudi dan tgc Thai trang, ban Na Ca, phUdng Na Lay thi xa Mudng Lay, tinh Dien Bien NgUdi ke: Ong Khoang Van Phanh 62 tudi, dan tgc thai t r i n g ban Na Nat, Phifdng Na Lay, thi xa MUdng Lay, tinh Dien Bien 4, NgUdi dich ong Lo Van dn 66 tudi, dan tgc thai tring, ban Mo, xa Lay Nua, thi xa Mudng Lay tinh Dien Bien ... nhflng dieu khdng may m i n cho ngfldi chu n e n thi phai ddi ten mdi de NgUdi ke: ong Vang Van Thdi 48 tudi dan tgc Thai trang, ban Na Ca, phUdng Na Lay thi xa Mudng Lay, tinh Dien Bien NgUdi ke:... thay lay mgt sdi chi den (hoac mgt sdi den met sdi t r i n g ben vao nhau) budc vao tay ngfldi d'm Neu ngUdi d'ra lara dflt sdi chi thi phai raang ve budc vao CHU THICH diu gifldng, day nhfl la. .. tudi, dan tgc thai t r i n g ban Na Nat, Phifdng Na Lay, thi xa MUdng Lay, tinh Dien Bien 4, NgUdi dich ong Lo Van dn 66 tudi, dan tgc thai tring, ban Mo, xa Lay Nua, thi xa Mudng Lay tinh Dien