Nghien ciiu Ton giao Sd3 - 2010 51 TON GIAO NirAC NGOAI V d ] \ XA HOI CrA DOA]\ THE T ] \ GIAO MY {Tiep theo ki tru&c) Liru BANH'*' Q u a n he giufa to chiic t o n giao vdi sxi n g h i e p tii t h i e n Trong linh vflc boat ddng tfl thien cfla nflde My, td chflc tdn giao cd the trien khai dfldc hoat dgng phuc vu xd hdi rdng ldn den nhfl vay, cang the hien rd dia vi va thfle lflc hflng hau cua nd todn bd khdi td chflc phi chfnh phu Nam 1996, nflde My cd khoang 350.000 td chflc tdn giao cac loai chiem khoang 20% tdng sd' td chflc phi ldi nhuan, chiem khoang 30%) tdng sd' td chflc tfl thien toan nflde My, nhflng khoan quyen gdp ma nd thu dfldc chie'm 60'>() tdng sd' quyen gdp tfl thien cua todn nflde My thdi gian lao ddng tinh nguyen (thdi gian nhflng ngfldi tinh nguyen hidn gdp) chidni 40% tdng sd dinh mflc eua cd nflde tfldng dfldng vdi 2.400.000 ngdy cdng Thu nhap hdng nam cua td chflc tdn giao khoang 77 tf USD Nhflng ngfldi k m viec ma bdn than td chflc tdn giao thue k hdn 1.000.000 ngfldi'", tfldng dfldng vdi tdng sd nhan vien lam cdng tac phuc vu xa hdi ta't ca cac td chflc phi tdn giao cfla nflde My Xet vd thu nhap eua ndi bg td chflc tdn giao, vien cua cac giao phai k khdng gidng nhau, mflc quyen gdp cua Ifn dd va nang lflc tai chfnh cua giao hgi cflng khdng ddng ddu Theo thd'ng ke 36 giao phai chfl yeu cua Hdi Lien hiep cac Giao hdi My nam 1999, he phai Tin Lanh My, giao phai thu nhap tren 100 trieu USD cd 12 ddn vi, vfldt qua ti USD cd ddn vi Thu nhap cao nhat k giao phai Baptist Mien Nam, nam 1998 tdng thu nhap k ti 450 trieu USD'^' Xet ve tinh hinh quyen gdp cfla thdnh vien giao hgi, 36 giao phai dfldc thd'ng ke, cd may giao phai nhd cd so' tfn dd chi khoang ma'y nghin (nhfl giao phai Mormon, giao phai Ngu Tudn qudc te, v.v ) nhflng cac ca nhan k i quyen gdp nhidu nhat (giao phai Ngu Tudn qudc td binh quan mdi ngfldi quyen gdp 2.320 USD gido phai Mennonite binh quan mdi ngfldi quyen gdp 2.095 USD) Cdn nhflng giao phai ldn cd hang trieu ddn hdng chuc trieu vien, quyen gdp binh quan cfla cac vien tbi lai khdng nhieu, chi d mflc 400 USD, 500 USD Chdng ban nhfl giao phai Baptist Mien Nam binh quan mdi vien quyen gdp 473 USD, giao phai Wesleyan lien hdp binh quan mdi vien quyen gdp 472 USD, giao * Nghien cuu vien Vien Ngluen ciiu Hoa K\' Vien KHXH Trung Quoc Lester M Salamon America's Noiipiafii Section ibid p 151 Yearbook of American & Canaduiii Cliiirclies Niishville Abingdon Press 2000 p 360 52 phai Phuc Am Tfn Nghia binh quan mdi ngfldi k 529 USD Mgt sd'giao phai khac nhfl phai Cai Cach (Reformed), phai Trfldng Lao (Prebyterian), phai Giam muc (Episcopal Church), v.v , binh quan mdi ngfldi quyen gdp khoang 1.000 USD''" Nhflng ddi vdi sfl nghiep tfl thien ma cd ca'u tdn giao trien khai, thi sfl thu nhap cila giao hgi nhieu hay ft, khdng cd lien quan gi den viee giao hgi dung quy dd vdo cdng tac tfl thien nhieu hay ft Tfl sd thd'ng ke cho tha'y, thu nhap cila dai da so' cac giao phai chu yeu dung vdo sfl nghiep tdn giao va chi trd cho nhflng nhu cdu tri ban than giao hdi Trong 36 giao phai, phdn chi cho phuc vu xa hdi chiem ti le tren 20%) tdng thu nhap ca nam, chi cd giao phai, dd cao nha't la Cd Dd'c Phuc Lam nghi thfl Bay (Seventh Day Adventist) cd 840.000 vien (thu nhap nam k 857 trieu USD, binh quan mdi ngfldi quyen gdp 1.021 USD, dd chi dflng cho boat ddng tfl thien k 588 trieu USD, binh quan mdi ngfldi k 700 USD, nhfl vay quyen gdp cho boat ddng tfl thien chiem 69% tdng thu nhap nam) Mdt giao phai khac cd the sanh vdi giao phai Cd Dd'c Phuc Lam nghi thfl Bay k Lien minh nhflng ngfldi anh em, mdt giao phai loai nhd ehi ed 2.500 vien giao phai so' ngfldi khdng nhieu, nhflng chi eho boat ddng tfl thien chiem mgt tl le kha eao so vdi tdng thu nhap ndm, cung dat den 69%) Cac giao phai khac, quyen gdp cho boat ddng tfl thien ehi chiem khoang tfl 10%) den 20% tdng thu nhap ndm, cd giao phai dfldi 10%i"' Theo mdt thd'ng ke khac ve tinh hinh tai vu cua 62 giao phai Tin Lanh (gdm Nghien cihi Ton giao Sd3 - 2010 49.680.000 ngfldi) Hdi Lien hiep cac giao phai Tin Lanh My thflc hien nam 1999, tdng thu nhap nam cila 62 giao phai Tin Lanh dfldc thd'ng ke la 26 ti 200 trieu USD, binh quan mdi ngfldi quyen gdp 588 USD, dd quyen gdp cho hoat dgng tfl thien k ti USD, binh quan mdi ngfldi la 91 USD, boat ddng tfl thien chiem 15%) tdng thu nhap nam cila giao phai Tl le ve ed bdn tieu bieu eho mflc quyen gdp phd bien cho boat ddng tfl thien cua eac vien giao phai Tin Lanh So vdi eugc dieu tra tfldng tfl nam 1990 binh quan mdi vien quj^en gdp luc dd k 399 USD chi cho hoat ddng tfl thien binh quan mdi ngfldi k 74 USD''" Mfldi ndm lai day, khodn quyen gdp cho boat ddng tfl thien cua vien gido hgi ed xu hfldng tang len Dieu ndy cho tha'y dodn the tdn giao khdng chi cd ngudn vd'n xa hgi to ldn, ma cdn k td chflc cd tai san ldn nha't tat ca cac td chflc phi ldi nhuan d xa hgi My Mdi lien he gifla tdn giao va chu nghia ldi tha da the hien sfle miinh cua quan niem gia tri tdn giao "Chu nghia If tfldng tdn giao la ngudn gde tidm tang cua mgi dgng ed va suf tap trung cao do", vi the, "neu cho rdng minh hi sai khien bdi mgt lufc Ifldng thdn nao dd, thi hg se san sang cd'ng hien hi sinh nhieu hdn bao gid bet""'' Ngoai ngudn vd'n sung tuc ddi dao ra, doan the tdn giao cdn ndm gifl mm- Viimm^m p.327 (LUU Banh T^I gido My ducmg dgi ir 327) Xem: Lester M Salamon Amelia's Nonprofit Section, p 154 Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 1991 p 279 Xem: Kenneth D 'Wald Religion and Politics in the United States New \'ork St Martin '.v P/c.v.v 1987 pp.29~30: Strate et al Life Span Civic Development, p 452 Luu Banh Vdn xd hdi ciia dodn the ton gido My mdt ngudn nhan lflc rat phong phfl dd chfnh k nhflng ngfldi tinh nguyen tham gia hoat dgng tfl thien cfla giao hdi Trong bao eao dieu tra mdi nam hai ldn eua Hgi Lien hiep eac td chflc phi ldi nhuan Washington, cdng bd'vao thang 10 nam 2001 da chi ndm 2000 cd khoang 83.900.000 ngfldi tinh nguyen My binh quan mdi tudn lao ddng tinh nguyen gid, tfnh tdng cdng dat den 15 ti 500 trieu gid^^' Giao sfl dai hge Chicago, Andrew Greeley chi ra, 15 ndm lai day, cdng tac phuc vu xa hdi tinh nguyen cd xu hfldng tang len, ti le phuc vu xa hdi tinh nguyen cila nflde My k eao nhat tren the gidi Theo dieu tra ndm 1991 cua Hdi Nghien cflu gia tri Chau Au, cd 47% ngfldi My tham gia cdng tac tinh nguyen phuc vu xa hdi Cdng tac xa hdi tinh nguyen bao gdm cac linh vflc: Phuc vu phfle ldi xa hdi, td chflc tdn giao, hoat ddng van hda giao due, cdng doan, chfnh dang, boat ddng d khu dan cfl, bao ve mdi trfldng, hdi lien hdp nganh nghe, cdng tac nien, the due, td chflc phu nfl, phong trao hda binh, bao ve ddng vat, sfle khde ve sinh v.v Dieu tra da phat hien ti le tham gia cdng tae tinh nguyen ed lien quan vdi di le nha thd Tdn giao da phat huy tac dung khdng the xem thfldng xa hgi cdng dan Cuge dieu rieng tflng bd phan vdo nam 1992 va nam 1994 cho thdy, 52%) ngfldi My tham gia cdng tac xa hdi tinh nguyen, dd cd 28 % tham gia cdng tac tdn giao Trong sd' nhflng nhan vien tinh nguyen, 34%) so' ngfldi eho rdng hg tham gia cdng tae xa hgi tinh nguyen cd lien quan vdi tdn giao 60%) so' ngfldi dd ndi hg tin tfldng tuyet ddi vao Chua, 79%) sd ngfldi ndi hg tin Chfla tdn tai, 78%) sd ngfldi ndi hg cdn tinh thdn tdn giao 53 cudc sd'ng, cao hdn 20%) so vdi nam 1994'*" Tdn giao de xfldng hanh thien, ngfldi tham gia hoat ddng tdn giao thfldng rat de dang tham gia hoat ddng tinh nguyen va boat dgng tfl thien Theo thd'ng ke gdn mdt nfla so' hdi dodn cd td chflc cd quan he vdi giao hdi, mdt nfla sd' boat ddng tfl thien ca nhan cd tfnh chat tdn giao, mdt nfla sd' hanh vi cfla ngfldi tinh nguyen cd lien quan den tdn giao 75%) - 80% vien giao hgi quyen gdp cho suf nghiep tfl thien, cdn sd' quyen gdp cua vien ngoai giao hdi k 55% ~ 60%; 50%) ~ 60% vien giao hdi da trai qua cdng tac tinh nguyen, cdn sd' vien ngoai giao hdi chf cd 30%) ~ 35% Ngfldi cd tfn ngfldng kfnh thfldng hay tfl nguyen ddng gdp thdi gian va tidn cua cho nhflng boat ddng ben ngoai giao hdi Cho dfl khdng tfnh den nhflng quyen gdp cua mgi ngfldi cho sfl nghiep tdn giao, thi ban than sfl tham dfl vao boat ddng cua td chflc tdn gido cung mang nhieu y nghia k hanh vi tfl thien va tinh nguyen'^' Nhflng ngfldi tham gia boat ddng cila td chflc tdn giao so vdi ngfldi khac thfldng Xem Leslie P Norton Nguc)! tinli nguyen: Kc sdng tao vdn xd hgi tap chi Giao luu so nam 2000 ' Xem: Chu The Diit Bie'n sd ve sir tham gia ciia cdng ddn: Mdt cdcli nhin ve hien trgng xd hdi cdng ddn My tiip chi Tri thirc the'gidi sd 15 nam 2001 Virginia A Hodgkinson and Murray S Weitzman Giving and Volunteering in the Unitd States Washington D.C Independent Sector 1996 pp 14 121 — 131: Virginia A Hodgkinson Murray S Weitzman, and Arthur D Kitsch From Commitment to Action: How Religious Involvement Affects Giving and Volunteering And Mordechai Rimor and Gary A Tobin .lewish Giving Patterns to lewisli and Non - lewisli Philanthropy, in Robert Wuthnow Virginia A Hodgkinson, and associates ed Faitli and Philanthropy in America San Francisco: Jossey Bass 1990 p p - 1 - Nghien cun Ton giao Sd3 - 2010 54 rat eoi trgng gia tri eua viee cflu trd ngfldi gap nguy khd'n Rat nhieu chflng cfl cho tha'y, viec tham gia boat dgng tdn giao cd the k m tdng them tac dung tfn ngfldng eua ngfldi tin dd hoiit dgng tfl thien Neu ngfldi ta khdng tham gia boat ddng tdn giao thi hieu qua chu nghia ldi tha ciia ban than tfn ngfldng se hi suy giam ra't nhieu Nghien cflu so sanh cho tha'y nguyen nhan khien eho hanh vi tinh nguyen d nflde My cao hdn cae qud'e gia khae k vi tf le ngfldi My tham gia boat ddng tdn giao kha cao'"" i Bang dfldi day k mdt thd'ng ke ve tinh hinh ngfldi tinh nguyen nflde My, tfl dd cd the thay sfl anh hfldng eila tdn giao ddi vdi hanh vi quyen tang cfla ngfldi tinh nguyen Bang 1: Dieu tra thdi gian va tan xuat c o n g tac tinh n g u y e n Tai Cii Ciic cong tiic tinh nguyen Co lien quan den ton giiio Co lien quan den giao due Co lien quan den sue khoe Co lien quan den moi truong Tat ca nhijng ngfldi Oflcfcd ieu tra Nam ngoiil dii Thoi gian lam lain cong tiic tinh cong tiic tinh nguyen nguyen thiing truoc (gii)') 8.0 50,9% Nam ngoai da lam cong tiic tinh nguyen Thoi gian liim cong tiic tinh nguyen thiing truoc (gio) 100% 19,9% 26,6 1,67 52,4 4,29 16,3 0,96 32,0 2,41 12,3 0,63 24,3 1,58 7.1 0,12 14,0 0,31 Thuyet minh: Nam 2003 khoang 51% ngfldi My da tham gia cdng tac tinh nguyen, gdn 27 % sd' ngfldi tham gia cdng tac tinh nguyen cd lien quan tdi tdn giao, cdn chi cd khoang 16% sd' ngfldi k m cdng tae tinh nguyen cd lien quan tdi giao due; ta't ca nhflng ngfldi My tham gia cdng tae tinh nguyen cd 52% so' ngfldi tham gia cdng tac tinh nguyen cd lien quan tdi tdn giao, chf cd 32%o so' ngfldi k m cdng tac tinh nguyen lien quan tdi giao due Thang cdng tac tinh dd 1,67 tdn giao, cdn Ngfldi tinh nguyen trflde ngfldi My tham gia nguyen binh quan k gid gid cdng tac cd lien quan tdi lien quan tdi giao due k gid; thdi gian cdng tae tinh nguyen thang trflde binh quan ta't ca mgi ngfldi k gdn 20 gid dd 4,29 gid hen quan tdi tdn giao chi cd 2.41 gid lien quan tdi giao due Du so sanh ve so' ngfldi hay ve thdi gian, thdi gian va sfle lflc ngfldi My dflng vao boat dgng cila td chflc tdn giao cung cao hdn bat cfl loai hinh hoat ddng tinh nguyen nao khae 10 A Greeley The other civic America: Religion and socicd capital American Prospect, Vol 32 (May-June, 1977) pp - 11 Giving and Vohmtcenng Survey, Gallup Organization, conducted in 1989.1991.1993.1995 Luu Banh Vdn xa hpi ciia dodn the tdn gido My 55 B a n g 2: N g u o n goc ngi^6i t i n h n g u y e n va loai h i n h c o n g t a c t i n h n g u y e n " ' ' Tii phat To chflc Cong tac Ban be Thanh vien Loai hinh cong tac Tfl nhathd hoi vien gia dinh tinh nguyen Cac loai hinh 34,8% 12,6% 13,0% 25,8% 29,8% 22,8% Thuoc ton giiio 13,2 11,5 24.6 29,6 22,0 60,0 Thupc phi ton giiio 30,4 15,6 16,6 27,9 33,8 24,9 Thuoc phi chinh 17,2 16,5 33,7 37,7 28,0 35,2 thuc"" Thuge phu trach 32,5 21,7 18,3 34,6 36,3 30,8 thuan ldi de k m cho nhflng y tfldng td't Thuyet minh: dep chuyen hda hanh ddng td't Bang so sanh ti le ngfldi tham dep""" Bdi the', "nhflng ngfldi tinh gia cdng tac tinh nguyen tfl cac ngudn nguyen dfldc tdn giao khfch le so vdi khac va tham gia cac loai cdng tac nhflng ngfldi khdng tdn giao, cdng cd tinh nguyen khac thien hfldng sfl dung mdt loai ngdn ngfl Dflng trflde cau bdi "anh tie'p nhan de gid'ng vdi chu nghia cdng san de hinh nghi tham gia boat ddng tinh nguyen tfl dung vd hanh vi cua hg va kfch thfch mdt dau?", so sanh sdd cac cdt, tra ldi rat rd thfl tinh cdm cdng fch xa hdi ndo do, chfl rang: Nha thd (giao hdi) la mgt dfldng khdng gian ddn sfl dung ngdn ngfl cila quan trgng nha't Dai bd phan cdng tac tinh chfl nghia ca nhan de giai thfch cho hdnh nguyen cd lien quan den tdn giao k thdng vi cua minh""'" "Thanh vien giao hgi rat qua nha thd ma cd dfldc ngfldi tinh nguyen vui ve quyen hien thdi gian va tien cua (60,0%)); nha thd cung cung cap ngfldi tinh (bao gdm quyen hie'n cho cac hang muc nguyen cho cac cdng tac tinh nguyen khac, the tuc)", "hg cung rat vui ve tham gia di chdng ban cdng tac phu trach, 32,5% sd' bd phieu bdu cfl"'"'' ngfldi thdng qua nha thd ma dfldc tham Ndu mdt ngfldi k n g gieng nao dd gia chi dflng sau sfl gidi thieu cua khu dan cfl k vien giao hdi, thi vien gia dinh va bian be nhan to' ed anh hfldng trfle tiep den ti Ket luan: Ngfldi de'n nha thd nhieu, le tim viec k m , sfl dung ma tfly va boat tham gia boat dgng tinh nguyen cung ddng tdi pham cila nien khu nhidu; nha thd k eon dfldng di vao linh vflc Lflc ndy, vd'n xa hdi ma giao hdi sdn vflc tinh nguyen thfldng thay nhat Xa hdi cdng dan cdn phdi bdi dfldng nhflng hanh vi tinh nguyen cdng cdng, ma giao hdi k mang lfldi giao lflu tuf nhien nha't trien khai cdc hanh vi tinh nguyen cdng cdng Nha xa hdi hgc tdn giao My, Wuthnow cho rdng, "td chflc tdn giao tiio cd hdi eho ngfldi ta dfldc phuc vu hay ngoai td chflc, tiao cd hdi giao lflu vdi ngfldi khac, cung cap hdi ddng, sd dien thoiai, dia diem hdi nghi phfldng tien giao thdng, va ta't ea nhflng dieu kien 12 Sdd 13 Pham vi cong tac tinh nguyen phi chinh thuc riii rgng bao gom giiip mgt ngudi Mng gieng nguoi biin nao giiip mgt nhom nao thai gian ngan, diing thai gian cham soc nguoi gia hoac tre em 14 Wuthnow God and Mammon in America Free Press, 1994 p 242 15 Wuthnow Acts of Compassion: Caring for Others and Helping Ourselves Princeton University Press 1991 p 325 16 Wald Kellstedt & Leege Civic Involvement and Political Behavior Leege & Kellstedt eds Rediscoverini; the Religions Factor in American Polincs M.E Sharpe 1993 p 49 56 sinh se bdt ddu phat huy tac dung, anh hfldng eua luan If va dao dfle tdn giao khdng chf ban che nhflng vien cua giao hdi, ma edn md rdng toan bg khu dan cfl Trong thflc te, rat nhieu ngfldi My tin tfldng nha thd va hgi dfldng Do Thai ed nang lflc xfl If tdt hdn cac td chflc khac nhflng van de ma phd' va khu dan cfl gap phai Theo dieu tra cua Gallup, 57%) sd' ngfldi dfldc dieu tra cho rdng gidi quye't van de xa hgi, nha thd cd flu the hdn cac td chflc khac, ehi cd 1/3 sd' ngfldi cho rdng xf nghiep thfldng mai dia phfldng, chfnh phu, dang phai chfnh tri k ngfldi giai quyet "cd sfl ddng tinh va cdng chinh" vd'n de xa hdi "^' Do mgt tac dung cila td chflc tdn gido xa hdi la tien hanh giao due dao dfle cdng dan cho vien giao hdi mgt each kien tri khdng ngflng nghf, nen y thfle cdng dan, trach nhiem xa hdi eua vien giao hgi dfldc nang eao phd bien Bdi the, so vdi nhflng ngfldi khdng tdn giao, cac vien giao hdi rat giau long cdng dfle, rat nhiet tinh vdi sfl nghiep cdng fch, va cung rat vui ve san sang tham gia boat ddng tinh nguyen Giao due dao dfle cua td chflc tdn giao dfldc the hien dfldi hinh thflc giao huan ran day tdn giao, hinh thflc dnh hfldng trfle tie'p den hanh vi mdi ngfldi Sfl giao huan chi bdo dfl khdng hoan toan bat huge phai thfle hien, nhflng van cd tac dung quan trgng hfldng dan h a n h vi the he tre Neu mgi ngfldi deu cam n h a n sfl anh hfldng eua tdn giao dd'i vdi thai cua mdi ngfldi, thi giao hud'n ran day eua tdn giao se sdn sinh anh hfldng triic tiep dd'i vdi sfl hinh mdt xa hgi tran ngap tinh Nghien cihi Ton giao Sd3 - 20J^ yeu thfldng Ket qua tao cd sd dao dfle cho tfnh hdp phap hdp If nhflng boat ddng xa hgi cua td chflc tdn giao, vd cdn cho phep ngfldi ta tap hdp doan kdt vdi nhflng ngfldi cd eflng sfl nghiep vdi m.inh Ldi rdn, giao huan eila tdn giao khdng ehi bdi dfldng mdi quan he tfldng hd cdng chfnh gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi, ma edn khfch le ngfldi ta thufc hien nhflng giao huan va nguyen tac ddi sd'ng thfldng nhat Khi giao hgi ket hdp vd'n xa hgi to ldn cila td chflc tdn giao vdi sfl giao huan ran bdo cua tdn giao, sfl cd vu khfch le cd mdt sfle manh tiem tang lau dai va thieng lieng n h a t dinh O ngoai giao hgi, cae td chflc khac rat khd k m dfldc dieu nay, rat khd thflc h a n h mdt each kien dinh y tfldng hien dang eho sfl nghiep tfl thien cdng fch, cung rat ft de xua't viec "chdm sde va yeu thfldng ngfldi xung quanh" Ndi chung, dao dfle xa hdi cua nflde My khdng he ehu trfldng lay dao dfle tdn giao lam nggn cd, nhflng ddi sd'ng thfle te', cdng chung My tfl rat sdm da coi "giup dd khd khan" va "yeu thfldng chdm sde" la gia tri cua tdn giao'"^' Giup dd khd khdn hdu nhfl da trd sfl mong mdi cua mgi ngfldi ddi vdi giao hdi Hai bang dfldi day se the hien rd sfl anh hfldng cua tdn giao dd'i vdi tfn dd viec quyen tang 17 Emerging Trends Churches Rated Best Able to" Deal with Local Community Problems (December 1990) pp.3~4 18 N Ammerman Congregahon and Community Rutgers University Press, 1997 p 367 Luu Banh Vdn xd hoi ctia dodn the ton gido My 57 Bang 3: So s a n h m o thiifc quyen gop cua vien giao hoi va vien ngoai giao hoi'^'^' 1989 1991 1993 1995 Ti le gia dinh quyen gop cho cac loai tir thien Thanh vien giao hgi Thanh vien ngoai giiio hgi Ti le gia dinh quyen gop cho loai tir thien phi ton giao Thanh vien giao hgi Thanh vien ngoai giiio hgi So tien quyen gop lam tir thien phi ton giao ciia moi ho hang nam Thiinh vien giiio hpi Thanh vien ngoai giiio hoi Thuyet minh: Mae dfl thdi gian tfl 1993 ddn 1995 mgi ngfldi (bao gdm cd vien vd ngoai giao hdi) ti le quyen gdp cho suf nghiep tfl thien cd tha'p, nhflng tl le quyen gdp cila vien giao hdi ludn ludn dn dinh va cao hdn vien ngoai giao hdi (20-25%i) 77% 55% 76%55%' 78% 54% 71% 49% 57% 52% 59% 52% 58% 50% 53% 47% $278 $265 $242 $257 $255 $190 $189 $208 Tl le quyen gdp tfl thien cd tfnh chat phi tdn giao eua vien giao hdi cac ndm deu cao hdn eac vien ngoai giao hdi (5-7%o) So'Ifldng tien quyen gdp tfl thien cd tfnh chat phi tdn giao cua vien giao hdi cung eao hdn eac vien ngoai giao hdi, nhfl nam 1995, cao hdn khodng 20% ($257 so vdi $208) Bang 4: Ti' le thu nhap gia dinh quyen gop tii thien phi ton giao cua vien va ngoai giao hoi, nam 1995'"" To chflc ton giao Thu nhap gia dinh nam 1995 $75-99999 >$100000 $20-39999 $40-74999 < $20000 Thanh vien giiio hgi $700 $1490 $160 $350 $70 Thanh vien ngoai giiio $275 $690 $1150 $140 $25 hoi Tile% 280% 114% Thuyet minh; Cho du tinh trang thu nhap gia dinh nhfl the nao, tf le va so' Ifldng quyen gdp cho boat ddng tfl thien phi tdn giao cfla vien giao hgi deu khdng tha'p hdn cac vien ngoai giao hdi, cac gia dinh thu nhap thap va thu nhap cao, thi deu cao hdn rd ret so vdi cac vien ngoai giao hdi (280%) va 130%) 127% 101% 130% Bdng tren da so sanh md thflc quyen gdp cfla thdnh vien giao hdi Nhflng tren thflc te, "thfch k m didu td't, hay k m viec thien" vd'n khdng phai la bdn ndng cua ngfldi, ma nd k quy pham dao dfle cd dfldc qua t r i n h quan sat va giao 19 Giving Organization, 20 Giving Organization, and \'oliinteering Survey Gallup conducted in 1989.1991.1993.1995 and Volunteering Survey Gallup conducted in 1995 Nghien CUU ' Ton giao Sd3 - 20101 58 tiep xii hdi eua ngfldi'''" Day chfnh k tac d u n g cua giao h u a n ran day cua tdn giao Ta't ca cac tdn giao chu ye'u ddu nha'n m a n h t r a c h n h i e m t a p the ddi vdi ldi fch cua ngfldi k h a c va cdng If xa hdi, ddu cd mgt h e thd'ng nhflng quy tac va cd ehe de giup dd t h a nhan''"' Ne'u hdi mdt dd tai lai thfch giup dd ngfldi k h a c , cau t r a ldi thfldng k ddng cd cua hg xua't p h a t tfl ldi keu ggi cua tdn giao va t h d n g tin m a giao If t r u y d n dat Nhflng giao h u a n r a n day cua tdn giao can phai cd vd'n xa hdi k m t h e c h u y e n tai neu k h d n g cd vd'n xa hdi dufdc xdy dflng t r e n khai niem tfl each t h a n h vien thi giao hdi k h d n g t h e nao n e u r a dfldc tfnh cdng chfnh de kiem n g h i e m tfn ngfldng, k h d n g t h e nao dem sfl m e n h cua ca n h a n k e t hdp vdi n h u cdu cila xa hdi, k h d n g t h e nao xay dting dfldc cd ehe chd'ng xdi mdn dao dfle cua h a n h vi ca n h a n Bdi vay, b o a t ddng tfl t h i e n cdn phdi dfla vao giao h u a n r a n day cua td chflc tdn giao ddi vdi ngfldi, ddng thdi cung k h d n g the tach rdi khdi vd'n xa hdi cua tdn giao Cdn vdi cac td chflc phi chfnh p h u khac, hg c u n g cd vd'n xa bdi cfla m i n h nhflng h i e u q u a ddng vien q u d n c h u n g t h a m gia b o a t ddng xa hdi k e m bdn tac ddng cua vdn xa hdi m a tdn giao h u y ddng, bieu hien c h u yeu d may diem sau: Tha nhd't, vd'n xa hdi dfldc h i n h t h a n h tfl If tdn giao ve m a t sd' Ifldng vfldt xa vd'n xa bdi dfldc hinh tfl cac phfldng thflc k h a e "U'dc tfnh sd bd, gdn nfla t h a n h vien cac td chflc d nflde My k thudc vao td chflc tdn giao, mgt nfla so' b d n h vi tfl t h i e n ca n h a n thudc vd If tdn giao, mdt nfla so' h a n h vi tinh n g u y e n ed bdi c a n h tdn giao"'"'' Day k didu m a ba't cfl mgt td chflc n a o k h a e t r o n g xa hdi My k h d n g t h e so s a n h dfldc Tha hai, viee cdng d a n t h a m gia boat ddng t r e n ed sd If tdn giao, t h i hieu qua cfla nd r a t lau dai Didu n a y la tieu c h u a n gia tri m a ngfldi t a d a n h gia sfl vat k k h d n g gid'ng n h a u Nhflng ngfldi d ngoai tdn giao t h i xua't p h a t tfl gdc If tfnh va c h u n g h i a cdng ldi de xem xet van | de, hg ehi d u n g tieu c h u a n "tfnh hieu • q u a " de d a n h gia b o a t ddng t h a m gia cua cdng d a n Nhfl vay, mdt p h a t hien suf nd lflc cua m i n h k h d n g cd hieu qud, hoac cd t h e d a t de'n dfch b a n g phfldng thflc k h a c , ngfldi ta se ngd t h e o hfldng khdng nd lufc nfla T r a i ngfldc vdi dieu nay, ngfldi tfn dd tdn giao k h d n g lay viec co t h a n h cdng h a y k h d n g k m tieu chuan, hg t r u n g thfle vdi ldi hfla, ldi mdi ggi va quan diem gia tri tfn ngfldng cua m i n h Vi the ngfldi c a n g thfldng x u y e n di n h a thd cang sdn s a n g t h a m gia cdng t a c t i n h nguyen hdn ngfldi k h d n g thfldng x u y e n di nha thd, k i e n t r i tien h a n h q u y e n gdp tfl thien va t h a m gia b o a t dgng cdng d a n khac Tha ba, p h a m vi c a n g rdng Tdn giao khfch le mgi ngfldi tfch cufc giao lflu tiep xflc vdi n h a u ba't k e tiep xue dd cd mang k l ldi fch h a y k h d n g Khi tdn giao mudn t r u y e n d a t mgt q u a n n i e m gia tri, no k h d n g h e tfnh d e n ed t h e m a n g lai tfl ldi cho ca n h a n h a y k h d n g Cdi m a tdn giao chu t r g n g la mflc tfn ngfldng cila ngfldi X u a t p h a t tfl t r u y e n b a tin ngfldng va q u a n n i e m gia tri, ngfldi t a cd t h e thflc 21 A Keith - Lucas Giving and Taking Help Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1972 22 E L Queen The Religions Roots of Philanlliropy in the West: hidaism, Christianity, and Islam Indianapolis: hidiana University Center on Philanthropy Working Paper 1996 23 R D Putnam Bowling Alone The collapse mid Revival cf American Conimiinitv Simon and • Schuster 2000 p 66 Luu Banh Vdn xd hdi ctia dodn the tdn gido My hien d mflc ldn nha't giao tie'p xa hdi va tham dfl vao xa hdi Tha ta, gifl gin dfldc tfnh tfldng tac k n Vd'n xa hgi hinh tfl nguyen nhan tdn giao da tao cd sd hdp tac dfldc xay dung tren quan niem gia tri luan If dao dfle va tinh than, dgng lflc cua nd khdng phai d ldi fch vat chat Didu cd the giai thfch cac td chflc qudn chflng phuc vu xa hgi d nflde My vi xuat hien rat nhidu, nhflng chi cd td chflc tfl thien tdn giao lap mdi cd lich sfl lau dai nhat, k m td't nhat, dfldc dan chung ca nggi nhat Cdng chung va truyen thdng My (cd thfldng cung bao gdm ca chfnh phu) nha't trf cho rdng td chflc tdn gko cdn phai phuc vu khu vflc dia ban sd tai va cho rdng nd la bd phan cd hieu qua nha't ddi phd vdi cac van de xa hdi Mdt cai mong mdi ndy dfldc cdng khai bieu hien ra, nd se khdng chi trd quy pham dao dfle ben cua cac vien td chflc tdn giao, ma cdn trd quy pham dao dfle cua toan bd xa bdi Quy pham dao dfle cd gia tri hieu lflc cao k ngi dung quan trgng cua vdn xa hdi, cd the khien cho ngfldi ta cd nhflng phan flng trflde sfle uy hiep ma ca xa hdi phai ddi dien Trong cudc chien chd'ng khung bd' sau sfl kien 11/9 d nflde My, tac dung cua td chflc tdn giao lap tfle dfldc dd eao Cung nhfl vay, quiy pham ve "tham dfl vdo xa hdi" td chflc tdn giao cd ldi cho viec sdn sinh vd'n xa hdi Viec gap gd thufdng xuyen, trao ddi y kien, gay dflng ldng tin, cflng k m le cdu nguyen v.v khdng chf hdt sfle quan trgng ddi vdi sfl phat trien cua xa hgi cdng dan, ma nd cdn hinh sfl tac ddng tfldng hd td't dep gifla mgi ngfldi vdi 59 Tfl xfla tdi tdn giao vdi tfl each k "tieng ndi" cudc sd'ng cdng ddng nd da phat buy tac dung rat quan trgng cac phfldng dien thflc tinb Ifldng t n dai chung My hd hao chfnh sach xa hdi tien bd, bdi dfldng dao dfle va phdm each td't dep cho ngfldi, cung cap quy tac van minh cd bdn cho mgi ngfldi lfla chgn dao dfle, nudi dfldng xa hdi, thuc day binh ddng kinh te, tranh thu cdng If xa hdi Dung nhfl nha xa hdi hgc My, Robert Bellah da ndi: "Trong bat cfl mdt xa bdi cd trat tuf binh thfldng nao hanh vi cua ca nhan va xa hdi deu phai tuan tbeo sfl li giai dao dfle chung, tfle cai gi k xa'u, cai gi k sai Ma nhflng sfl If gidi dao dfle chung lai dfldc xay dflng tren mdt he thd'ng nhflng suf If giai tdn giao chung Chung cflng tao dufng nen quy tac van hda va tieu chudn phe phan cua xa hgi ' Ket luan Qua trinh quan the hda ddi sd'ng td chflc tdn giao dfldc tap tuc van hda va xa hdi My chap nhan, nguyen tde chfnh giao phan li, tfnh ddng cha't cua cac giao phai, lflc Ifldng giao hua'n dao dfle tdn giao va mdi trfldng sinh thai cua td chflc tinh nguyen dia phfldng (td chflc tdn giao tdn tai vdi tfl each k cd ca'u tinh nguyen bdng ddu mang tfnh qudn chung dia phfldng), da tao suf bao dam cho td chflc tdn giao tham dfl vao boat dgng xa hdi Td chflc tdn giao (giao hgi) ddi sdng thflc te' lay tfn ngfldng k m nggn cd ldn, la'y giao hda dao dfle k m vu khf, lay phuc vu k m trung tam, lay nhu cdu cila ngfldi cflu trd lam muc tieu, lap vd so'nhflng trung 24 Robert Bellah The Broken Covenant American Civil Religion in Time cf Trial, Seabury Press 1975, p IX 60 tam xa hdi ldn nhd de giao due qudn chung, td chflc qudn chung, lien he qudn chung, phue vu qudn chung, va tfl dd ma hinh va nam gifl ngudn vdn xa hgi vd cflng phong phu Ddng thdi vdi vice nay, td chflc giao hgi cdn sfl dung vdn xa hdi to ldn ma minh cd, thdng qua vice trien khai eae boat dgng tdn giao va the tuc mudn hinh nghin dang, phuc vu tfn dd va xa hgi nhidu hdn nfla chflng minh y nghia va gia tri tdn tai cua minh md rdng sfle dnh hufdng cua ban than minh Trong cai md thflc chuyen van tuan hoan td't dep ndy, cd ca'u mang lfldi tdn giao cd mat d khdp mgi ndi cd the k m cho td chflc ton giao sfl dung cufc ki hieu qua vd'n xa hdi cai bien ngfldi rdng ldn dn ao tfldng nhfl khdng ed trat tfl ay, dfla nhflng phan flng nhanh chdng trflde cac loai van de xa hdi, dd bao gdm ca vdn dd chfnh tri Nguyen nhan khien cho cdng ndng xa hdi cua td chflc tdn giao My vfldt xa cae nflde khac, ngoai nguyen tde tuf tfn ngfldng tdn giao va chfnh Nghien ciiu Ton giao Sd3 - 2010 giao phan li dfldc phap luat bdo hd ra, mdt nguyen nhan quan trgng khac chinh k d chd tdn tai mgt mang lfldi xa hgi van hanh rat td't va khdng d dau khdng co, dfldc hinh md'i lien he hang ngang rdng ldn gifla giao hgi vdi tin dd Trong mdt qud'e gia nhfl nflde My, vd'n ehu yeu k dan di cfl, quan he chung too phfle tap, boi canh lich suf va van hda rat khae biet, de cao chu nghia ca nhan va tti canh tranh, cac loai quyen ldi ddi lap gay gdt, van dd xa hdi day day, td chflc tdn giao dfla vao ngudn vdn xa hgi khdng ngflng tdng trfldng, dflng d tuyen ddu viee thda man nhu cdu cd ban cua mgi ngufdi, hai hda mau thuan xa hgi, phat buy tac dung tfl dieu tiet gifl gin an toan xa hdi, tao cd sd thuan ldi cho sfl dn dinh va phat trien cua xa hgi nflde My / Ngirfli djeh: Trdn Nghia Phuang Vien Nghien curu Ton giao