DIEN DAN GIAO DUG TAC DONG CUA GIAO DUC, DAO TAO DEN VAN HOA, LOI SONG DO THI HIEN NAY ThS PHAN VAN TRINH* Van hda, loi sdng va vai trd cua giao due van kinh te -xdhdi nhdt dinh vd bieu hi^n tren cdc llnh vuc hda ldi sdng qua trinh dd thi hda eua ddi sdng: lao ddng vd hudng thu, qua Con ngubi la mdt the thd'ng nha't giua ye'u to vat he giua ngudi vdi ngudi, sinh hoat tinh thdn v chi't vi ye'u td tinh than, viec giio due, dao tao de vdnhda phit trie'n ngubi bao gdm hai mat Mat sinh hpc la Vin hda, ldi sd'ng cua ngudi khdng tach rbi xi sir phit trie'n ea ning, the luc va mat hinh thai tinh hdi, xi hpi che' ude su tdn tai eua vin hda, ldi sdng than la sir ting trudng ve tri thirc vin hda, khoa hpc, Trong qui trinh lao ddng san xui't, de sinh tdn eon pha'm chi't dao due, Id'i sd'ng Chi nao cac mat dd ngudi cung tao dung nen nhiing net vin hda, ldi dupe chim lo mpt cich diing din thi ngubi mdi sd'ng chung, cpng ddng va cic quan he xi hdi khic Xi phat trie'n toan dien va tu dd mdi gdp phan thiie di'y hdi cang phit trie'n thi cic boat ddng vin hda, ldi sd'ng sir tie'n bd xa hdi Ciing nhu vay, mud'n hinh thanh, cing phong phii, da dang, bie'n dd'i theo sir Men dd'i bie'n dd'i vin hda va ldi sd'ng dd thi thi nha't dinh phai cua cac quan he xi hpi dura vao giio due va dio tao Van hda, ldi sd'ng la mpt thdi quen ed dinh hudng, Cho de'n nay, vin hda, ldi sd'ng dupetie'pcan bing la phuong cich the Men td'ng hop ti't ca cie die trung nhieu each khic va chua cd sir tuong ddng Tuy sd'ng eiia mdt ngudi hay mdt edng ddng Ldi sd'ng la vay, d nude ta cic nha khoa hpc cung di dua mpt tieu chi dau tien, the hien chi't lupng vin hda va tri dinh nghia ve vin hda ldi sd'ng nhu sau: Ldi sd'ng Id tue eua mpt eon ngubi, mdt cdng ddng Vin hda, ldi mot pham tru vdn hda - xd hdi hoc khdi qudt todn bo sd'ng la nhung cich thuc, phep tie to chuc, dieu khien hoat ddng sdng cua cde ddn tdc, cdc giai cdp, cdc nhdm dbi sd'ng ea nhin, edng ddng din eudi dupe thtra nhan xd hoi, cdc ed nhdn dieu kien eua mot hinh thdi rpng rii va trd thdi quen Vin hda, ldi sd'ng bao gdm nhieu ye'u td ca'u nhu cich thiic giao tiep, ling xu cie quan he: lao ddng san xua't, * Hoc vien Chfnh tn - Hanh chfnh khu vue III 92 DIEN DANGIAO DUC tieu dimg; giiia eic vien xa hdi, cac phong loai bd, dd'i mdi de phii hpp vdi xu the mdi Cai can dupe giu gin, giio due la ldi sd'ng trpng tinh, truyen tue tip quan; quan niem ve dao due va nhin each Vin hda, ldi sd'ng tdn tai qua thbi gian, dupe luu thd'ng yeu nude, yeu que huong tha thiet, la due hy truyen tir the'he sang the'he khic Tu dd, vin hda, sinh, tinh than can cii sing tao, la nhung gii tri vat ldi sdng thi'm sau vao ttmg cdng ddng dan cu, trdthanh chi't vatinhthan thudc ve di san vin hda din tdc nhu ban sic rieng, ed't cichriengciia mdi dan tpc, mdi qudc cac lan dieu dan ea, eic mdn in am thue, trang phuc, gia Bdi vay, vin hda, ldi sd'ng thudng mang tinh ke cic loai hinh kie'n triic din gian, cic di tich lich sir vin thira, tinh din tpc Tinh kethua la sirtrao truyen tudbi hda Cii can loai bd la ldi sd'ng qua loa, dai khii, hep qua dbi khic, tinh din tdc la ban sac vin hda ciia hbi, cue bd dia phuong, cao bing, ich ky, ken cua, ganh cpng ddng qudc gia, din tdc dd Va nhuvay, vin hda, ldi ty, bao thii, tri tre Ldi sd'ng dd hoan toan xa la vdi ldi sdng cung tdn tai, cung phat trie'n, hdi nhip vdi qui sd'ng mang tinh nhin vin, khoa hpc, ning ddng, Hnh trinh dd thi hda tao Id'i sd'ng dd thi boat, dim nghi dim lim eua vin minh dd thi C.Mie di tiing canh bao: Phit trien vin minh ma Ddi vdi Dang va Nhi nude ta ludn cho ring: "Cung khdng lay van hda, ldi sd'ng lam dinh hudng thi se bie'n vdi khoa hoc vd cdng nghe, giao due vd ddo tq,o Id phia sau hoang mac Nhung bao tdn vin hda, sdeh hdng ddu Dd Id mot ddng luc thuc ddy vd Id m ldi sd'ng truyen thd'ng ma khdng ehii trpng de'n phit dieu kien ca bdn bdo dam viec thuc hien nhung mu trie'n dd thi theo hudng van minh, Men dai thi ra't di tieu kinh te-xd hoi, xdy dung vd bdo ve ddt nude" D v(A vaotinhtrang bao thu, tri tre va lac hau Bdi vay, la each dit van de hoin toan mang tinh khoa hpc, van hda, ldi sd'ng va phit trie'n dd thi vin minh, Men mang y nghia nhan vin dai phai dupe eoi la hai ngubi ban ddng hanh bo trp Trude diy, giao due va dao tao di hoan xui't cho nirdc ta, nhiing nim gan day di sac nhiem vu hudng mpi ngubi dan di'u tranh phit trie'n nhanh qui trinh dd thi hda Qui trinh dd giinh ddc lip, thd'ng nha't To qud'e Muc tieu la xay din de'n nhieu vi'n de dit ra, dd giai quye't nhu dung nhung eon ngudi yeu nude, cd trinh dp vin hda, the'nao ve mdi quan he giua vin hda, ldi sd'ng va dd sin sing chien di'u theo ly tudng "Khdng cdgi quy han thi hda? Thuc tien cho thi'y, di ed suliing tiing giiia doc lap, tu do" Vdi Ibng khit khao ve mdt nude Viet bao tdn va phit trie'n, giiia vin hda, ldi sd'ng va su- Nam ngudi Viet Nam lim chii, tu lira chpn phat trie'n eiia dd thi hda dudng phat trie'n cua minh, dem lai cude sd'ng am no, Ndi de'n giio due vin hda, ldi sd'ng dd thi, thue chit tu do, hanh phtic cho nhin dan la de cap de'n viee bao tdn dupe cac gia tri van hda Trong nhiing nim dd'i mdi, nen giio due ciia chiing ddi sdng dd thi, qua trinh dd thi hda ndng thdn, ta dat dupe nhieu tuu, cd nhung budetiending thi dan hda ndng dan phai giai quye't hii hba giua khieh le, nhung vin chtra dip ung dupe yeu cau thue phat trie'n dd thi vdi vin hda, ldi sd'ng truyen thd'ng tiin cude sd'ng, chua dat nhieu ke't qua giao due Lam the nao de vin hda, ldi sd'ng vtra la ddng lire, be nhin vin, giio due lam ngudi Nen giao due cua nMeu dd vua la dinh hudng, la nen tang cua qui trinh edng nude Men dang cd xu hudng tap trung vio viec giio nghiep hda Men dai hda dd thi Tuyet nhien, khdng due ve su phit trie'n cdng nghe va y thirc ky tri cua eon nhan danh bao tdn vin hda, ldi sd'ng de can trd su ngubi Dieu dd la mdt sir can thie't, nhung se cheeh phit trie'n cua dd thi, cung khdng -vi dd thi hda ma phi hudng neu khdng chii y de'n nhin tri, de'n vin hda, dao vd vin hda, ldi sd'ng truyen thd'ng Dieu dd, can cd tinh due, ldi sd'ng dinh hudng cua cdng tic giio due va dao tao Cdng cude dd'i mdi mud'n cdng, can phai gin Anh hudng cua giao due va dao tao den van giu, phat trien nen vin hdatientien,dam di ban sic hoa, Idi sdng ciia cu dan thi nude ta hien dan tdc, ddng thbi phai tao lip mdt nen van hda, ldi Ndi den giio due van hda, ldi sd'ng khdng cd nghia sd'ng thi din lanh manh De xay dung vin hda va Id'i chi la giii gin, be nguyen khudn mau vin hda, ldi sd'ng sd'ng dd thi lanh manh dbi hdi mdt he thd'ng giao due ciia dng cha de lai vao xa hdi Men dai ma phai biet tuong ung Phuong thue giio due mdi phai thie't thirc, phan loai, xac dinh nhirng gi thupe ve gii tri truyen cd hieu qua va mang tinh nhan vin thd'ng can dupe luu giir, phat trie'n, nhirng gi can phai Trong dieu Men Men dbi hdi giao due va dao 93 DIEN DAN GIAO DUC tao khdng don thuan chi tao mdt dpi ngu chuyen dupe sd'ng d dd thi bie't tdn trpng phip Mat, cd y thuc gia, edng nhan lanh nghe ma phai tao nhung eon tu giac cao ting xu, dd chinh la sir bieu Men cua ngubi cd hpc vi'n, ed vin hda, cd dao due, ldi sd'ng dep van hda, ldi sd'ng vin minh dd thi Mot sd van de can quan tam xay dung Nhiem vu dd'i mdi, cai cich giio due va dao tao khdng bao gid dupe eoi nhe ye'u td vin hda, ldi sdng Bdi, giio van hda, ldi sdng dd thi hien Giio due, dao tao xiy dung vin hda, ldi sdng dd thi due va dao tao la tdquan trpng ciia vin hda, la can tip trung vao nhung van de co ban nhu sau: sir bit dau cua vin hda Vin minh edng nghe cd the Mot la, giio due vin hda, ldi sd'ng dd thi gin lien thay dd'i va se ldi thdi, nhung vi'n de nhan vin, nhin tri thi cbn mii muc dieh eua giio due va dio tao vdi sir phit trie'n ve dich vu sinh boat, tir nha d, van Truyen thu tri thiie phai song hanh vdi bdi dubng tinh hda am thue, phuang tien giao thdng, tien nghi sinh than, vin hda, ldi sd'ng dep eho mdi edng din ndi chung hoat gia dinh Dich vu phit trien d cie dd thi khdng chi Mnh thinh quan he giiia mua va bin ma ebn bie'u vi ngubi din qui trinh dd thi hda Men nhung quan he giaotie'p,ung xu v.v Cic Kinh te thi trubng dit mpi ddi tupng, mpi mdi quan he xi hdi dudi quan niem hang hda hoac cd tinh quan he dd gdp phan tao nen vin hda, ldi sd'ng dd thi Hai Id, vin hda, ldi sd'ng dd thi thi viec sir chi't hang hda, ke ea siic lao ddng, tri thuc, chi't xim, tinh cam ciia ngubi Mdi quan he dao dtic, ldi sdng dung eic phuongtiengiao thdng la ri't Idn va ting len cung bi chi phdi bdi quan niem dd Trong kinh te thi khdng ngung cung vdi qua trinh Men dai hda dd thi Vi trubng thi giio due vi dao tao se gdp phan lam cho vay, vai trb eua giio due va dio tao gdp phan Mnh vin hda giao thdng, ldi sd'ng dd thi va su bie'u mdi ngubi cd tinh thien, tinh ngubi nhieu hon Trongtie'ntrinh cdng ngMep hda Men dai hda, nhat Men eiia cic nhin tdnay ddng vai trb eho sir on dinh, la kM nude ta gia nhip WTO, qui trinh da dang hda, da ldi sd'ng vin minh, lieh sir eua eon ngubi dd thi Ba Id, dd thi la noi tip trung du mpi phan phuong hda, Hen ke't va hpp tie Mnh te' qud'e te se tao dieu Men cho ldi sd'ng nude ngoai it nMeu tie ddng manh xa hdi, cd sir phin hda ve thu nhip, tao nen sir cich vao vin hda, ldi sd'ng eua cudin dd thi Giio due va dao biet giau, ngheo, ve dia vi kinh te, xi hpi, ve trinh dp hpc vi'n, ve viee lam va thi't nghiep Vi vay, vin hda, tao se gdp phan to Idn han che sir tic ddng dd Giio due va dao tao nhim xiy dung vin hda, ldi ldi sd'ng dd thi cung cd sir phin hda cao Suphin hda sd'ng dd thi cbn dupe hieu la hoat ddng tao eic gia di lam anh hudng de'n vin hda, ldi sd'ng din tri chin, thien, my phii hpp vdi vin minh dd thi Giio eu dd thi Dd la ldi sd'ng vira mang tinh cdng ddng vua due va dio tao, van de khdng chi la day cho mpi ngubi mang tinh ci nhin hep hbi, khep kin, sinh boat biet phbng trinh ma ebn li Met chd'ng lai eii phi vin vira cd tinh vin hda, lai vtra cd sir bie'u Men thie'u vin hda Vi vay, giio due vi dio tao cd vai trb viec hdavavdvinhda Giio due va dao tao la gdp phan tao dung eon ngubi dinh hudng cho mpi phan xa hdi nhim xiy dung mdi ed ldi sd'ng dep, la ky vpng tuong lai cua di't nude, va hinh vin hda, ldi sd'ng dd thi lanh manh nd khdng la cdng -viec eiia mdt nganh mi eua toin xa Bdn Id, vin hda, ldi sd'ng dd thi ed sir ting xir da hdi Suy nghi, quan tim den nhiing vi'n de ve giio due dang, da phuong theo hudng ngiy cang md rpng va dao tao la ra't ding trin trpng Dd la trich nhiem Ngoai quan he gia dinh, khu phd', ban be, eu din dd vi y thuc ve sir suy cua mdt din tdc Hien tai va thi cbn ed nhieu mdi quan he khic nhu quan he giira tuong lai eua giio due vi dao tao dang nim tay vin hda, ldi sd'ng truyen thd'ng vdi vin hda Men dai, - trude he't la nhiing ngudi linh dao quan ly nganh, vin hda nude vdi vin hda ngoai nude, quan he ciia dpi ngii nhiing ngudi lam cdng tie giio due va sau thi trubng ed thien hudng khach quan hda cic quan dd la eiia ea xi hdi he ung xu giua ngubi ban va ngubi mua, giira ngubi Giio due va dao tao de'ldi sd'ng, vin hda dd thi trd kinh hoanh va ngubi tieu dung, giiia ngudi to chuc ne nep, bi't eu d mdi trubng nio, it ngubi hay dich vu vi ngudi cd nhu cau sir dung dich vu Vi vay, ddng ngubi, ngoai viee trang bi y thue phip Mat tM vin hda dd thi ciing mang tinh phirc hop, dan xen, tinh tugiae eiia mdi edng din cd vai trb quan trpng Y hba quyen Ddng thbi, vin hda, ldi sd'ng dd thi cung thirc tu giic se bie'n dan thdi quen Mdt ngudi de lai tinh hai mat cua nd: mdt mat, vua tao dung 94 DIIINDAN ban llnh, ban sac van hda, Id'i sd'ng dd thi, ke't hpp giua Men dai va truyen thd'ng; mat khac, ed xu hudng bieu hien theo ldi re hoac thuong mai hda theo hudng hien dai, ngoai lai, bat chudc ben ngoai, hoac li, chi nhan manh vin boa truyen thd'ng Hien nay, tie dpng eiia nen kinh tethi trudng, sir bie'n dd'i ciia xa hdi di anh hudng de'n vin hda, ldi sdng eiia mdt bd phin cu din dd thi, nha't la thanh, thie'u men Viec nghien cuu nhirng anh hudng eiia giio due vi dao tao den eic van de ve vin hda, ldi sd'ng de tao dung mpt nen vin hda, ldi sd'ng sing, lanh GIAO DUC manh, vin minh la mdt vi'n de cd y nghia thie't thue vdi chung ta Dang va Nha nude ta khing dinh, vin hda la nen tang tinh than cua xi hdi, li ddng lire, muc tieu phit trie'n kinh te'- xa hpi Khi ndi de'n vin hda, ldi sd'ng li de cap de'n ye'u td ngubi Vi vay, phit trie'n giio due va dao tao nhim xiy dung eon ngubi mdi phu hpp vdi ldi sd'ng edng nghiep, vdi nhip sd'ng eiia dd thi vin minh nen kinh tethi trubng va hdi nhip Mnh te qudc te li dieu can thie't ddi vdi ti't ea eic nude, dd ed chung ta CHAT LUONG NGUON LAO DONG VIET NAM Tiep theo trang 40 tgc thieu sd'; ehinh sach hd trp dio tao nghe cho lao Tai lieu tham khio: dpng ndng thdn; chinh sich xda ddi giam ngheo thdng vin kien Dal hpi dai bieu toan qudc lan thd VIII, VIX, X, Nxb CTOG, H, 1996, 2001, 2006 qua viec xiy dung ke't ci'u tang d khu vuc ndng Van kien Hpi nghi lan thd Ban Chap hanh Trung uang thon mien nui; hd trp tin dung qua Ngin hing CM'nh khda IX, Nxb CTOG, H, 2002 sach xi hpi; cap di't d, di't san xui't eho ddng bao cac Quyet dinh 32/2005/QD-BGDDT, 24 -10-2005 vi ban hinh di an xay dung va phit trien cac trudng dai hpc dan tdc thie'u sd' chuan qudc gia Thuc te dnude ta eho thi'y, luc lupng lao ddng dkhu Quyet dinh 36/2008/QD-BGDDT, ngiy 16 - 7-2008 vi ban virc ndng thdn, mien nui rat ddng nhung eha't lupng hinh qui che edng nhan tn/dng mam non dat chuan qudc gia Quyet dinh sd 76/2007/OD-BGDDT, 20-02- 2007 tha'p kem hon d vimg ddng bing, dd thi co sd vat ban hinh qui djnh vi qui tnnh ehu ky kiem dinh chit luang chi't, ky thuat tMeu thdn, ddi sd'ng cbn nhieu khd khin chuang trinh giao due trudng dai hpc, cao dang va trung hoc De'n nim 2007, lao ddng ndng thdn chie'm 74,5% td'ng chuyen nghiep Quyet dinh sd29/2008/OD-BGDDTban hinh qui d/nh chu sdlao ddng xi hdi, nhung ed tdi 91,84% chua qua dio ky vi qui trinh kiem djnh chat luong chuang trinh giao due cac tao Trong td'ng sdhp ngheo ca nude thi khu vue ndng trudng dai hoc, cao ding va trung cap ehuyen nghiep thdn mien niii chie'm 90%^^ Qua dieu tra, cd tdi 60 - Ngiy 17-01 - 2008, Bp Lao dpng - Thuang binh - Xa hpi ban hanh quyet dinh he thdng tieu chi, tieu chuan kiem dinh chat 70% hd gia dinh d ndng thdn, mien nui khdng cd kha luang trudng tmng cap^ nghi theo Quyet djnh sdO 1/2008/ODning cho di hpc dai hpc Vi vay, thuc Men cic cM'nh BLDTBXH vi cao dang nghi Quyet dinh sd 02/2008/QDsieh xa hpi cd vai trb ri't quan trpng, trude het la xda BLDTBXH Tap chi Cpng sin, sd 782, 12-2007; sd494, 12-2008 ddi giam ngheo, khdng cbn ddi ngheo mdi ed the cai Tap chf Hoat dpng khoa hpc, sd4, 2009 10 Tap chfNghlin edu kinh te, sdOl, 2007; sd02,2010 thien va nang cao dbi sd'ng vat chit va mdi ed dieu kien, tue la cd ngudn tai ehinh chi phi cho viec hpc tip, 11 Tap chf Kinh tevi Dubao, sd 13,2008 12 Tap chi Con sdvi Sukien, sd6, 2007; sd3, 2009; sd dao tao ning cao trinh dp chuyen mdn, ky thuat eho 2,2010 13 Tap chf Tia sing, sd21, ngiy 05-11 -2007 ngubi lao ddng 14 Bao Nhan din, ngiy 10-8-2007; 10-9-2007; 07-03 Ning cao eha't lupng ngudn lao ddng li yeu eau -2008 dit ed tinh ci'p thie't d nude ta hien Tuy nhien, 15 BaoDautU, ngiy02-11 -2007;08-10-2008 day la vi'n de ra't to Idn, phirc tap, vay, cie nhdm 16 Thdi bio Kinh te Viet Nam, ngiy 18-19/5/2007; 9-11 2007 giai phip tren day cung chi mdi neu nhung van de 17 Thdi bao Kinh te Viet Nam ngiy 4-11/02/2008; 11-12/7/ chung, dd cd nhiing giai phip tinh the va nhirng 2008:02-4-2009 giai phip caban lau dai Thuc Men ddng bd cac giai 18 Bio Tiin phong, ngiy 21 - - 2004 19 Bio cio Phat trien Viet Nam 2010; Bio cio chung eua cac phip se gdp phan nang cao chi't lupng ngudn lao nhi til tra tai Hpi nghi Tu van cac nha til tra cho VietNam, H, 3-4/12/2009 ddng Viet Nam 18 Tap chf cpng sin, sd494, 12-2008 20 Giao trinh Kinh te hpc phat trien, Hpc vien Chfnh tri Qudc gia Hd Chf Minh, Nxb CTQG, H, 2002 95 ... thien, tinh ngubi nhieu hon Trongtie'ntrinh cdng ngMep hda Men dai hda, nhat Men eiia cic nhin tdnay ddng vai trb eho sir on dinh, la kM nude ta gia nhip WTO, qui trinh da dang hda, da ldi sd'ng... hudng hien dai, ngoai lai, bat chudc ben ngoai, hoac li, chi nhan manh vin boa truyen thd'ng Hien nay, tie dpng eiia nen kinh tethi trudng, sir bie'n dd'i ciia xa hdi di anh hudng de'n vin hda,