Sự khác biệt về giới trong giáo dục và lao động việc làm ở việt nam

NGHIEN ciru TRAO DDL VE KET QUA THl/C HIEN CHINH SACH DAN SO VA KE HOACH HOA GIA DINH dTIEN GIANG Chu Van Tuan Cue Thdng ke Tiin Giang T heo ket qua Tong dieu tra dan s6 v a nha a nam 2009, so v di cac thdi k} trude, biic tranh dan so v a ke hoach hoa gia dinh d Tien Giang da ngav cang sang hon Mdt Id, Qu}' mo dan so dang tien dan tdi sy on dinh DiSu na\' th^ hien qua ehi tieu Ty suat tang dan so binh quan nam da giam manh so vdi giai doan trudc trudc, tir 0.7% thdi ky 1979 -1999 xudng 0.4% thdi ky 1999 - 2009 va so cua mpt phu nu dp tuoi sinh de da giam xuong v a dat xap xi miic sinh thay the Hai la, qui mo hp gia dinh nho dan, trung binh co 3,8 ngudi/hp so v di 4.7 ngudi/ hp eua nam 1999 So hp don than va hp eo hoae the he song chung mpt gia dinh da dan thay the cho nhiing hp gia dinh co hoae the he Day la xu hudng phat trien chung eua hp gia dinh hien dai Ba la, dan so budc vao thdi ky co eau dan so v ang, tiic la sd ngudi dp tudi lao dpng cao ban so ngudi phu thupc Dan sd dp tudi lao dpng tang nhanh tir 76,5% cua nam 1999 len 85.9% v ao nam 2009 Trude day, v ao nhirng nam 90, mpt ngudi dp tuoi lao dpng phai "ganh" gan hai ngudi phu thupe (tre em dudi 15 tudi vd ngucri gid tren 60 tudi) Con hien nav mpt lao dpng chi phai "ganh" mpt ngudi phu thupc Trong t} le phu thupe tre em giam nhanh tir 1.2 tre em/1 lao dpng xuong 0.6 Ty le thai nghiep chung giam nhanh so vdi k}' tong dieu tra trude, tuv nhien co su dao chieu giira eac khu v uc: khu vyc thi giam xuong thi khu vuc nong thdn lai tang len dang ke Bdn Id, trinh dp dan tri ngav' cang dupc nang len, tv le dan sd 15 tuoi tro len biet dpe va biet viet tang gan 4% so vdi nam 1999 Ndm Id, tuoi thp trung binh cua ngudi dan Tien Giang la 74,4 nam, tang gan tuoi so vdi 10 nam trudc Tuv' nhien, ciing theo so lieu Tdng dieu tra thi t} le sinh thii trd len co xu hudng tang tro lai v a t> so gidi tinh sinh dang co chieu hudng mat can doi vdi HI tre em nam/100 tre em nii Dong thdi qui mo hp gia dinh nho le eiing la mot nhiing ngu\ en nhan quan trpng dan den eac moi quan he rang bupc gia dinh long leo, cac gia tri truyen thong ciing dan dan bi phai nhat Dang luu y la nhiing nam gan day, moi nam tren dia ban tmh eo tren 20 ngan lao dpng mdi dupe bo sung v ao lye lupng lao dpng, da tao ap luc V e V iec lam nga} cang ldn, dong nghia nguv co that nghiep cao Trong chat lugng nguon nhan luc thap ciing la thach thiic ldn Hien mdi co gan % so lao dpng dugc dao tao va co bang cap tir so cap trd len; gan 20% lao dpng ky thuat qua truyen nghe hoae tu hpc Con lai han 70% la lao dpng gian don chua qua dao tao Vdi chat lugng nguon nhan luc nhu tren ngudi lao dpng d Tien Giang se rat kho khan viec tiep can vdi nen san xuat eo cong nghe, ky thuat hien dai v a khong the tao cac san pham co ham lupng chat xam cao co sire canh tranh cao nen kinh te hpi nhap./ 1^ 28 CONC® \>;KIEN 11/2010 Gi&i Id thugc tinh vdn hifa.xa hpi gdn vdi viec Id nam hay nir, bao gdm cac moi quan he giira nam vd nil vd cdch md xd hgi xac dinh ciic mdi quan he Cac chuCm muc vdn hoa, xd hgi se tao vai tro khdc cho nam vd nir doi song xd hpi dup'c gpi la vai tro gidi Vai tro gi&i thay doi cd nhirng thay doi ve kinh te, vdn hoa, £ cir, giao due Cac vai tro gidi vd xd hpi khdc setao nen su- bdt binh ddng vegidi S o lieu ciia Tong dieu tra dan sd va nha a nam 2009 phan chia theo nam gidi va nu gidi se cho chiing ta mpt hire tranh cy the ve sy khac biet ve gidi, sy tien bg va thay ddi quan niem ve gidi nhirng thap ky qua cua hai ITnh vyc giao due lao dong va viec^ lam d nudc ta Khac biiet ve gioi giao due L Tinh hinh di hgc Sd lieu cua Tdng dieu tra cho tha}' gan 1/4 dan sd dang theo hpc mgt trudng nao dd (24,7%) Trong vdng 20 nam qua tv' trgng phan tram dan so tii tudi tra len chua bao gid den trudng da giam di dang ke, nam 2009 chi cd 5.1% dan so chua bao gid di hgc, thap hon 4,7 diem phan tram so vdi nam 1999 T}' trgng ehua di hgc ciia nii cao hon cua nam (6.7% so vdi 3.5%) Phu nir bi tbiijt thoi ban nam gidi ve hudng thu giao due (xem Hinh 1.1) Tu} nhien bai dudng dd thi gan a nhdm tudi tre v a SI/ KHAc BIET VE Gl^l TRONG GIAO DUC VA LAO DONG VIEC LAM VIET NAM I ThS Phan Thi Minh Hi^n Phd Vu trudng Vu Thdng ke Ddn sd vd Lao ddng-TCTK cang each xa d nhiing tuoi gia ban phan anh sy khac biet cua ty trgng chua di bgc theo gidi da dugc thu hep dang kc nhung nam gan da} Tinh hinh di hpc qua khir kem ban so vdi nhirng nam gan da} va eua nii kem ban cua nam khang dinh hai khuynh hudng ddng hanh cua giao due la sy cai thicn chung ve muc dp di hpe v a cang thu hep sy khac biet ve gidi Hinh 1.2: Ty le biit chir ciia ddn sd tir 15 tuoi tra len ddc trimg Iheo tuoi vd gidi tinh Hinh 1.1: Ty Irong ddn sd tir 10 tuoi tra len chua bao gid den truang ddc trung theo ludi vd gi&i linh 2009 15-14 20.24 25.29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-h4 (-5-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85- -^Nam -.-NO- ^^ • • "^ * ^ ' '^'"^ Shbm nil ' * Tmh hinh hiit dcjc hiit viit Ty le biet chu cua dan so 10 tuoi trd len la 94% Trong 10 nam qua tv le biet chu cua nii tang 3.8 diem phan tram, is Ic na} cua nam ehi tang 1.7 diem phan tram, lam cho chenh lech ve t\ le biet chii giiia nam va nir dugc thu hep (tuong irng la 96.0% va 92.0%) Nhin chung bat binh dang giai giao due ca so a Viet Nam gan nhu da dugc xda bo T} le biet chu cua Viet Nam da dugc cai thien dang kc ma} thap k} qua Cang a nhdm tudi tre hon thi t} le biet chii cang eao ddng thdi sy khac bict vc t}' le biet chii giiia nam va nii ciing dugc thu hep dan cac nhdm tudi tre (xem Hinh 1.2) Hai dudng dd thi ve t} le biet chu cua nam va nii gan a nhdm tudi tre va cang each xa a nhung nhom tudi tir 50 tro len cho tha} qua khu phy nu bi thiet tiidi ban nam gidi hpc van nhung su bat binh dang na} da dugc thu hep dang ke nhirng nam gan da}' Trinh chuyen mon ky thuat Nhin chung lao dgng da qua dao tao a nudc ta van cdn thap, tong sd 49.2 tneu ngudi tu 15 tudi tra len thugc lyc lugng lao dgng cua ca nudc, chi cd 7.3 trieu ngudi da dugc dao tao chiem 14,9% tdng lyc lugng lao dgng Nhu va} ngudn nhan lyc cua nudc ta tre va ddi dao nhung trinh ta} nghe V a chuyen mdn ky thuat thap Hicn ca nudc cd hon 41.8 trieu lao dgng chiem 85.1% luc lugng lao dgng chua dugc dao tao de dat mgt trinh chu}en mdn ky thuat (CMKT) nao dd Con sd na} dat nhiem vy nang ne cho nhiing cd gang nham nang eao chat lugng ngudn lyc lao dgng phuc vu sy nghiep cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va hgi nhap kinh te quoc te eua nudc ta T} trgng lyc lugng lao dgng cd trinh dai hgc tro len cua nam gidi cao hon nii gidi a ca khu vyc thi va ndng thdn Ty trgng lyc lugng lao dgng cd trinh dai bgc tra len cua khu vyc thi nam 2009 cao gap gan lan so vdi khu vyc ndng thdn nii' a thi gap gan lan nii d ndng thdn Viet Nam dang thdi kv ca cau dan sd vang Viec tan dung '"ca cau dan sd v ang" de tao ca hgi cho phat trien kinh te-xa hgi da va dang nhan dugc rat nhieu sy quan tam cua cac nha nghien cuu cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach Chinh v i va}, de tao mdt 29 11/2010CON< }\J KIEN ^ NGHIEN CLCUTRAODOL lyc lugng lao dgng v ang thdi kv na}' chung chenh lech Ion nhat la 19.3% ti^p den la Dong Nam ta can xa} dyng chien luge phat trien ngudn nhan bg 17.ro (Bieu 2.1) Dac diem mgt lan nira lyc gan lien v di chien luge phat tnen kinh te-xa hgi khang dinh them xu hudng a mien Nam cd nhieu can tap trung vao cai each va dieu chinh phu nii tham gia edng v iec ngi trg gia dinh khdng , he thdng dao tao dai hgc dao tao nghe va chu}'en tham gia boat dgng kinh te mon ky thuat hudng den thi trudng nham tao mgt T} le tham gia lyc lugng lao dgng dac trung theo lyc lugng lao dgng ky thuat cd tay nghe, ed trinh dp tudi va gidi tinh la mgt nhiing sd tin cay ve chu}en mdn thoa man "con khat" lao dgng cd ky xu hudng tha} ddi boat dgng kinh te v i nd dgc lap nang eua eac doanh nghiep V dl ca cau tudi v a gidi tinh cua dan sd Ket qua Tong Khac biet ve gioi lao dong va viec lam dieu tra dan sd va nha d nam 2009 cho tha} t} le Ty le tham gia lire lugfng lao dgng tham gia lyc lugng lao dgng cua nii' thap ban nam a T}' le tham gia lyc lupng lao dpng la mgt tat ca cac nhdm tudi Mue chenh lech t\ le tham gia nhung sd chung nhat v e mirc tham gia lyc lyc lugng lao dgng giiia nam gidi va nir gidi tang dan lugng lao dgng cua dan sd Nd dugc dinh nghia la tir nhom tudi 15-19 va dat cyc dai o' nhdm tudi 55sd phan tram nhirng ngudi thugc lyc lugng lao dpng 59 nhdm tudi 15-19 cd muc chenh lech thap nhat la chiem dan sd tu 15 tudi tro len 5% va nhdm tudi 55-59 cd miic chenh lech ldn nhat Ty le tham gia lyc lupng lao dpng nam 2009 cua la 16,2% Nguyen nhan la tudi ve huu cua phu nir dan so khu vyc nong thdn eao han khu vyc la 55 tudi va sau ve huu phy nu' thudng khong thi tdi 14 dicm phan tram (80.6% so vdi 67,1%) tiep tuc tham gia v ao boat dgng kinh te niia Ca nam gidi va nii gidi deu cd su chenh lech nay, Lao dgng cd viic Idm song mirc dp chenh lech cua nii' gidi Idn hon cua Den nam 2009 phan ldn lao dgng lam viec nam gidi nen kinh te nude ta v an la lao dgng gian don (chiem 40.3%) va nghe ndng lam ngu nghiep chiem Bieu 2.1: Ty le ihain gia lire hrgng lao dong chia Iheo gidi 18.5% Dieu nav cho thay thi trudng lao dgng nudc tinh, thdnh thi'ndng thon vd cde viing kinh le - xa hgi, 2009 ta dang a mirc rat thap van de dao tao nguon lao Dull ri tinli: % dgng cd trinh chu} en mdn ky thuat dugc dat la Clienh het sue cap bach Ipch Nai cu trii/cac viing kinh Topg ^ Nfr nam Trong sd chin nhdm nghe nghien euu (gdm: "nha tc - xa hpi so '^'"" nir lanh dao", "chu} en mdn ky thuat bac cao ", "chu}cn 76,5 81,8 71,4 10,5 Toan quoc mdn ky thuat bac trung", "nhan vien", "dich vu ca 14.0 67.1 74.4 60.4 Thanh thi nhan bao v e v a ban bang", "nghe ndng lam 8,7 80,6 85,0 76,3 Nong thon ngu nghiep' "thg thu cdng", "thg lap rap va van hanh Cac viing kinh to - xa hoi: ma} mdc thiet bi"" va "'nghe gian don"), chi cd ba nhdm nghe su dung nhieu lao dgng nir hon la "Dich Trung du va mien niii phia 3.0 84.4 85.9 82.9 Bac vii ca nhan bao ve va ban bang" (nir chiem 63,6%) 4.6 73.9 76.2 71.6 Dong bang song Hong ""Chu}en mdn kv thuat bac trung" (nii' chiem 55,8%) Bac Tmng Bo v a Dm cn va "Lao dgng gian don" (nii chiem 52,6%) Rd rang 8.0 76.0 80.1 72.1 hai mien Tmng da} la nhirng nhdm nghe cbii yeu ddi hdi lao dgng co 7.8 82.9 86.8 78.9 Tav Nguv en tnnh chu} cn mdn kv thuat thap Dicu na} eho thay sy bat binh dang gidi nghe nghiep 17.1 72.1 81.0 63.9 Dong Nam Bp Trong toan bg nen kinh te, lao dgng nii gan nhu 19.3 Dong bang song Cini Long 77.1 87.0 67.6 can bang v di nam (lao dgng nii chiem 48.1 % tong so Ca \ img kinh te xa hdi t} le tham gia lyc lugng lao dgng dang lam viec) Viec lya chgn gidi tinh lao dgng cua nu gidi deu thap hon nam gidi Mire mgt sd nganh kinh te kha rd net, cd nhirng nganh ty chenh lech t} le tham gia lyc lugng lao dgng giiia trgng lao dgng nir tdng so lao dgng eua nganh nam gidi v a nii gidi tang dan tu Bae vao Nam, Trung kha thap nhu Xa} dyng chi cd 7.9% Van tai du va mien niu phia Bac cd mirc chenh lech thap kho bai 8,4% San xuat va phan phdi dien kbi ddt nhat la 3% v a Ddng bang sdng Cuu Long co mirc hai nudc va dieu hda khdng 17,2% Nguge lai ^ 30 CON KIEN 1 / CO nhiing nganh chu }cu la lao dgng nir nhu: Hoat f j ^ ^#fc