Pháp luật chống phân biệt đối xử về giới tại nơi làm việc ở việt nam và australia nghiên cứu so sánh

45 L U A T D A N SU PHAP LUAT TAI CHONG PHAN NOT L A M VIEC NGHIEN BIET D O I X U V E GIOI VIET N A M V A AUSTRALIA C U U SO - SANH DO H A I HA L Dat van de Chdng phan biet ddi xu, co phan biet ddi xu ve gidi, tai noi lam viec la mdt nhung nguyen tac co ban cua Luat lao dong qudc te Nguyen tac duqc ghi nhan nhidu van kidn phap ly qudc te quan ve quyen ngudi va duoc cu the hda mot sd cdng udc va khuyen nghi cua To chuc Lao dqng Qud'c td' ("ILO") Nguyen tdc chdng phan biet ddi xu tai noi lam vide, bao gdm phan biet ddi xu vd gidi, duqc ghi nhan ca phap luat Viet Nam va Australia Ve phuong didn lap phap, Nha nude Viet Nam td kha quan tam den van de vdi nhieu quy dinh cu the Bd luat Lao ddng nam 1994, da duoc sua ddi, bd sung cac nam 2002, 2006 va 2007, ( B L L D ) va Luat Binh ddng gidi nam 2006 ( L B D G ) Tuong tu, Australia cung da ban hanh nhieu dao luat lien quan dd'n chdng phan biet ddi xu ve gidi tai noi lam vide trdn ca cap lidn bang va tieu bang Bdn canh dd, Australia cdn cd mot he thdng an Id kha phong phu Hnh vuc gidi quan he lao ddng tren bdn khia canh: (i) ngudn cua luat; (ii) cac khai nidm co ban; ( i i i ) nhung noi dung chinh phap luat chdng phan biet ddi xu ve gidi tai noi lam vide; va (iv) co che bao dam thuc hidn cac quy dinh phap luat Muc dich Bai viet so sanh phap luat ciia Viet Nam va Australia ve chdng phan biet ddi x u ve ' ThS Luat, Trudng Dai hpc Luat TP Ho Chi Minh Bai viet diroc trinh bay tai Toa dam "Bao dam quyen ngudi phap luat dan su, lao ddng va hon nhan - gia dinh" Khoa Luat Dan su, Trudng Dai hpc Luat TP Ho Chi Minh to chuc 25/12/2009 Xem: Ldi noi dau Hien chuong To chuc Lao dong Qudc te'; Tuy6n bd cua ILO ve cac nguyen tac va quyen co ban tai noi lam viec nam 1998 Xem: Tuyen ngdn qudc te've nhan quyen ciia Lien Hiep Qudc nam 1948, Cong udc qudc te've cac quyen kinh te, van hda va xa hpi nam 1966 va Cdng udc ve xda bd moi hinh thdc phan biet ddi xu vdi phu nu nam 1979 Xem: Cong udc so 100 ve tra luong cdng bang nam 1951, Cong udc sd 111 ve phan biet ddi xu quan he lao dpng va nghe nghiep nam 1958 va Khuyen nghi sd 111 vd phan biet ddi xu quan he lao d6ng va nghe nghiep nam 1958 cap dp lien bang, Australia cd Luat phan biet ddi xii ve gidi tinh nam 1984 (Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth)) Mdi tieu bang va vung lanh thd cua Australia cung cd mdt dao luat ve chdng phan biet ddi xu, cd cac quy dinh chdng phan biet ddi xii ve gidi quan he lao ddng Xem Luat ve chdng phan biet ddi xtr nam 1977 ciia tieu bang New South Wales (Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW)), Luat ve chdng phan biet ddi xu nam 1992 ciia tieu bang Queensland (And-Discrimination Act 1992 (Qld)) va Luat ve co hdi binh dang nam 1995 cua tieu bang Victoria (Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic)) Xem: Breen Creighton & Andrew Stewart, Labour Law (Sydney: The Federation Press, ed, 2005), tr 385-408; lames J Macken, Paul O'Grady, Carolyn Sappideen & Geoff Warburton, The Law of Employment (Sydney: Lawbook Co., ed, 2002), tr 593-647; Rosemary J Owens & Riley Joellen, The Law of Work (South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2007), tr 346-407 th th 46 TAP cua viec so sanh nham chi cac quy dinh phap luat cua Viet Nam nhieu thieu sot, bat cap va can sdm duqc sua ddi, bd sung Can noi rd, bai viet chi tap trung vao cac quy dinh nghiem cam tinh trang phan biet ddi xu ve gidi quan he lao dqng, chu khdng xem xet den cac quy dinh ve thuc day binh dang gidi quan he lao dqng Ben canh do, bai viet chi de cap ngudi lao ddng lam cdng an luong - tuc la nhung ngudi lam viec theo hqp ddng lao ddng I I Nguon cua l u a t Nhin tir gdc dd ngudn cua luat, phap luat Viet Nam va Australia ve chdng phan biet ddi xu vd gidi tai noi lam vide cd kha nhieu diem tuong ddng Ca hai nude deu cd nhung dao luat rieng ve chdng phan biet ddi xu ve gidi nhu LBDG cua Vidt Nam va Luat phan biet xu ve gidi tinh nam 1984 (SDA) cua Australia, dd cd nhung quy dinh cu the vd chdng phan biet ddi xu giua nam va nu tai noi lam vide Ngoai ra, ca Viet Nam va Australia deu la vidn cua cac cdng udc qudc te quan trqng ve chdng phan biet ddi xu ve gidi va da xay dung phap luat chdng phan biet ddi xu ve gidi cua minh tren co sd cac cdng udc Thdm vao dd, cac quy dinh chdng phan biet ddi x u ve gidi quan he lao ddng d Viet Nam va Australia vua nam phap luat chdng phan biet ddi xu, vua nam phap luat lao dqng CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY s6 1/2010 chi cd mdt he thdng phap luat vd chdng phan biet ddi xu vd gidi tai noi lam vide ap dung chung cho ca nude, Australia lai cd cung mdt luc hai he thdng phap luat ve van dd - mdt cua lidn bang va mot cua cac tieu bang Cac k h a i niem cu ban Ca phap luat Viet Nam va Australia deu khdng dinh nghla mot each chinh thuc cac thuat ngu "phan biet ddi xu" ndi chung va "phan biet ddi xu tai noi lam vide" ndi rieng Tuy nhien, phap luat Viet Nam cd dua dinh nghia chinh thuc cho "phan biet ddi xu vd gidi" Theo khoan Dieu LBDG, "phan biet ddi xu ve gidi la vide han che, loai tru, khong cdng nhan hoac khdng coi trqng vai trd, vi tri cua nam va nu, gay bat binh dang giua nam va nu cac linh vuc cua ddi sdng xa hoi va gia dinh" Quan nidm ciia nha lam luat Viet Nam ddi vdi phan biet ddi xu ve gidi quan he lao dqng the hidn qua quy dinh tai Dieu 13 L B D G Theo Dieu 13 LBDG, binh dang gidi linh vuc lao ddng the hien trdn hai khia canh: Binh dang ve tieu chuan, dd tudi tuyen dung, duqc ddi x u binh dang tai noi Diem khac biet quan trqng giua phap luat hai nude la d chd Australia cd mot he thdng an Id kha phong phu ve chdng phan biet ddi xu tai noi lam vide Trong dd, "an Id" van la mdt khai nidm mdi me khoa hqc va thuc tidn phap ly Vidt Nam Hon nua, Tda an Viet Nam hau nhu rat it giai quyet cac tranh chap lidn quan den phan biet ddi xu tai noi lam vide Mdt diem khac biet nua la Viet Nam Xem: khoan 3, Dieu 13 LBDG BLLD cQng co kha nhidu quy dinh uu tien cho lao dOng nu nham thuc day su binh dang gidi quan hd lao ddng Australia va Viet Nam ddu la vien ciia Cong udc qudc te vd cac quydn kinh td, v3n hda vk xa hdi nam 1966, Cdng udc vd xda bd moi hinh thuc phan biet ddi xu vdi phu nu nam 1979, Cdng udc sd 100 cua ILO vd tra luong cdng bang nam 1951 va C6ng udc so 111 ciia ILO vd phan biet ddi xu quan he lao ddng va nghd nghiep nam 1958 Viet Nam, chdng phan biet ddi xu vd gidi quan he lao ddng khdng chi duoc quy dinh LBDG ma cdn ca BLLD Tuong tu, cac quy djnh chdng phan biet ddi xu vd gidi quan he lao ddng ciia Australia cd thd duoc tim thay ca cac dao luat vd chdng phan biet ddi xii, cung nhu cac dao luat vd lao dOng nhu Luat vd Quan he tai Noi lam viec nam 1996 (Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth)) 47 L U A T D A N SU lam viec, ve viec lam, tien cong, tien mucmg, bao hiem xa hpi, dieu kien lao dong va cac dieu kien lam viec khac Binh dang ve tieu chuin, dd tudi dupe de bat, bd nhiem giu cac chuc danh cac nganh, nghe cd tidu chuan chuc danh Tir cac quy dinh trdn, cd the hieu mdt each ngan gpn r i n g : phap luat Viet Nam, phan biet ddi xu ve gidi linh vuc lao ddng dupe hieu la viec han che, loai tru, khdng cdng nhan hoac khdng coi vai trd, vi tri cua nam hoac nu dan den su bat binh dang giua nam va nu tieu chuan, dd tudi tuyen dung hay de bat, bd nhidm hoac vide lam, tien cdng, tien thudng, bao hidm xa hdi, dieu kidn lao ddng hoac cac dieu kidn lam vide khac Phap luat ciia Australia khdng dinh nghla thuat ngu "phan biet ddi xu ve gidi" mdt each true tiep nhu phap luat Vidt Nam Song, quan nidm ciia cac nha lap phap Australia ,vd van dd the hidn kha rd rang qua cac quy dinh cua SDA ve phan biet ddi xu true tiep va phan biet ddi xu gian tiep Muc 5(1) ciia Luat quy dinh ve phan biet ddi xu true tiep ve gidi nhu sau: Cho cac muc dich ciia Luat nay, mdt ngudi (trong tieu muc nay, gqi la nguai phdn biet ddi xu) [bi xem la] cd hanh vi phan biet ddi xu ddi vdi mdt ngudi khac (trong tieu muc nay, gqi la ngudi bi xdm pham) dua trdn gidi tinh ciia ngudi bi xam pham dd neu vi: (a) gidi tinh cua ngudi bi xam pham; (b) mdt dac diem thudng g i n lien v d i nhirng ngudi cd ciing gidi tinh vdi ngudi bi xam pham; hoac (c) mdt dac diem thudng duqc quy cho nhung ngudi cd cung gidi tinh vdi ngudi bi xam pham; ma ngudi phan biet ddi xu da ddi xu vdi ngudi bi xam pham kem hon so v d i each ma ngudi phan biet ddi x u da ddi xu hoac cd the ddi xu vdi mot ngudi thudc gidi tinh khac nhiing hoan canh tuong tu hoac khdng cd nhung khac biet ca ban Ndi mdt each ngan gqn, phan biet ddi x u true tid'p ve gidi xay mot ngudi (i) bi ddi xu kem hon ngudi khac (ii) mot hoan canh tuong tu (iii) vi gidi tinh hoac mdt dac diem thudng g i n lien vdi hay duqc quy cho gidi tinh cua ngudi dd Ve van de phan biet ddi xu gian tid'p ve gidi, Muc 5(2) SDA quy dinh: Cho cac muc dich ciia Luat nay, mot ngudi (trong tieu muc nay, gqi la ngudi phdn biet ddi xit) [bi xem la] cd hanh v i phan biet ddi xu ddi vdi mdt ngudi khac (trong tieu muc nay, gpi la ngudi bi xdm pham) dua trdn gidi tinh ciia ngudi bi xam pham dd neu ngudi phan biet ddi xu dat hay du dinh dat mdt dieu kidn, yeu cau hay thdng Id ma [dieu kidn, yeu c i u hay thdng Id nay] da gay ra, hoac cd the gay ra, nhung anh hudng bat lpi cho nhung ngudi cd ciing gidi tinh vdi ngudi bi xam pham Tdm lai, phan bidt ddi xu gian tiep ve gidi xay khi: - M o t ngudi bi ddi hdi phai tuan theo mdt yeu cau hay dieu kidn nao dd; - Do gidi tinh cua minh, ngudi khdng the tuan theo yeu cau hay dieu kidn dd; - Phln Idn nhung ngudi khdng cd cung gidi tinh cd the tuan theo ydu c i u hay dieu kidn do; va - Yeu cau hay dieu kidn dd I I bat hap IfTheo Muc 7B SDA, cac ye'u td can xem xet xac dinh mot ydu c i u hay dieu kidn la bat hop ly hay khdng bao gdm: luliet Bourke & Chris Ronalds, "Discrimination Laws - Striving for Equality" James J Macken Paul O'Grady, Carolyn Sappideen & Geoff Warburton, sdd chu thich 5, 593, tr 611 - 612 48 TAP - Tinh chat va muc cua tac dong bat led bat nguon tu viec dat hay du dinh dat dieu kien, yeu cau hay thdng le dd; - Kha nang khac phuc hoac lam giam tac dong bat loi dd; va - Tac dong bat loi cd anh hudng den ket qua [xem xet] cua ngudi dat hay du dinh dat dieu kien, yeu cau hay thdng le dd hay khdng SDA cung cd nhung quy dinh cu the ve chdng phan biet ddi xu ve gidi tai nod lam vide Theo Muc 14(1) SDA, hanh vi phan biet ddi xu vd gidi tai noi lam vide bi phap luat nghidm cam bao gdm: (i) phan biet ddi xu tuyen dung lao dong; (ii) phan biet ddi xu vd cac dieu kien thud mudn lao ddng; (iii) phan biet ddi xu kha nang tiep can cua ngudi lao dqng ( N L D ) ddi vdi cac co hoi thang tien hay dao tao hoac ddi vdi bat ky quyen loi nao khac g3n lien vdi quan he lao dqng; va (iv) bat ky hinh thuc nao lam cho N L D phai chiu mdt su thiet hai (detriment) nao khac Dang chu y, an Id cua Australia xem quay rdi tinh due (sexual harassment) la mot hinh thuc phan biet ddi xu ve gidi tinh Quan nidm dua trdn nhan dinh: hanh vi quay rdi tinh due khien cho ngudi bi quay rdi phai chiu mot "mdi trudng lam vide khdng than thidn" (hostile work environment), va dd, bi xem la hanh vi gay thiet hai (detriment) cho (hay xam pham dd'n) cac dieu kidn lam vide ciia ngudi dd" So sanh cac quy dinh phap luat trdn ciia Viet Nam va Australia, cd the rut mot sd nhan xet sau: Thu nha't, phap luat Australia khdng dinh nghia mot each chinh thuc ve phan biet ddi xu ve gidi nhu phap luat Viet Nam Tuy nhien, dinh nghla phan biet CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY s6 1/2010 ddi xu ve gidi cua Viet Nam td kha chung chung, thi Australia lai cd nhung quy dinh cu the ve cac tidu chi cho vide xac dinh hanh vi phan biet ddi xu true tid'p va gian tidp ve gidi trdn thuc te Thii hai, theo phap luat Australia, phan biet ddi xu ve gidi tai noi lam vide cd the xay d bat ky van de nao quan he lao dqng, tu tuyen dung cho dd'n dieu kidn lam vide, tidn luong, thang thudng va cham dut quan he lao dqng v.v Ndi chung, bat ky hanh vi nao gay thiet hai cho N L D gidi tinh ciia ngudi dd deu bi coi la phan biet ddi xu vd gidi tai noi lam vide The nhung, quy dinh ve phan biet ddi xu ve gidi tai noi lam vide d Didu 13 LBDG lai chi nhac dd'n van de tuyen dung, de bat, bd nhidm, vide lam, tien cdng, tien thudng, bao hiem xa hdi va cac dieu kidn lao ddng ma khdng de cap gi nhung van de khac nhu dao tao va cham dut quan he lao ddng Thiiba, phap luat Australia de cap quay rdi tinh due nhu la mot hinh thuc phan bidt ddi xu ve gidi tai noi lam vide, phap luat ve phan biet ddi xucua nude ta hoan toan khdng quy dinh gi ve van de Can ndi rd la L B D G cua Vidt Nam phan biet hai khai nidm "gidi" va "gidi tinh" Theo Dieu L B D G , thuat ngu "gidi" la de "chi dac diem, vi tri, vai trd ciia nam va nu tat ca cac mdi quan he xa hdi" cdn thuat ngu "gidi tinh" la de "chi cac dac diem sinh hqc cua nam, nu" Tuy vay, dieu khdng cd nghia la khai nidm "phan biet ddi xu vd g i d i " phap luat Vidt Nam rdng hon khai nidm "phan biet ddi x i i dua trdn gidi tinh" phap luat Australia Nhu da ndi d trdn, theo SDA su phan bidt ddi xu dua trdn mdt dac diem thuong gan lidn v d i hay duoc quy cho g i d i tinh cua mdt ngudi cQng duac xem la phan bidt ddi x i i ve gidi tinh O'Callaghan v Loder (No 2) [1983] NSWRL Cac quy d i n h cu the 89 Phdn biet ddi xii tuyen dung Hall v A&A Sheiban Pry Ltd (1989) 85 ALR 503 10 10 11 49 L U A T D A N SU Phap luat Viet Nam va Australia deu yeu cau nguai su dung lao dong ("NSDLD") thuc hien nguyen tac binh dang nam nu tuyen dung lao ddng Song, phap luat Viet Nam hau nhu chi dung lai d quy dinh cd tinh nguyen tac thi phap luat Australia quy dinh van dd cu the hon rat nhieu Theo Muc 14(1) SDA, NSDLD bi xem la vi pham phap luat neu phan bidt ddi xu vdi mdt ngudi dua tren "gidi tinh, tinh trang hdn nhan, vide cd thai hoac kha nang cd thai" cua ngudi dd nhung trudng hqp sau: - Tidn hanh cac thu tuc phuc vu cho viec lira chpn N L D (nhu dang quang cao, phdng van va xem xet hd so); - Quyet dinh vide tuyen dung; hoac - Dua de nghi ve cac dieu khoan hay didu kidn cua quan he lao ddng Quy dinh trdn cdn dupe cu the hda thdng qua cac an Id cua Tda an, Hdi ddng ve Nhan quyen va Co hpi Binh dang (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission) cua lien bang va cac Uy ban (Board) hay Uy vidn (Commissioner) ve chdng phan bidt ddi xu ciia cac tieu bang (sau day gpi chung la "Tda an") Cu the, an Id da lam rd/bd sung cho quy dinh ve cam phan bidt ddi xu tuyen dung d nhung diem sau: Mot la, nhung cau hdi hoac nhan xet dupe dua qua trinh tuyen dung (i) khdng lien quan den ban chat ciia cdng vide ma (ii) lien quan dd'n mdt tidu chi cd tinh phan bidt nao dd (gidi tinh, tinh trang hdn nhan ) va (iii) chi danh cho mdt nhdm ung vien nhat dinh la bieu hidn cua hanh vi phan bidt ddi xu tuyen dung Hai Id, trudng hqp mdt ung vidn (i) da dupe danh gia theo cac tidu chi khach quan, chi lidn quan dd'n cdng vide bdi mdt hpi ddng tuydn chpn va (ii) da dupe hdi ddng tien cii vdi ngudi cd quyen quydt dinh nhung (iii) khdng dupe ngudi lua chpn (iv) dan 12 nhung ke't qua cd tinh phan biet ddi xu thi van bi xem la cd su phan bidt ddi x u Ba Id, neu qua trinh tuyen lao dqng, ( i ) N L D nu b i de nghi mdt muc luong thap han hay khdng dupe de nghi mot (sd) phu ca'p hoac quyen l p i nao so v d i lao dong nam tuong duong va ( i i ) su khac biet bat ngudn tu su khac biet ve g i d i tinh thi su khac bidt b i xem la su phan biet d d i x u vd g i d i Phdn biet ddi xd cdc dieu kien ve thue mudn lao ddng Ca Viet Nam va Australia deu quy dinh N L D phai dupe ddi xu binh dang cac didu kidn vd thue mudn lao dong Theo Didu 13 LBDG, N L D phai dupe ddi xu binh dang "vide lam, tien cong, tien thudng, bao hidm xa hoi, didu kidn lao ddng va cac dieu kidn lam vide khac" Muc 14(2) SDA cung quy dinh NSDLD khdng duqc phep phan biet ddi xu vdi mdt ngudi "cac dieu kidn ve thue mudn lao dong" (terms and conditions of employment) gidi tinh, tinh trang hon nhan, vide cd thai hoac kha nang cd thai cua ngudi dd Dieu khac bidt d day la bdn canh cac quy dinh van, Australia cdn cd nhidu an le dd cap van de Chang han, vu Allders International Pty Ltdv Anstee , Tda an da khang dinh mot nguydn tac quan trqng: "cac didu kien ve thud mudn lao dqng" khdng chi la cac dieu kien dupe thda thuan hpp ddng lao ddng ma cdn bao gdm ca "cac phuc l p i va uu dai" (benefits and concessions) va "cac menh lenh va ydu cau" 13 15 16 Xem: Ballarat University College v Bridges (1993) EOC 92-527; va Dickie v Newman [1998] QADT 11 (10 June 1998) Evershed v City of Geraldton (1995) EOC 92745 Nowland v TNT Skypac Ltd (1993) EOC 92509 Cung xem Didu 111 BLLD (1986) NSWLR 47 12 13 14 15 16 50 TAP {demands and requirements) cua N S D L D ddi vdi N L D Noi each khac, moi yeu td quan he lao ddng deu duqc coi la "cac dieu kien vd thud mudn lao ddng" Trong mdt an Id khac, Tda an cung chi rang su ddi xu khdng ngang bang giua nhung N L D vdi ve mdt dieu kidn thud mudn lao ddng nhat dinh chi bi xem la hanh v i phan bidt ddi xu neu su ddi xu khdng ngang bang la mot dac didm cu the' nao dd cua N L D Do dd, neu mot lao dqng nu duqc tra luong thap hon mdt lao dqng nam gidi su khac bidt vd v i tri lam vice thi dd khdng phai la phan bidt ddi xu ve gidi tinh Phdn biet ddi xii thdng tien nghe nghiep D i e u 13 L B D G quy dinh N L D phai duoc d d i x u binh dang ve tieu chuan, tudi k h i duqc de bat, bd nhidm g i u cac chuc danh cac nganh, nghe cd tidu chuan chuc danh Tuong t u , M u c 14(2) SDA quy dinh N S D L D khdng duqc ngan can hay han chd' kha nang tid'p can ciia N L D v d i cac co hdi thang tidn nghe nghidp {promotion) g i d i tinh, tinh trang hdn nhan, vide cd thai hoac kha nang cd thai cua ngudi dd Ngoai quy dinh ndi trdn, Viet Nam hau nhu khdng cd quy dinh cu thd nao khac Trong dd, thuc tidn xet x u cua Tda an Australia da cung cap nhieu an Id gdp phan lam ro khai niem phan bidt ddi xu thang tidn nghe nghiep Theo Tda an Australia, phan biet ddi xu thang tidn nghe nghidp thudng xay hai trudng hqp: Thii nhdt, phan bidt ddi xu d mdt khau quy trinh lua chqn nhan su chinh sach nhan su khdng phu hqp Chang han, vu Miller v Minister for Education , Tda an da chi rang N S D L D da ap dung mdt dieu kidn cho vide thang tien ma N L D nam cd the dap ung dd dang hem so vdi N L D nd, va nhu vay, N S D L D da gian tiep han 17 19 20 21 CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY Sd 1/2010 che kha nang thang tidn nghe nghidp cua lao ddng nu Thii hai, phan bidt d d i x u xay k h i danh gia ung vidn d j n h kid'n ve g i d i nhu vu Dunn-Dyer v ANZ Banking Group Trong vu vide nay, Tda an nhan dinh rang k h i cac bang chung cho tha'y N L D cd nang luc quan ly tdt thi nhung nhan xet cua N S D L D l a i td trai nguqc va, dac bidt la, l a i the hidn nhung 22 dinh kid'n ve g i d i Ngoai ra, an Id cua Tda an Australia cung xac dinh r i n g N L D khdi kidn ve vide bi phan bidt ddi xu phai chi duqc tidu chi phan bidt dd la g i Phdn biet ddi xii thuyen chuyen lao dqng Phap luat Viet Nam khong quy dinh rd N S D L D phai ddi xu binh dang van de thuyen chuyen lao dong Yeu cau the hidn mot quy djnh cd npi dung rdng hon tai khoan Dieu 111 B L L D NSDLD thuc hidn binh dang nam nu su dung lao dqng Australia, Muc 14(2) SDA quy djnh rat ro N S D L D khdng dupe ngan can hay han che kha nang tiep can ciia N L D v d i cac co hpi thuyen chuyen Quy dinh xua't phat tu quan nidm rang vide thuyen chuyen cd the giup N L D m d mang kid'n thuc va kinh 23 Juliet Bourke & Chris Ronalds, tldd chii thich 9, tr 623 Oyekanmi v National Forge Operations Pty Ltd (1996) EOC 92-797 Nowland v TNT Skypac Ltd (1993) EOC 92509 Cung xem Didu Nghi djnh 23/CP cua Chinh phii 18/4/1996 quy djnh chi tidt va hudng dan thi hanh mOt sd didu ciia BLL-vd nhirng quy dinh rieng ddi vdi lao ddng nu (2001) EOC 93-15 (1997) EOC 92-897 Bailey v Australian National University (1995) EOC 92-744 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 51 L U A T D A N SU nghiem lam viec, va do, can ddi xd binh dang giua nhung N L D vdi van dd Ngoai ra, thuc tidn xet xu cua Tda an Australia cdn bd sung mdt nguydn t i c quan trqng chua duoc quy dinh SDA: NSDLD khdng duoc quyet dinh thuyen chuyen dua tren nhung can cu cd tinh phan biet ddi xu (nhu gidi tinh, tinh trang hdn nhan v.v.) Phdn biet ddi xu ddo tqo Phap luat Viet Nam va Australia deu yeu cau NSDLD phai ddi xu binh dang giua nam va nu van de dao tao Song, mdt lan nua, bdn canh nhung quy dinh cd tinh nguydn t i c nhu vay, Australia cdn cd thdm cac an Id giai thich cu the nhung quy dinh Dieu dang chu y d day la Tda an Australia cd khuynh hudng giai thich thuat ngu "dao tao" (training) kha rdng va cd Iqi cho N L D cac vu vide ve phan bidt ddi xu tai nod lam vide Chang han, vu McRostie v Boral Resources (Qld) Pty Ltd , vide N L D nu khdng duqc tham gia giup cac cdng vide ciia cap trdn va khdng duqc tham du, ke ca vide thuyet trinh, tai cac hdi thao cung bi xem la phan bidt ddi x u ve dao tao O day, Tda an ly giai r i n g vide giup dd cap trdn, tham gia va thuyet trinh cac hdi thao cung I I cac hinh thuc giiip N L D bqc hdi va nang cao ky nang nghe nghidp cua minh Phdn biet doi xu ve cdc quyen Iqi khdc Theo quy dinh phap luat cua ca Viet Nam va Australia, ngoai v l n de thang tien, thuyen chuyen va dao tao, NSDLD cung phai ddi xu binh ding giua nam v i nu cac quyen loi khac g i n lien vdi quan he lao dqng Tuy nhien, bdn canh dd, Australia cdn cd thdm mdt sd an Id giup lam rd ndi dung cua quy dinh Dac bidt, Tda an Australia da chi ring "cac quyen loi khac g i n lien vdi quan he lao ddng" khdng chi la cac quyen l o i 24 25 26 21 phap luat quy dinh, ma cd thd la b i t ky quyen Iqi, su uu dai hay co hdi n l o m l N S D L D danh cho N L D Phdn biet ddi xu cham dut quan he lao dqng Ca Viet Nam va Australia deu cd nhung quy dinh nghidm e l m phan bidt ddi x u vd gidi tinh c h l m dut quan he lao dqng K h o a n 3, D i d u 111 B L L D quy d i n h : " N S D L D khdng duqc sa thai hoac don phuong cham dut hop ddng lao ddng d d i v d i N L D nu v i ly ket hdn, cd thai, nghi thai s i n , nudi d u d i 12 thang t u d i , t r u trudng hop doanh nghidp c h l m dut hoat ddng" Tuong t u , theo M u c 14(2) S D A , cham dut quan he lao ddng v i ly g i d i tinh, tinh trang hdn nhan, cd thai hay kha nang cd thai la h i n h v i trai phap luat Su khac bidt giua phap luat ciia V i d t Nam va Australia linh vuc the hidn d chd ngoai quy dinh cd tinh nguyen tac SDA va cac dao luat vd phan bidt d d i x u khac, Australia cdn cd nhung quy dinh cu the duqc hinh qua thuc tidn xet x u ciia Tda an D i n g chu y , thuc tidn xet x u d Australia ghi nhan mot hinh thuc phan bidt ddi x u c h l m dut quan he lao ddng r l t dac bidt la "sa t h a i suy 28 Juliet Bourke & Chris Ronalds, tldd chu thich 9, tr 630 Xem Williams v Regional Publishers Pty Ltd [1997] New South Wales Equal Opportunity Tribunal (ngay 19/3/1997) Xem Dieu Nghj dinh 23/CP va Muc 14(2) SDA McRostie v Boral Resources (Qld) Pty Ltd [1999] QADT (22 March 1999) Xem: R v Equal Opportunity Board; Ex parte Burnes (1984) EOC 92-112; Leonard v Youth Hostels Association of Australia (1995) EOC 92763; Finance Section Union v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [1997] 1311 FCA (28 November 1997); Bonella v Wollongong City Council [2001] NSW ADT 194 (29 November 2001) 24 25 26 27 28 52 TAP doan" (constructive dismissal) Sa thai suy doan la trudng hop N L D budc phai don phuang cha'm dut quan he lao ddng hanh v i phan biet d o i x u hoac quay r d i tai nai lam viec cua N S D L D hoac ben thu ba nao khac N L D b i "sa thai suy d o a n " cd q u y d n ydu cau N S D L D b d i thudng C a che bao d a m thuc h i e n Caquan to'chuc thuc hien Theo quy dinh phap luat V i e t Nam, trach nhiem chinh viec td chuc thuc hien cac quy dinh phap luat vd binh dang g i d i linh vuc lao ddng thupc ve cac ca quan lao ddng - thuang binh va xa h d i , ma trudc hdt la B d Lao ddng - Thuang binh va X a h d i ( " B L D " ) Theo D i d u N g h i d i n h / 0 / N D - C P , B L D cd nhung trach nhiem chu yeu nhu sau: - Chu t r i hoac tham gia xay dung phap luat, chinh sach ve binh dang g i d i va cac chuang trinh, ke' hoach thuc hien; - Tuyen truydn, phd bien va hudng dan thuc hien phap luat ve binh d i n g g i d i ; - T i e n hanh cac hoat ddng nghien cuu va thd'ng ke vd binh dang g i d i ; va - K i e m tra, tra vide thuc hidn phap luat vd binh dang g i d i , giai quydt khieu nai, t d cao va x u ly v i pham phap luat ve binh dang g i d i Trong cac nhidm vu ndi trdn, hoat ddng k i e m tra, tra, g i a i quyet khieu n a i , t d cao va x u ly v i pham phap luat cd vai trd hd't sue quan trqng, tdc ddng true tid'p dd'n vide bao dam thuc hidn cac quy dinh chdng phan bidt ddi x u ve g i d i tai nai lam viec Tuy nhien, hoat ddng dudng nhu chua duac quan tam mot each dung muc nhung nam qua Australia cung xdc dinh vai trd quan trqng cua cac ca quan nha nude vide thuc hidn phap luat ve chdng phan biet ddi x u , dd cd phan bidt d d i x u vd 29 30 CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY s6 1/2010 g i d i Thd' nhung, khdc v d i V i e t Nam, Australia cd hdn mot hd thdng ca quan chuydn trach ve vdn de cap lidn bang, ca quan dd Id H d i ddng vd Nhan quydn vd Co hdi Binh ddng, dd cd mdt vidn chuydn phu trach va'n de phan bidt ddi xu ve g i d i Ben canh dd, mdi tieu bang cdn cd mdt Uy ban hoac U y vidn ve chdng phan bidt ddi x u Ve ca ban, cac ca quan cd hai nhidm vu chinh la: (i) dieu tra va hda giai cac tranh chap ve phan bidt ddi xu*; vd (ii) tien hanh cac hoat ddng nghidn cuu va bao cao ve va'n de phan bidt d d i xu vd gidi tai nai l a m v i d e Thuc te, cac ca quan chuydn trach da cd nhung ddng gdp dang ke vao vide bao dam thuc hidn phap luat chdng phan bidt d d i x u ve gidi tai nai lam vide Cu thd, cac ca quan da tien hanh giai quydt nhidu khie'u nai va tranh chap lien quan dd'n van de phan bidt ddi x u vd g i d i t a i nai l a m vide, va qua dd, gdp phdn bao dam tinh nghiem minh cua phap luat Thdm vao d d , nhu nhung phan tich trdn cho thay, hoat ddng giai quydt tranh chap cua cac ca quan da cung ca'p mot ngudn an Id phong phu, da dang gdp phan giai thich va phat trien phdp luat phan bidt d d i x u ve g i d i tai nai lam vide Che tdi Trong phap luat Vidt Nam, che tai chii ye'u ap dung cho cac hanh v i phan bidt ddi xu ve gidi tai nod lam vide la cac che tai hanh 31 32 33 Xem: Watkins v Fryer (1995) EOC 92-683 va Freestone Kozma (1989) EOC 92-249 Nghi dinh 70/2008/ND-CPcua Chinh phu 4/6/2008 quy dinh chi tie't va hudng dSn thi hanh mot sd dieu cua LBDG Xem Phan III SDA Xem, chang han: Luat vd chdng phan biet do'i xu nam 1977 cua tidu bang New South Wales, LuSt vd chong phan biet ddi xii nam 1992 cua tidu bang Queensland va Luat vd co hdi binh dang nam 1995 cua tidu bang Victoria Nhu tren; Muc 48 SDA 29 30 31 32 33 53 L U A T D A N SU chi'nh Theo Dieu 15 Nghi dinh 113/2004/ N D - C P , N S D L D cd hanh v i phan biet d o i x u se b i p h a t t i e n v d i m u c t u 1.000.000 ddng den 10.000.000 ddng N L D chi cd the d d i h d i ap dung cac che tai dan su nhu yeu cau duoc nhan l a i lam viec va bdi thudng thiet hai trudng hop quan he lao ddng b i cha'm dut v i ly kdt hdn, cd thai, nghi thai san hoac nudi dudi 12 thang t u d i D d i v d i nhung trudng hqp phan biet d d i x u khac, phap luat hoan toan khdng cd quy dinh gi ve che tai dan su Ddi v d i Australia, che' t a i chii ye'u cho hanh v i phan bidt d d i x u ve g i d i t a i noi lam viec la cac che tai cd tinh dan su, dd bdi thudng thiet hai la che tai phd bien nha't Theo luat ciia Australia, N L D b i phan biet ddi xu cd the yeu cau bdi thudng ca thiet hai kinh te' (economic loss) - tuc la cac thiet hai cd the tinh duqc bang tien, lan thiet hai phi kinh te (non-economic loss) nhu tdn that ve tinh than Thuc tidn cho thay Tda an Australia cd khuynh hudng cang cang chap nhan muc bdi thudng cao hon cho cac thiet hai phi kinh td Cac quy dinh ciia Australia ve che tai cho hanh v i phan biet d d i x u vd g i d i tai noi lam viec cdn cd mot sd diem dang chu y nhu sau: Thii nhdt, v i d e xac d i n h m u c b d i thudng thiet hai duqc thuc hidn trdn ca sd cac quy dinh chung ve bdi thudng thiet hai Day cung la mot diem khac bidt giua Vidt Nam va Australia Theo quy dinh phap luat Viet Nam, muc bdi thudng cho NLD bi cham dut hop ddng lao dqng trai phap luat, ke ca trudng hqp v i ly ke't hdn, cd thai, nghi thai san hoac nudi dudi 12 thang tudi khdng duqc xac dinh theo cac quy dinh chung ve bdi thudng thiet hai, ma theo muc ma phap luat da quy dinh 34 35 36 37 38 39 Thii hai, bdn canh bdi thudng thiet hai, phap luat Australia cdn ghi nhan mdt sd che tai cd tinh dan su khac nhu budc N S D L D phai tuyen dung, thang thuang hoac dieu chuyen N L D vao v i t r i lam vide ma N L D da b i t u chdi v i phan bidt d d i x u Thii ba, ca k h i hanh v i phan bidt d d i x u tai nai l a m vide la mdt n g u d i khac thuc hidn, N S D L D v l n cd the phai chiu trach nhidm ve hanh v i neu N L D cd yeu cau Vide N S D L D khdng bid't gi ve hanh v i phan bidt d d i x u ciia ngudi thu ba hoan toan khdng giai phdng N S D L D khdi trach nhidm v i N S D L D phai tien hanh " m o i bidn phap hqp l y " de ngan ngua nhung hanh v i nhu v a y Thii tu, trudng hqp ngudi cd hanh v i phan bidt d d i x u hoac qua'y r d i da thuc hidn hanh v i dd v d i su thuc day, hudng dan, hd tro hay cho phep ciia mot bdn thu ba thi bdn thu ba cung cd the phai chiu trach nhidm cho hanh v i d o So sanh giua he thdng chd tai ciia V i d t Nam va Australia, cd the rut mot sd nhan xet nhu sau: Mot Id, he thdng che tai ciia V i e t Nam cd tinh ran de thap han he thdng che tai ciia Australia Che tai chii yeu d Viet Nam la phat tien ma muc tien phat thi kha thap (tdi da la 10.000.000 ddng) T r a i l a i , che 41 42 43 Nghi dinh 113/2004/ND-CP cua Chinh phu 16/4/2004 quy dinh xu phat hanh chinh ve hanh vi vi pham phap luat lao dong Xem Dieu 41 BLL? Juliet Bourke & Chris Ronalds, tldd chii thich tr 643-644 Nhu tren Nhu tren, tr 644 Nhu tren, tr 643 Nhu tren, tr 644 Muc 106 SDA Juliet Bourke & Chris Ronalds, tldd chu thich tr 640 Xem, chang han, Muc 105 SDA 34 35 36 37 38 39 4(1 41 42 43 54 TAP tai chii ye'u ciia Australia la b d i thuang thiet hai va nhieu vu viec, nguoi v i pham da phai b d i thudng nhung khoan tien khong nhd Hai la, he thd'ng che tai ciia Viet Nam khdng giiip ich duoc nhieu cho ngudi bi xam pham b d i t r u trudng hop bi cham dut hop ddng lao ddng, N L D khdng the yeu cau N S D L D b d i thudng thiet hai va/hoac t u y e n d u n g , thang t h u d n g hoac d i e u chuyen N L D vao v i t r i lam viec ma N L D da b i tu chdi N h u n g ke't l u a n ban d a u Nhung phan tich so sanh tren day cho tha'y, Viet Nam va Australia cd kha nhieu diem tuong ddng phap luat chdng phan biet d d i x u ve g i d i d noi l a m viec O ca hai qudc gia, cac dao luat ve chdng phan biet ddi xii deu ddng vai trd la ngudn chii ye'u ciia cac quy dinh ve chdng phan biet d d i x u ve g i d i d noi lam viec Ve phuong dien ndi dung, quy dinh cac dao luat cung rat tuong ddng v d i Co le, nhung diem tuong ddng bat ngudn tu tinh phd quat ciia van de chdng phan biet ddi xii ve gidi va viec Viet Nam va Australia deu la vien ciia nhidu cdng udc qudc te ve chdng phan biet d d i xu Cac phan tich so sanh cung cho thay, so v d i phap luat ciia Australia, phap luat V i e t Nam ve chdng phan biet d d i x u vd g i d i tai noi lam viec cdn cd nhieu han che' dang ke Cu the la: Thu nhdt, V i e t Nam chua cd mot quan niem cu the va rd rang vd phan biet d d i xu ve g i d i tai noi lam viec D i e m han che' cd the gay nhung khd khan nha't dinh cho viec xay dung cac quy dinh phap luat chdng phan biet ddi xii ve gioi tai noi lam viec Dac biet, viec thieu mot quan niem cu the va rd rang se khien cho ngudi bi xam pham va/hoac co quan cd tham CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY SO 1/2010 quyen gap khd khan viec chung minh su ton t a i ciia hanh v i phan biet ddi xu ve g i d i tai noi lam viec Su thid'u cu the va rd rang cung cd the dua dd'n he qua la mdt sd hinh thuc phan bidt ddi x u (phan bidt ddi xu gian tid'p hay quay rdi tinh due) khdng duqc xem la phan bidt d d i x u trdn thuc te Thii hai, V i d t Nam thid'u nhung quy dinh cu the nham bao dam nguydn tac binh d i n g ve g i d i tai noi lam vide trdn thuc te Nhu trdn da phan tich, cac quy dinh B L L D va L B D G chi la nhung quy dinh cd tinh nguydn tac K i n h nghidm ciia Australia cho thay de cd the ap dung duoc nhung quy dinh trdn thuc td', cdc ca quan cd tham quyen phai cd giai thich va hudng ddn rat cu the Thii ba, V i e t Nam chua cd mdt co che phap ly hidu qua cho vide bao dam thuc hidn cdc quy dinh chdng phan bidt ddi xii ve gidi tai noi lam vide Dac bidt, he thd'ng che tai cho cac hanh v i phan bidt ddi xu td khdng rd rang, khdng dii sue ran de va chua bao vd duqc quyen l o i cho NLD Chinh v i vay, de cac quy dinh ciia Vidt Nam vd chdng phan bidt d d i x u ve gidi tai nai l a m vide cd the d i vao cudc sdng, vide nghidn cuu sua d d i , bd sung cac quy dinh la rat can thiet Trong trudng hqp dd, cac quy dinh cu the cua Australia nhu da trinh bay d trdn cd thd la mot ngudn tham khao huu ich cho vide hoan thidn phap luat V i e t Nam • ... viec Viet Nam va Australia deu la vien ciia nhidu cdng udc qudc te ve chdng phan biet d d i xu Cac phan tich so sanh cung cho thay, so v d i phap luat ciia Australia, phap luat V i e t Nam ve chdng... T D A N SU Phap luat Viet Nam va Australia deu yeu cau nguai su dung lao dong ("NSDLD") thuc hien nguyen tac binh dang nam nu tuyen dung lao ddng Song, phap luat Viet Nam hau nhu chi dung lai... Phap luat Viet Nam va Australia deu yeu cau NSDLD phai ddi xu binh dang giua nam va nu van de dao tao Song, mdt lan nua, bdn canh nhung quy dinh cd tinh nguydn t i c nhu vay, Australia cdn cd