NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI Q u a n v e d i e m c o n g c u a b d n g of c h u x a n g h i a h d i V i e t v a M a c s u v a n - L e n i n d u n g N a m • ThS V O T H j HOA Hoc vien Bao chi va Tuyen truyen C png bang xa hoi la khai niem co tinh lich sit va co hoi ham khac of cac che xa hoi khac Trong cac che xa hoi khac nhau, ngudi cd nhan thdc ve cac ndi ham cua khai niem cdng bang xa hoi, dua nhuhg tieu chi, chuan muc de xem xet, danh gia va each giai quyet van de cdng bang xa hoi khac Su khac dd phu thudc rat ldn vao hoan canh lich sir, tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi, trinh nhan thdc va loi ich cua cac giai cap, nhat la giai cap cam quyen Tuy nhien, khai niem cdng bang xa hdi ludn van dong, phat trien, hudng tdi gia tri dung dan cua nd la thoa man mdt each hop ly nhung nhu cau cua cac ting ldp xa hoi, cic nhdm xa hoi, cic ca nhan tren co so kha nang hien tai cua nhung dieu kien kinh te' - xa hoi cua mdi qud'c gia, dan tdc, mdi che dd xa hoi Theo chu nghia M i c - Lenin, cdng bang xa hdi thay doi theo cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi, tham chi theo tirng giai doan hch sit khac cua mot hinh thii So thdng 8-2010 kinh te - xa hdi nhit dinh Trong mdi giai doan lich sd, mdi hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi cd cic nhan thdc v i quan niem khic ve cdng bang xa hdi Mdi giai cip, dan tdc, ting ldp dan cu cung cd nhung quan niem khic ve cdng bang xa hdi Dieu niy da duqc Ph.Angghen chi rd: "Cdng bang cua nhung ngudi Hy Lap va La Ma l i su cdng bing cua che nd le Cdng bang cua giai cip tu sin nam 1789 la nhuhg ddi hdi phai xoi bd che phong kien, m i nd coi la bit cdng " V i the, se khdng cd quan niem dung dan ve cdng bang xa hoi neu khdng gin nd vdi led ich giai cap, ting ldp xa hdi nhat dinh cung vdi nhung didu kien vat chit sinh nd Ddng thdi, tinh lich su cu the, khdng the cd mot quan niem chung, hoan toan thd'ng nhit ve cdng bing xa hdi cho moi thdi dai, dan tdc, giai cap nhu mdt "chan ly vinh ciru" (chu cua Ph.Angghen) Mat khic, chu nghia Mac - L&mn cung khing dinh ban chit chinh tri - xa hdi cua khai niem cdng (1) bang xa hdi, nhin manh ring, khdng cd cdng bing xa hoi thoit ly khdi ban chit nhi nude, phip luat va cic the che chinh tri - xa hdi cu the Theo C.Mic va Ph.Angghen, cac nha nude bde lot khdng the tdn tai cdng bang xa hdi theo dung nghia "cao ca cua th nay"; trii lai, cic nhi nude i y cang diy bat cdng xa hdi len tdi dinh diem v i don dudng cho nhung cudc cich mang xa hdi t i t yeu se nd Dieu da duqc cic dng luan giai mot cich khoa hoc va sau sic cic tac pham cua minh Dac biet, bo Tu ban ndi tieng, C.Mic da phan tich, md xe chu nghia tu ban, dinh cao cua cic hinh thii kinh te - xa hdi duqc xay dung tren co sd i p bde, bde lot - va ket luan, su tich tu ddng nghia vdi qui trinh tang cudng bde lot giai cip cdng nhan Bdi vay, su phit trien cua chu nghia tu ban ngiy cang lam tang su bit cdng va nd khdng the giai quyet duqc v i n de cdng bang xa hdi Phuong thdc phan phdi chu nghia tu ban Ly luan chinh t r i & Truyen thdng NGHIEN CLAJ - TRAO DOI khong dua vao sdc lao dong Phuong thdc phan phdi ay la bat hop ly Nd lam cho nha tu ban cang giau them, ngudi lao ddng cang ngheo va bi ban cung hoa, bat binh dang xa hdi cang tang, mau thuan xa hoi cang gay gat Trong linh vuc chinh tri va cac quan he xa hdi khac, nha nude tu san tuyen bd rang, cdng dan cd quyen binh ding trudc phip luat, nhung tren thuc te lai ludn diin su that la giai cap tu san chi phdi san xuat, phan phdi san phim xa hoi; dd, nd cung chi phdi phip luat v i cic quan he xa hoi chu yeu Giai cip cdng nhan v i nhung ngudi lao ddng khdng the cd binh dang vdi giai cip tu san.' Theo quan diem cua G M i c va Ph.Angghen chi cd chu nghia cong sin, vdi tinh cich hinh thii kinh te - xa hdi phit men cao cua nhan loai - noi ma "su phit trien tu cua mdi ngudi la dieu kien cho su phat trien tu cua moi ngudi" v i viec ap dung nguyen tic phan phdi theo nhu ciu mdi cd kha nang thuc hien cdng bang xa hpi dich thuc Tuy nhien, cac dng da luu y ring, chu nghia xa hpi - giai doan diu cua chu nghia cdng san chua the cd cdng bang xa hpi nhu mong mudn Dieu da dupe C.Mic luan giai sau sic tic pham "Phe phan cuong linh Gdta" Vdi su phan tich sau sic nguyen tic phan phdi theo lao dpng cac dng khlng dinh, thuc hien nguygn tic niy thi mpi ngudi san xuit deu cd quyin ngang tham (2) gia vao quy tieu dung cua xa hdi hp lam cdng viec ngang nhau, dupe quyen hudng thu ngang cdng hien ngang Mac du vay, su phan phdi cdng blng dd v l n phai chap nhan mpt tinh trang bat binh ding nhit dinh, tdc la thuc hien su phan phdi binh ding tren co sd cd mpt so diem bit binh dang nhat dinh giua cac vien xa hpi TUc la phai thuc hien phip quyen tu san Bdi le, vin cdn su khic giua nhung nguoi lao ddng ve the chat, tinh thin, ve nang luc lao ddng, trinh dp tay nghd, ve hoan canh gia dinh C.Mic nhan manh: Vdi mpt cdng viec ngang va dd, vdi mpt phin tham du nhu vao quy tieu dung cua xa hdi thi tren thuc te ngudi niy vin linh nhieu hon ngudi kia, ngudi v l n giiu hon ngudi Mudn trinh tat ca nhung thieu sot ay thi quyen phai la khdng binh dang, chd khdng phai la binh dlng" C.Mic khlng dinh rang, "nhung thieu sot dd la khdng the tranh khdi giai doan diu cua xa hpi cdng san chu nghia Quyln khdng bao gid cd the d mdc dp cao hon che dp kinh te va su phit trien van hoa cua xa hpi che dp kinh te dd quyet dinh" Chi den chu nghia cdng sin, nhung thieu sot dd mdi dupe khlc phuc hoan toan v i "chi dd ngudi ta mdi cd the vupt han khdi gidi han chat hep cua phap quyen tu san va xa hpi mdi cd the ghi tren l i cd ciia minh: lam theo nang luc, hudng theo (3) (4) nhu cau" Chi xa hdi dd mdi cd the cd cdng bang xa hdi mpt cich dich thuc Qua each tiep can va su phan tich sau sic cua C M i c ve cdng bang xa hpi, ta thay su luM giai ciia dng ve quan he giua khai niem cdng blng xa hdi vdi khai niem binh dang xa hdi Day l i nhung khii niem cd quan he mat thiet vdi nhau, cd cac npi ham vua thdng nhit vUa khac nhau, song chiing khdng ddng nhit vdi K h i i niem binh ding xa hpi chu yeu ndi den su ngang blng giua cic thinh vien xa hpi ve cic mat, nhu binh dang ve kinh te, chinh tri, vd van hoi, vd dan tpc K h i i niem cdng bang xa hpi chii yeu ndi den su ngang bang giua cac vien xa hpi ve mpt phuong di6n cu the nio dd nhu: cdng blng giua nghia vu va quyen loi, giua cdng hien v i hudng thu TU day, ta thiy, cdng bang xa hpi la mpt bp phan chii yeu cua binh ding xa hpi V.LLenin da ke thua, phat trien va l i m sau sic them khai niem binh ding xa hpi Ngubi ludn nhah manh quan he giua binh ding xa hpi vdi v i n de giai cip va xac dinh day l i chia khoa de giii quyet van de binh ding xa hpi V.I.Lenin viet: "Phai hieu binh ding cho diing, hieu theo nghia xoa bd giai cdp" Cac nhi tu tudng che dp chiem huu nd le, phong kien va cac hpc gia tu san da lan tranh dieu dd Hp khdng hieu va cd tinh khdng hieu ring, mpt xa hpi cdng bang, binh dang thuc su la xa hdi Ly luan chinh t r i & Truyen thong