Thiết chế và cấu trúc mường của người mường ở thanh ho

Thiet che va cau true Mirdng cua ngirdi Mirdng d Thanh Hoa MAI VAN TUNG* N gudi Mudng d Thanh Hda hien cd dan s6' khding 35 van ngfldi*^' Xfla hg sd'ng chii yeu d cac raUdng cd, mUdng Idn nhU mUdng Phara, raUdng Gianh, raUdng Bara (raUdng Vara), mfldng Vong, mfldng Kim, mfldng Cdi, mfldng Trac (huyen Cam Thuy), raudng Ne (Yen Dinh), mfldng Chenh (Mfldng Chanh), rafldng Khat, mfldng Giao Lao (huyen Lang Chanh), rafldng Rac, mfldng Ngdn, rafldng Ngdn, rafldng Men, mfldng Te, mfldng Vd, rafldng Thi, mfldng an, mfldng Lap (Nggc Lac), mfldng Du (rafldng Gia), mfldng La Khdn, rafldng De, mfldng Khu, rafldng Von 54 dan toe d Viet Nam Trong ddi so'ng, cung nhu y thfle tfl giac dan tgc, ngfldi Mfldng tfl nhan rainh la Moi, Mon, Mui TrUdc kia, ke ca gin day ngUdi Mudng d Thanh Hda ndi chung v i n nhan minh la ngUdi d "tren Mfldng" de phan biet vdi ngfldi d "dfldi Chd", tflc ngfldi d dfldi ddng bing (d dfldi xu6i) ma lau ngUdi Mudng quen ggi la ngfldi Kinh khai niem "kinh ky ke chd" Hoac tfl nhan la ngfldi d rafldng Kh6, mfldng 6'ng, hay mfldng rafldng ng.v.v Thiet che naif d n g Trong xa hgi truyen tho'ng (trudc Cach (huyen Thach raang thang Tam 1945) ngUdi Mfldng d Thanh), rafldng Ran Ru (con ggi la Xuan Thanh Hoa noi chung deu chiu sfl thdng Du) (huyen Nhfl Xuan), mfldng 6'ng, tri cua tang Idp lang dao Tuy nhien, chUa mfldng Ai, rafldng Kh6, mfldng Tien, cd sU phan hoa that sau sic gifla tang Idp rafldng Trudi lang dao va nhan dan (huyen Ba Thfldc) Din dan sau cd mot bg phan ngfldi Mfldng Tang Idp thd'ng tri dflng dau moi tfl tinh Hda Binh di cfl vao Thanh Hda rafldng Idn la cun, mfldng nhd la lang, radi Bg phan s6'ng chii yeu d cac huyen mfldng cd nhieu lang (ft thi - lang, Thach Thanh, Nhfl Thanh va ragt sd nhieu thi 10, 15 lang), dd lang huyen khac Hien Mfldng da trd trung tam la lang Chieng Gang Chu), toe danh chfnh thfle, la mot * Ths Mai Van Tung, TrUdng Dai hoc Hong Dflc dflng dau radi lang la dao Vi vay tuc ngfl Mai Vdn Tung - Thiet chevd cdu true Mudng cda ngUdi Mudng a Thanh Hda 55 Mudng cd cau "Mudng cd lang, lang cd k h a i pha dat mUdng Ve k i n h te thi lang dae" (Ddt cb lang, lang cb ddo) Trdng xa dac cai q u a n cac lang mUdng, ngdai hgi truyen thd'ng ngUdi Mudng ggi ngUdi r a n h a n dan cdn p h a i lao dich khdng cdng dflng d i u q u i n ly tdan raUdng (mUdng) la t r e n nhflng thfla rugng rgng va tot cua quan lang, cdn ngUdi trflc tiep q u a n ly n h a lang, mdi k h i n h a lang cd cUdi xin, lang (lung)^"^^ cua m i n h la tao Do dd n h a n ma chay, lam n h a thi n h a n dan cac lang dan MUdng ggi gdp lai la lang tao, cdn phai ddng gdp de lo viec cho n h a lang, hay ngUdi Viet (Kinh) thi ggi quen ggi la lang mdi di san ve dUdc t h u Idn cung phai dao Den thdi ky P h a p thudc ngUdi P h a p bieu n h a lang Trieu dinh, quan lai phong ggi cac lang la chdm va d a t chflc xd chdm kien va ca thUc dan P h a p sau quan ly de quan ly lang Nhflng ngfldi gifl chflc xa vflng mfldng deu phai thdng qua t i n g Idp chdm p h i n Idn thudc ddng hg lang dao, tfl lang dao, cdn lang dao q u i n ly trflc tiep dd ngfldi Mfldng quen ggi t a n g Idp dflng dan Mfldng Den thdi n h a Nguyen (Minh d i u quan ly cac mfldng, cac lang, la quan Mang thfl 16, n a m 1836) mdi chinh thfle lang, xd chdm Giup viec cho xa chdm la dat che dd lflu q u a n d mdt sd' huyen mien cac chflc dich, ggi la dng Vieng, dng Va nfli T h a n h Hoa, song viec mdi chi Ong Vieng giflp xa chdm (lang dao) trdng thfle hien dflde d hai huyen Cam Thuy va coi quan ly t h u y ldi, d a t dai; dng Va q u a n Thach T h a n h Cdn lai cac huyen treng dd ly nhan khau, giao thdng va cdng viec cd huyen Ba Thudc n h a Nguyen da hdp hanh chinh ndi c h u n g lang phap hda chd mdt sd' lang dad cd the Iflc Day la che cha t r u y e n ndi de cai lara tri chau nhU trUdng hdp hg P h a m d quan dat mUdng T r e n thfle te', cun hay Nggc Lac, hg Le d Lang Chanh, hg Quach lang chi trflc tiep q u i n mdt sd' lang d trung tara raUdng, cu t h e la lang Chieng Lang cun vfla la chu Chieng, vfla lam chu toan mudng Ddng hg lang dao cua ngUdi Mudng d T h a n h Hoa chu yeu la ddng hg Ha, Phara, Le, Cao Ve q u a n he gifla cun hoac lang va dao ngoai q u a n he ddng hg d Nhu T h a n h , hg Ha, hg P h a m d Ba Thudc, ddi vdi cac tdng, lang thi cac lang dao trd t h a n h c h a n h tdng, ly trUdng, xa chdm Sau Cach m a n g t h a n g T a m cho den hoa binh lap lai (1954) che lang dao d T h a n h Hda mdi hdan tdan dUdc xoa bd cdn la q u a n he thfl bac gifla n g a n h ca va Trong thdi ky phdng kien - lang dad, nganh thfl, dao p h a i t u a n t h u quy che dat dai, rflng nui, song sudi, chim t h u ve cua cun - lang hay quy ch6' cua chieng nguyen tac thudc quyen quan ly cua nha Nhu vay, lang dao ed quyen h a n h r a t Idn lang Vi vay, ngUdi Mudng cd cau tuc ngfl: ve mat t i n h t h i n , ve kinh te va ve h a n h "Chim tren rflng, ca dfldi sudi, nhd la chinh Ve tinh t h i n cd t h e ngUdi dd la bd'con me Idn la lang cun" Vflng thuy td cua ddng tdc, hoac la ngUdi cd Mfldng Ba Thfldc, cu the nhu mUdng Khd, 56 Nghien cOu Dong Nam A 10/2010 mUdng 6'ng, mUdng Ai lang dao tren danh nghia la quan ly toan mudng tfl dat dai, rflng nfli, song suol Song tren thfle te dat dai cgng ddng lang quan ly, lang dao chi quan ly mot vai thfla rugng t6't nen tuc ngfl Mfldng cd cau: "Rugng nao to ma chang rugng nha lang" Dan lang cd trach nhiera cay cay thu hoach cho nha lang Mac du cd quyen hanh I6n nhUng ca dan mUdng ddng tinh cd the truat dudi lang dao di, ddn lang dao khac ve, hoac sd'ng khdng can lang dao nhu d Nggc An (Nggc Lac), Mudng Nang (xa Giao An, Lang Chanh) va ragt so' ndi khac cd ndi giet lang dao ac nhu d Nggc Lac [6, tr.62] Nhin chung, xa hgi truyen thd'ng cac mfldng cua ngUdi Mudng d Thanh Hda thuoc sfl quan ly cua cac dong hg lang dao Den thdi ky Phap thuoc t i n g Idp lang dao d Thanh Hoa dflde thfle dan Phap sfl dung va tri thiet che cu de quan ly xa hgi Mudng Den hoa binh lap lai (1954) che lang dao hoan toan dUdc Xda bd Cau t r u e naifc^ng nhUng an tUdng hdn ca la hau het cac lang raUdng dUde td diera bing nhflng hang cau cao vflt NgUdi Mudng d Ba Thudc, Cara Thuy, Lang Chanh ndi rieng va Thanh Hoa ndi chung ggi lang la Iflng^^' Day la ddn vi cd sd cua xa hdi Mudng gdm nhieu tieu gia dinh phu quyen Lang cdn la ragt kh6l cU dan lara ragt ddn vi cd ddi sd'ng rieng ve nhieu mat Trong xa hgi truyen tho'ng (trUdc nam 1945), lang (lung) tbugc sfl quan ly cua raUdng Mudng (raUdng) la ddn vi td chflc'xa hgi, tap hdp nhieu lang cflng ragt thung lung, hay nhieu thung lung lien ke Ddn vi td chflc mfldng dat dfldi sfl quan ly cua met ddng hg quy tgc, ggi la lang dao Cu the nhU lang Cha, lang Ke', lang Chieng Cd'c trudc nam 1945 thuge mudng 6'ng, dUdi sU quan ly cua ddng hg Pham Cdng; cac lang Chieng Triu, Chieng Lira, lang Cd, lang Xam, lang Seo thuoc mudng Kho, dudi sfl quan ly cua ddng hg Ha C6ng^^'.v.v Trong xa hgi truyen tho'ng, ngUdi Mudng ndi chung la cU dan lam ndng nghiep, nen kinh te' chu dae la cay lua nude, vi the dia ban tu cU cua hg gin lien Lang xdm ciia ngUdi MUdng thUdng vdi he sinh thai thung lung Do do, dUdc xay dflng d chan ddi, chan nfli, ndi chgn dat dflng lang, lap rafldng ngfldi dat thoai, gin s6ng, su6l v.v TrUdc Mfldng chgn nhflng khu vfle thung lung day, mdi lang cua ngUdi MUdng cd kheang hdi tu diy du cac yeu t6' nhU ngudn nUdc vai chuc ndc nha, lang nao dong due thi de sinh boat, san xua't va khai thac thuy khoang b6n, nam chuc ndc nha Nhin tfl sin, dat trung de lara rugng, cd rflng de xa, lang ciia ngfldi Mfldng thfldng an khai thac ngudn lam san, cd the dat cao minh nhflng lura cay quanh lang, bing de dflng nha, hfldng dat phai thoang nhieu ndi co nhflng rang tre bao bge dang va di lai giao lflu vdi cac vung lan Mai Vdn Tung - Thiet che vd cdu true Mudng cua ngiidi Miidng a Thanh Hda 57 can phai thuan tien Mudng Qua nghien cflu khao sat cac mUdng tren dia ban huyen Ba Thudc vac vflng lan can bfldc dau chung tdi tha'y, thdng thUdng ragt raudng cd trudc day bao gid cung dUdc cau d dd lang cd' dinh, dd la lang Chu (Chieng), lang Nggoc (Nggc) va lang Cd'c (G6'c, Cdc) Ben canh lang la cac lang khac cdn lai nhieu hay it la theo dia vfle dat dai, lich sfl hinh thanh, tdn tai va phat trien cua tflng mfldng O mUdng Tram (Cam Thuy) cd lang Lung Cdc, thudc xa Cam Lien O mUdng Pham (Cam Thach - Cam Thuy) cd lang Cd'c - Van Ngoai ra, mdt sd' lang cua ngUdi Mudng cdn cd ten la Cd, Cdn gin am vdi tfl Cd'c, tfldng dfldng vdi Cd'c, cd nghia la gd'c Mdt loai hinh lang khac chinh the cau trflc la lang Ngoge, cd ndi phat am trech di la Nggc Nhfl vay, Ngegc hay Ba lang ndi tren gin lien vdi sfl hinh Nggc deu cd nghia nhu nhau, theo tieng va tdn tai cua tflng mfldng Bad gid Mudng Ngoge - Nggc cd nghia la ngudn trdng ragt rafldng cung cd nhflng ngUdi Ngudn d day de chi ngudn nUdc Bdi vi, den dinh cU va lap lang diu tien, nhflng ngUdi Mudng la cU dan sd'ng quen sd'ng d lang dd thfldng dflde ggi ten la lang Cd'c, vflng thung lung cd truyen thd'ng trdng cd ndi sau ggi trech di la Gd'c hay Cdc lua nUdc lau ddi nen chgn dat lap NhUng Cd'c, Gd'c hay Cdc la mdt, deu cd mUdng bao gid hg cung dat yeu nUdc len nghia la gd'c, la dau tien Hien cd the hang diu Do dd phai chgn nhflng ndi ke mot so' ten lang nhu the tren dia thuan ldi ve ngudn nfldc de sinh beat va huyen Ba Thudc va mot sd' vung lan can lay nfldc san xua't Vi vay nhflng lang cu the nhu: sdng d diu ngudn nudc la nhflng lang cd mudng Ong cd lang Lung 000^*^' (lang lich sfl dinh cfl lau ddi, nen ngUdi Mudng Cd'c), tbugc xa Thiet 6'ng ggi ten la lang Nggec de chi dac diem cU d mUdng Ai cd lang Lung Cdc, ddi trfl Chfnh vi d dau ngudn nen vi trf cua ten lang Mdt thuge xa Lam Xa lang Ngcgc thUdng d nhflng khu vUc bed mudng Kh6 cung cd lang Lung Cdc, hflt hdn, sau hdn, va khd di lai hdn sd vdi la ragt bd phan cua lang Ara thudc xa nhflng lang khac Chung ta cd the tim thay d huyen Ba Thudc nhflng lang mang Dien Quang ten Ngoge hay Nggc cu the nhU sau: lang Seo xa Thiet Ke (xUa tbugc O mUdng Qng cd Nggc Ieng, la mdt khu mUdng Khd) cd xdm Cdc, la xdm hinh diu tien cua lang xa Thanh Lam (dat ngUdi Thai) cd ban Co'c, giap mUdng Ai cu cua ngUdi dat thudc lang Chieng, thudc xa Thiet dng Q mUdng Ai cd lang Lung Nggc, Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 10/2010 58 ggi la lang Nggc Sinh thudc xa Ludng dflng diu mot mudng ggi la lang Chieng Ngoai Do dd mUdng nao cung cd mdt lang O mUdng Tram (Cam Thuy) cd lang Lung Nggc, thudc xa Cam Thanh Chieng, tham chf cd mUdng hai lang O Mudng Kim cd lang Nggc, thudc xa Cam Nggc - Cam Thuy*''' Leai hinh lang thfl ba 1^ nhflng lang mang ten Chu Hien dau vet cua nhflng lang mang ten Chu kha md nhat Hiu nhu ngUdi dan d day khdng cdn nhd gi nhieu ve nhflng lang Nhung dfl sad cd cau td chflc mdt mfldng cd cua ngudi MUdng trUde day cd lang Chu Lang Chu la ndi d cua lang dao mdt mUdng Cd the hieu ddn gian dd la "thu dd" cua met Mudng, ndi ddng dd cua lang dae mUdng Cd the ke day mdt so' dau vet ve loai lang nhu sau: Q mUdng 6'ng vdn cd lang Lung Chu, sau ddi lang Cha (nay thudc xa Thiet Ke) Day la ndi cd dia danh ddi "Lai Ly Lai Lang, cd cay Chu da la Chu ddng, bdng thau qua thiec", la dia danh dUdc ke treng Md sfl thi De dat de nUdc cua dan tec Mudng •y, ,^ MUdng Ai cung cd lang Lung Chu (nay tbugc xa Tan Lap) cdn ed ten la Chu - San xa Thanh Lam (dat ngUdi Thai d hien nay) cd ban Chu, giap raUdng Ai cu cua ngUdi MUdng Ngdai ra, cdn cd dia danh mUdng Chu - San, thuge xa Sdn Thuy va Sdn Dien huyen Quan Sdn ;' Sau nay, nhflng ndi d eua lang dao chieng nhu mUdng Khd cd lang Chieng Triu va chieng Lam deu la ndi d cua lang dao ddng hg lang dao Ha Cdng Day la mUdng nha't cua ngUdi MUdng d Thanh Hoa ndi chung va Ba Thudc ndi rieng ed hai lang Chieng Theo dfl cam ban dau cua chung tdi va ragt so' nha nghien cflu cho ring, cd Ie dia danh lang Chu la ten gd'c cd lich sfl lau ddi, cdn dia danh lang Chieng xua't hien mugn hdn sau (rat cd the anh hudng tfl ngUdi Thai) Lang Chieng d i n trd nen phd bien hdn, cfl chd nao cd lang Chieng thi d dd la ndi d cua lang dao trUdc day Do vay, vi trf cua lang Chu, lang Chieng bao gid cung d nhflng ndi trung tam cua met mUdng, cd ddng rugng rdng, dat dai mau md, dan cU ddng due, nhieu gia dinh kha gia, di lai thuan tien Chung ta cd the ke hang chuc lang Chieng tren dia ban huyen Ba Thudc va mot vai huyen lan can de khang dinh sfl tdn tai ben vflng cua loai lang Chieng Ong (tbugc mUdng 6'ng, thuoc xa Thiet Ong) Chieng Lam, chieng Triu (tbugc mUdng Khd, thuoc xa Dien Lu) Chieng Ai (tbugc raudng Ai, tbugc xa Ha Trung) Chieng Dfla (thuge mudng Kh66ng, tbugc xa LUdng Trung) Chieng Mung (tbugc mudng Tien, Mai Vdn Tung - Thiet chevd cdu true Mudng cita ngiidi Mudng ey Thanh Hda thudc xa Dien ThUdng) 59 ddng bao Mudng da dflc ket va c h i t lgc Chieng Ddng (thuoc mUdng P h a m , dflde von tri thfle dia phUdng phdng phu tbugc xa Cam Thach, huyen Cam Thuy) va da dang de dinh cU ben vflng d vung Chieng T r a m (thudc mUdng T r a m , thudc xa Cam T h a n h , h u y e n Cam Thuy) dat nay, nd dUdc bieu thi cu the n h a t thiet che va kinh nghiem chgn dat dung lang, lap mUdng./ Chieng Vong (thudc mUdng Vong, thudc xa Cam Giang va Cam Quy, huyen Cam Thuy) Chieng Cdi (thudc mUdng Cdi, CHU THICH thuge xa Cam Tam, h u y e n Cam Thuy) Chieng Ban (tbugc mudng Chanh, tbugc xa Tan P h u c va Q u a n g Hien, huyen Lang Chanh) Chieng K h a t (thuge mUdng Khat, tbugc xa Ddng Ludng, huyen Lang Chanh) Hay chieng Quae, chieng Men d Nggc Lac.v.v Nhin chung, T h a n h Hoa la vung dat cd CO ngUdi cU t r u lau ddi tfl h a u ky da cu, da radi che den thdi ky van hda Ddng Sdn va p h a t trien lien tuc de'n hien Cho de^n trUde Cach m a n g t h a n g Tam, nhieu huyen mien nui d T h a n h Hoa nhu Ba Thudc, Cam Thuy, Nggc Lac, Lang Chanh.v.v la dia b a n sinh t u chu yeu cua hai dan tgc a n h em Mudng va Thai Ngfldi Mfldng d day la cfl dan ban dia, dinh cfl chu yeu d nhflng vung t h u n g lung chan nui, tao nen nen van hoa MUdng dac sic Dd la nen van hoa t h u n g lung g i n lien vdi boat ddng k i n h te trdng Ifla nfldc, ket hdp vdi c a n h tac nfldng r i y va khai thac lara - thd - t h u y s i n Qua nhieu ddi sinh sdng d vflng sinh thai t h u n g Ifing, Theo so' lieu tho'ng ke tai lieu "Nghien cau vdn de MUefng nUdc" cua Ban dan too mien nui Thanh Hoa (6 - 1975) d Thanh Hoa c6 38 mUdng cua ngifdi MUdng: Ba Thudc co 11 mUdng, Cam Thuy c6 mUdng, Nbil Xuan co mUdng, Nggc Lac CO mUdng, Lang Chanh co mUdng, Thach Thanh co mUdng, va Yen Dinh c6 mUdng Cac MUdng tdn tai trUdc Cach mang thang Tam Lang Idn ngifdi MUdng ggi la lang, lang nhd ggi la liing hoac la lodng Lung, liing, hay lung la theo each phat am tflng dia phUdng NgUdi Mifdng d Bie Bp nhu Hoa Binh, Phu Thg goi ndi cU tru cfla minh la quel hoac xom Quel hay xdm deu CO nghia la lang Qua tim hieu ditdc biet nhflng dong hg quy tgc lang dao bao gid cung c6 ten lot dflng lien sau ten ho la "cong" nhu dong ho lang dao Ha Cong, Pham Cong, TrUdng Cong.v.v NgUdi MUdng d Ba Thudc noi rieng ggi lang la Ldng (cung co the phat am la Lung, Lung) Qua day chung toi tha'y dia danh huyen Nggc Lac phai giai thich no b i t ngudn tfl ngon ngfl MUdng Vi dan gian Mudng tfl Ngoge Raac (Ngooc la nguon, Raac la nUdc) de chi nguon nUdc Nhu vay, Nggc Lac - Ngooc Raac phai co nghia de chi ndi CO nguon nUdc doi dao thi dung hdn  ... vflng sinh thai t h u n g Ifing, Theo so' lieu tho'ng ke tai lieu "Nghien cau vdn de MUefng nUdc" cua Ban dan too mien nui Thanh Hoa (6 - 1975) d Thanh Hoa c6 38 mUdng cua ngifdi MUdng: Ba Thudc co... d Thanh Hda thuoc sfl quan ly cua cac dong hg lang dao Den thdi ky Phap thuoc t i n g Idp lang dao d Thanh Hoa dflde thfle dan Phap sfl dung va tri thiet che cu de quan ly xa hgi Mudng Den hoa... la mUdng nha't cua ngUdi MUdng d Thanh Hoa ndi chung va Ba Thudc ndi rieng ed hai lang Chieng Theo dfl cam ban dau cua chung tdi va ragt so' nha nghien cflu cho ring, cd Ie dia danh lang Chu