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Hdi nghi khoa hoc ki thudt md qudc te 2010 Cdng nghiep md tien tiin vi su phat trien ben viing CO H O I X A Y D U N G C A C D U * A N K H I M E T A N M O T H A N • • • T R E N T H E G l 6 l V A 6 V I[.]
Hdi Cdng CO nghi khoa nghiep hoc ki thudt md tien tiin md qudc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 viing H O I X A Y D U N G C A C DU* A N K H I M E T A N M O • • • TREN T H E G l l V A VIET N A M T H A N TS Jayne Somers Cue Bao ve M o i truong M y Charlee Boger, Ca quan Tai nguyen dat, M y Tong quan 1.1 Su thodt metan tren toan cau K h i metan c h i e m t o i 14% h i e u u n g k h i nha k i n h tren toan cau ( G H G ) , c h i clung sau k h i cacbonic (CO2), H i e u u n g k h i nha k i n h ( G H G ) la cac hoat d o n g cua n g u d i gay nen K h i metan tao nen bay nhiet t r o n g bau k h i quyen t d i 25 lan g i o n g n h u k h i CO2 ( M e t a n to Markets, 2010a) T r o n g n a m 2005, K h i metan thoat bau k h i q u y e n tren toan cau duoc d u tinh khoang 6,407 trieu tan k h i C quy d d i ( M M T C E ) ( U S E P A , 2006a) S u thoat k h i metan toan cau da tang tir n a m 1990 va dugc d u bao se tiep tuc tang H i n h d u bao su 2 thoat k h i metan theo n g u d n n a m 2005 Theo d d , cac n g u d n cd su thoat k h i vao bau k h i quyen toan cau n a m 2005 khac nhau; k h i metan tir cac m d than ( C M M ) c h i l m t d i % tdng lugng k h i thoat vao bau k h i quyen ( U S E P A , 2006a) Fi Bi m Hinh Sir thodt metan vao bau quyen theo cdc ngudn, 2005 Ngudn: USEPA (2006a) Ghi chu: 1- Nang luong sinh khdi, 3%; 2- Nhien lieu xe cd 1%; 3- Nude thai, 9%; 4- Phan bdn, 4%; 5- Bdi chon lap rdc thdi, 12%; 6- Than, 6%; 7- Dau, khi, 18%; 8- Xac ddng vdt; 9- Lua; 10% - Cdc nguon nong nghiep khdc 7%>; Trung Quoc, A n Do, M y , Brazil, Nga va Mexico la cac qudc gia dan dau ve van de nam 2005 1.2 Su thodt metan tirmd than K h i metan m d than ( C M M ) dugc coi la k h i metan thoat tir than va ddt da x u n g quanh cac hoat d d n g khai thac m d T r o n g cac m o h a m 16, k h i metan thoat cd t h i gay 327 Hpi Cong nghi khoa nghiep hoc mo tien kT thudt tien mo qudc vi su phat te - trien 2010 bin virng chay, no l a m n g u y h i e m cho cong nhan, chung dugc c h u y e n d i c h b a i he t h o n g thong gio B e loai trir su n g u y h i e m nay, chung can dugc l a m loang bang viec t h o n g gio ciing v a i viec thao k h i bang cac 16 k h o a n v a he t h o n g t h u k h i T r o n g n h i r n g k h u m o da t h o i khai thac va cac m o 16 t h i e n , k h i metan co the dugc thoat ngoai bang he t h o n g khe n u t t u nhien hoac dugc k h u e c h tan b a i cac n g u o n khac Khi metan mo than dugc thoat tir n a m n g u o n : North Korea 6.0%_ • T i r cac he t h o n g khir k h i cua cac m o than k h a i thac bang Poland Germany 2.7% 1-9* India % China 2% ^ p h u o n g phap h a m 16 ( t h u a n g d u g c goi la he t h o n g thao k h i ) H e t h o n g t h u a n g d u g c sir d u n g cdc 16 khoan thang d u n g hoac n a m ngang de t h u h o i k h i metan p h i a t r u a c k h i khai thac ( d u g c g o i la 16 k h o a n thao k h i truac k h a i thac) hoac sau United States 12.7% k h i khai thac ( d u g c g o i la 16 k h o a n thao k h i v u n g pha hoa) • T h o n g gio tir cac m o h a m 16 nham g i a m n o n g k h i metan Hinh Su thodt metan theo quoc gia, du bdo 2010 Nguon: USEPA (2006a) • T u cac m o dirng k h a i thac hoac d o n g cira, k h i metan co the d u g c thoat ngoai bang cac d u o n g 16 t h o n g g i o , cac khe n u t t r o n g tang dat da • T i r cac m o k h a i thac bang p h u o n g phap 16 thien, k h i metan d u g c thoat true tiep tir cac v i a than vao k h o n g k h i qua be mat 16 • T i r cac hoat d o n g sau k h a i thac, k h i metan dugc thoat tir k h o bai chira than va ca qua t r i n h v a n c h u y e n chung N h i n chung, C M M c h i e m t o i % ciia toan bo l u g n g k h i metan thoat bau quyen t r o n g n a m 2005 v a bang 388.14 t r i e u tan k h i C quy d i S u thoat C M M da giam tir nam 1990 n h u n g v a n co t r i i n v g n g tang tiep vao k h o a n g n a m 2020 H i n h Su thoat C M M toan cau hang n a m (trieu tan k h i C q u i d o i ) i Tinh toan a J3 600 o • l Du bao c f M BO - 1990 1995 2000 2005 Nam 2010 Hinh Su* thodt CMM toan cau hang nam (tr tan C0 328 2015 2020 qui ddi) Nguon: USEPA (2006a) Hpi Cong 1.3 Thodt nghi khoa nghiep CMM hoc mo tien ki thuat tien cua mot so quoc gia md quoc vi su* phat ti trien - 2010 ben viing chinh T r u n g Quoc, M y , Ucraina, N g a , T r i e u T i e n , va A u s t r a l i a la cac n u a c co l u g n g C M M thoat nhieu nhat t r o n g nam 2005 H i n h 4: S u thoat C M M toan cau hang n a m (trieu tan k h i C q u i d o i ) b i e u dien k h i l u g n g C M M cua cac n u a c theo t i n h toan nam 2005 va d u bao t a i nam 2020 200!> 2010 'i 2020 Hinh Su- thodt CMM theo quoc gia (trieu tan C0 Ngudn: USEPA (2006a) qui ddi) T h u h o i C M M v a q u a n d i e m ve s u d u n g T r o n g cac m o than h a m 16, k h i metan co the tao nen nhirng v u chay no v i vay can thiet phai loai bo chung T h u a n g t h i van de dugc giai quyet bang b i e n phap thong gio Trong nhung m o co chua k h i I o n t h i ngoai bien phap t h o n g gio can phai t i e n hanh khir k h i bang cac 16 khoan thao k h i 2.1 Thu hoi CMM 2.1.1 Phuang phap thdng gid T h o n g gio ( V A M ) la bien phap l a m g i a m nong k h i metan thoat t u cac gieng 16 V A M dugc t h u h o i tir cac quat gio dung cho muc d i c h nhiet nang hoac k y thuat o x y hoa, ca hai bien phap dugc c o i n h u la k y thuat g i a m h o n h o p chat boc hiru c a ( V O C ) N h u n g ky thudt k h o n g sinh chat de chay h o n h o p cua V A M , C h u n g co the san sinh nhiet nang hoac dien nang d u n g cho t u r b i n h a i nuac Cac m o than dugc thong gio bang he thong quat tao su chenh lech ap xuat k h o n g k h i t r o n g d u o n g 16 tao dong k h i chuyen dong m o T r o n g ca hai t r u a n g hgp, n g u a i ta t h u o n g d u n g cac loai quat cong suat I o n de lam cho k h o n g k h i chuyen dong N o n g k h i metan t r o n g luong gio t h u a n g q u i d i n h nho h a n % V a i k i c h ban nay, oxy hoa V A M c h i tao nen sir suy g i a m C M M T a i nong V A M l a n h a n 0.6% chung chi co khd nang san xuat dien nang bang dong nuoc khep k i n qua thiet b i khir o x y va lay nhiet de tao h o i nuoc cho t u r b i n T u y nhien, kha nang k i n h te phat d i e n bdng V A M c h i dugc ban 329 Hdi nghi Cdng nghiep khoa hoc ki thudt md qudc ti md tien tiin vi su phat triin - 2010 bin vung v d i gia dien cue bo D a y la m o t cong nghe t u o n g d d i m d i , h i e n c h i cd hai d u an m a n g tinh chat t h u o n g m a i dang hoat d d n g tren the g i d i Ca hai qudc gia M y v a A u s t r a l i a dang gidi thieu cdng nghe bang d u an t r i n h dien, va ca hai nude deu cd d u an m a n g tinh t h u o n g m a i dang hoat d d n g t a i cac m d h a m l d Cac d u an t h u o n g m a i c u n g dang duoc trien khai tai M y va T r u n g Qudc 2.1.2 He thdng khu He thong khir k h i v a thao k h i cung duoc lap dat n h a m t h u h d i k h i metan de sir dung K h i metan cd the d u o c t h u h d i tir cac v i a than bang n h u n g l d k h o a n thang dirng suot 10 nam trudc k h i cd hoat ddng san xuat m d hoac n h u n g 16 k h o a n ngang t r u d c v a i nam bat dau tien hanh k h a i thac m d ( U S E P A , 2006b) K h i metan c u n g cd the t h u h d i duoc tir vung pha hda qua cac l d khoan V u n g pha hda la khoang k h o n g k h a i thac, n o i dat da bi sap xudng sau g u o n g than, n o i than da dupe k h a i thac va cac v i c h d n g c i i n g duoc do, thu h o i K h i metan v u n g pha hoa co the dat n d n g tir 50 % den 90 % ( U S E P A , 1999) Tuy thuoc vao chat l u o n g , k h i metan t h u h o i dupe tir he t h o n g khir k h i co the sir d u n g cho nhieu muc dich khac 2.2 Khd nang su dung T r e n the g i d i , C M M t h u d n g dupe sir d u n g de phat dien, s u d i a m hoac dung lam nhien lieu l d h o i ; T u y nhien, C M M cung dupe d u n g n h u k h i gas hoac ban cho cdng nghiep k h i t u nhien N h u n g kha nang sir d u n g khac n h u la p h u gia hda chat, hoac de say than Tai M y , phan l d n k h i C M M dupe t h u h d i deu d u n g de b o m vao he t h o n g d u d n g k h i t u nhien K h i metan cung dupe d u n g l a m phao sang Sau day la n h u n g sir d u n g k h i C M M thong dung nhat 2.2.7 Phat dien C M M co the duac diing de phat di^n phuc vu cho hang loat cong nghe khac bao gom: dong ca dot (IC), turbin k h i , noi hai hoac turbin hai nude Hien tai tren the gidi co 67 du an phat dien diing C M M Phan ldn cac du an d Due (30), Trung Quoc (17), A n h (11) va Australia (6) 2.2.2 Lam dot C M M cd the b o m vao he t h d n g d u d n g ong k h i t u n h i e n neu tang c o sd cho phep K h i C M M cd the d u o c l a m giau t r u d c k h i b o m vao he t h o n g neu chat l u p n g ciia duong ong k h i yeu cau H i e n t a i tren the g i d i cd t d i 36 d u an d u d n g o n g C M M M y co 32 d u an, 24 so duoc t r i e n k h a i t r o n g cac m o da dirng hoat d p n g T r u n g quoc co 10 d u an k h i dot cho pho, phuc v u cho h o n 100.000 hp dan sir d u n g d o i v d i m d i d u an M o t so d u an khac co the ban k h i true tiep cho cac nha may, n h u d u an k i n metan cua m o than dirng khai thac d M i d w e s t , M y , gan nha m a y xe tai T o y o t a 2.2.3 Khi ep tu nhien va hda long Co n h u n g cdng nghe d u n g dk tao k h i hoa l o n g v a k h i nen t u nhien D u an C M M loai t h u d n g d t r o n g m o t mire dp hep h o n so v d i k h i t u nhien t r u y e n t h d n g , v i vay, loai cong nghe dp d u n g cho c h u n g phai co q u i m o nho, dap u n g m u c t i e u k i n h te H i e n nay, tai m o than F u r o n g t i n h Sichuan, T r u n g Qu6c co m o t d u an sir dung C M M l a m n h i e n l i e u cho 330 Hdi Cdng nghi nghiep khoa hoc md tien ki thudt tien md qudc vi su phat te - trien ben 2010 viing xe buyt, cung v a i L N G m o t s6 d u an ciing dang dugc xay d u n g v a t r i e n k h a i tai T r u n g Quoc va Ba L a n 2.2.4 Nhien lieu Id hai C M M cung dugc sir dung cho 16 h a i dung v a i muc d i c h s u o i a m va dun nuac T h i du nhu nha tam, nha tap the, k h u dan c u can nuac n o n g n a m gan hoac tren cac m o than Dong t h a i a nhieu v u n g can phai l a m n o n g k h o n g k h i t r u a c k h i no d u g c b a m vao m o H i e n tai co 23 d u an nhien l i e u cho 16 h a i sir dung C M M , t r o n g a B a L a n , a N g a va Trung Quoc, va m o t so a U c r a i n a va A n h T r a i l a i , cac thiet b i d o i nhiet co the dung l a m lanh khong k h i t r o n g cac m o sau, dieu k i e n nhiet k h o n g k h i khac nghiet nghiep 2.2.5 Trong nganh cdng C M M co the d u n g l a m nguyen lieu hoa chat, n h u methanol hoac san p h a m bot den Cac d u an khac dung C M M de che tao than coc U c r a i n a va Phap, n h i e n l i e u cho cac 16 cao luyen n h o m tai cac nha may a l u m i n u m T r u n g Quoc, n h i e n l i e u cho nha may k i n h A n h C M M cung dugc d u n g de san xuat d i m e t i l a , ete theo cong nghe cua N h a t B a n ( M e t a n to Markets, 2009) 2.2.6 Cdc ung dung khdc C M M d o i k h i dugc dung t r o n g cac nha m a y t u y e n than de l a m nhien lieu cho may say, lam kho than dien tren toan cau 2.2.7 Thieu C M M cung dugc sir dung t r o n g 22 d u an nhiet h o n hgp va he thong dot Phuang phap t h i e u dot k h i metan c h i dung cho muc d i c h khir k h i metan g i a m hieu img nha k i n h ( G H G ) , hien co d u an sir dung p h u a n g phap A n h T h i e u dot k h i metan cung dugc ap dung Ucraina va A u s t r a l i a ( M e t a n to M a r k e t s , 2010b) G i a m s u t h o a t k h i H i e n co h o n 200 d u an t h u h o i va sir dung C M M tren khap the g i a i da loai trir dugc hon 3.8 t y m"^ k h i metan h a y 54 trieu tan CO2 q u i d o i H o a k y la quoc gia co l u o n g k h i C M M l a n nhat va la nuoc dan dau ve mire g i a m l u g n g k h i sap x i 1.1 t y metan (16 trieu tan CO2 q u i d o i ) hang nam ( F r a n k l i n , 2007) Cac n u o c khac c i i n g thu h o i dugc mgt khoi l u g n g I o n C M M la T r u n g Qu6c D u e va A u s t r a l i a ( H i n h 5: S u thoat C M M va khir k h i ciia m o t so nuoc nam 2005 (trieu tan k h i O2 quy d o i ) ? eo H,0 40 20 100 - £3 Lirong CMM thoat (tri?u tan C0 qui ddi) m fl •