D D D MOI TRirOfNG KINH DOANH D D D MOT S GlAl PHAP T H I / C HieN BlNH O A N G GlCfl VlfT NAM N g u y e n Q u y n h Hoa* D a t v a n de Vdi n h a n thffe binh dang gidi la van dl trung tam eua phdt trien, mdt t h a p nien qua, Viet Nam da thffe hien td't long ghep van de gidi vao ede chinh sdch, ke hoach vd chffong trinh mue tieu qud'c gia Ket qui cua sff long ghep thu dffgc dd la sff tien bg vffgt bae vl binh dang gidi Tuy nhien, mgt thffe te khdng phu n h a n dffgc dd la sff phan biet gidi vdn tdn tai khd phd bien d Viet Nam Dilu dd ddt ra, 10 n a m tdi, khdng chi long ghep ma phai cd nhffng bien phdp de thffe hien ed hieu qua ldng ghep Mgt nhffng ndi dung mang tinh chien Iffgc ma d dd ehung ta ed the the hien tinh t h i n dd ehinh la Chien Iffgc p h a t trien kinh te xa hgi de'n ndm 2020 cua qud'c gia De lam dffgc dieu nay, trffdc tien d n ed mgt bffe tranh toan dien v l thffe t r a n g binh dang gidi Viet Nam hien Tren eg sd dd ehi dffgc nhffng tdn tai thffe hien de dl x u l t muc tieu v l binh dang gidi cung nhff giii phdp de dat dffgc ede mue tieu dd 10 nam tdi Cd n h i l u dinh nghia khde ve binh dang gidi Trong khudn kho bai viet nay, tdc gia se van dung khdi niem binh dang gidi cua Ngan h a n g The gidi, theo dd "Binh ddng gidi Id sU binh ddng vi phdp lugt, vi ea hpi ( bao gom cd sU hinh ddng thu lao cho eong viee vd viec tiep can den ede nguon von eon ngudi vd ^ QUAN LY KINH TE ede nguon lUc sdn xudt khac cho phep md rpng cdc ca hpi ndy), vd binh ddng vi "tieng ndi" (khd ndng tdc dpng vd ddng gdp cho qud trinh phdt trien)" de ddnh gid ve binh dang gidi d Viet Nam vd dl xuat cdc muc tieu cung nhff ede giai phdp d n cd de dat dffgc muc tieu n a y den ndm 2020 Vdi quan niem tren, bieu h i e n cua bat binh dang gidi the hien d sff p h a n biet cdc quyin co ban, viec tie'p can va kiem sodt ngudn lffc, viec lam va thu n h a p va tieng ndi ehinh tri Do dd, de thffe hien binh dang gidi, d n t a p trung vao xay dffng mdt chien Iffgc vdi ba ndi dung chinh: (i) d i cdeh cdc the che de mang lai quyen h a n va cO hgi binh dang eho phu nff va nam gidi; (ii) tri phdt t r i e n kinh te de eung cd nhffng ddng eo khuyen khich viee phan phdi cdc ngudn lffc binh dang hffn va (iii) thffe hien nhffng bien phdp tich cffe khae phuc sff khde biet dai dang n h a m ddi t h e m ngudn lffc va tieng ndi chinh tri Nhu'ng t h a n h tu-u n o i b a t thi^c h i $ n b i n h d a n g gidri d V i $ t Nam - Mpt Id, llnh vUc chinh tri dd cd thay dot ldn ve sU tham gia qudn ly, lanh dgo cua nd d cdc cdp * Nguyin Quynh Hoa, Thac si kinh te, Dai hoc Kinh te' Quoc dan $0 33(6/2010) MOITRlfCfNG KINH DOANH [ ^ ' i l H MOT S6 GlAl PHAP THgc HIEN BlNH DANG GIOI VIET NAM Trong hon mdt t h a p ky qua, sff tham gia eua nff edng tdc quan ly, lanh dao the hien Qude hdi, co quan D i n g va h a n h chinh nhd nffde.Viet Nam la mdt sd it nffde khu vffe Ddng Nam A - Thdi Binh DffOng ed ty le nff dai bieu Qud'c hdi dat tren 25% vd sd dai bieu nff giff eae trgng trdeh quan trgng cdc cO quan cua Qud'c hdi ngdy edng tang len O dia phffgng, ty le nff dai bieu HDND d p tinh nhiem ky 2004-2011 dat 23,88%, d p huyen la 23,01% vd d p xa la 19,53% Khdng chi cd sff d i thien d Qude hgi ma co quan Dang, thdi gian qua, ty le tham gia cua nff cung tdng Cu the, d d p trung ffOng, neu tinh d sd' lffgng nff uy vien Ban Chap hanh trung ffOng Dang dff khuyet, so vdi nhiem ky 2001-2005 (8,6%) nhiem ky ty le dat 10% Ddc biet, ty le nff tham gia cap uy Dang tdng nhe d d p dia phffgng, dieu dffgc the hien d bieu dd Bieu dd Ty 1^ tham gia cap iiy Dang cac cap dia phfftfng 16 14 12 10 • Nhi#m ky 2001-2005 n Nhi$m ky 2006-2010 Cap TW Cap tinh Cap huyen Cap xa Cac c a p liy D a n g Nguon: Bo Lao dong, Thifcfng binh va Xa hoi Trong khd'i co quan h a n h chinh nha nffde, ddi ngu edn bd, cdng chffc nff da tdng d vl sd' lffgng va chat lffgng Ca nffde hien ed khoang hon 40 tinh, thdnh phd trffe thudc Trung ffgng da cd nff lanh dao ehu chd't d d p Sd' lffgng edn bg, edng chffc nff ede eo quan h a n h chinh nhd nffde tff cap huyen tdi trung ffgng chiem khoang 31,1%, dd, nff lanh dao chiem khoang 18,4% O cap xa, cdn bd chuyen trdeh la nff chiem tren 16% tdng sd' cdn bd ehuyen trdeh Ddc biet, phu nff dffgc binh d i n g tham gia xay dffng va thffe hien quy dinh, quy So 33 (6/2010) ehe eua eg quan, td chffc - Hai Id, linh vUc kinh te- lao dpng, khodng cdeh gidi dd dUgc cdi thien, phu nU ngdy cdng khdng dinh dUgc vai trd, vi tri eua minh gia dinh vd xd hpi Trong mdt thap ky qua, Viet Nam da ed nhffng tien bd viee phdt trien thi trffdng lao ddng, md rdng eg hdi viee lam cho phu nff vd nam gidi Ty trgng lao ddng lam viec la nff dat 46,6% so vdi nam gidi la 53,4% (khoing edch gidi la 8,8%) Vl tinh c h i t edng viec, phu nff thffdng cd xu hffdng chgn vd lam ede edng viee d n QUAN LY KINH TE I'l 1111 il "*"' ^^^^^ ^^^^ °°^'^" MOT SO GlAl PHAP THLTC HIEN BiNH DANG GIOI VIET NAM sff kheo leo, ti mi nhff nganh det, may (chiem t r e n 70%) va n g a n h y te, giao due (khoang t r e n 60%), nam gidi thffdng chgn va lam nhffng cdng viec d n ed sffc khde, tay n g h i nhff cdc nganh cdng nghiep nang, khai thdc khodng san, xay dffng Do dd, khoang cdeh gidi d cdc nganh la khd cao VI du nhff nganh cdng nghiep va xay dffng, ty le lao nam la 25% nam gidi va nff 17,6% khoang each gidi la 7,4% Trong ede nganh khde khdng ed sff khac biet dang ke vl khoang cdeh gidi Theo sd lieu cua Bd Lao ddng, ThffOng binh va Xa hdi, ndm 2009 ty le lao ddng nff n g a n h ndng, lam nghiep vd thuy s i n la 53,7% va nam la 50,3% - k h o i n g edch gidi d mffe 3,4% Trong nganh dich vu lao ddng nff chiem 28,6% vd nam la 24,7% - khoang each gidi la 3,9% Phu nff eung da ehu ddng va chia se n h i l u hon vdi nam gidi d i thien kinh te gia dinh va nam gidi khdng cdn la ngffdi nha't gdnh t r d n h nhiem tru cdt gia dinh Dilu dffgc minh chffng bdng cac sd nhff ty le nff chu doanh nghiep cang gia tang; ty le lao ddng nff t h a m gia x u l t khau lao ddng hang n a m chiem khoang 33% - 34% - Ba la, llnh vUc gido due - ddo tgo vd khoa hoc cong nghe, khodng edch gidi duge thu hep ddng ke d tUng cdp hoc, bdc hoc Ty le di hge eua nff d ede d p hge vdng 10 nam, tff ndm 1997 den nam 2007, da ed sff thay ddi ldn (xem b i n g 1) Theo ngudn cua bd Lao dgng, Thffgng binh va Xa hgi, ty le nff tri thffe cang t a n g va nff cd trinh cao dang dat ty le eao nha't Ty le nff trung tuyen vao cdc trffdng dai hge, eao dang t r e n d nffde t a n g diu qua cdc ndm va chiem ty le cao sd' thu khoa td't nghiep tai cdc trffdng dai hge Ben canh dd, ty le nff tien Sl, thac si, gido sff va phd gido sff may ndm g i n day t a n g n h a n h Trong boat ddng nghien effu khoa hge, nff tri thffe ddng mdt vai trd ddng ke Chi tinh rieng n a m (tff 2007 den 2009) cac nha khoa hge nff da chu tri t h a n h cdng 42 de tai thudc cdc chffong t r i n h KHCN d p Nha nffde, 25 d l tai ddc lap d p Nha nffde va 18 dl tai, dff dn hgp tdc qude t e Bang Ty 1^ hoc sinh ni? ff cac cap hoc qua cac nam hoc 1996-1997 1997-1998 2001-2002 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 Tieu hoc 48,0 47,7 47,5 47,6 47,7 48,2 48,5 Trung hoc CO s6 46,8 47,0 47,5 47,8 47,9 48,1 48,3 Trung hoc phd thong 45,5 46,4 46,8 48,5 48,9 49,4 49,3 Cao dang 51,5 51,9 50,9 46,8 51,0 53,1 53,8 Dai hoc 38,1 39,1 44,3 49,5 47,0 47,2 55,0 Nguon: Bp giao due va Dao tao nam 2008 ^ QUAN LY KINH TE So 33 (6/2010) MOI TRirONG KINH DOANH [^^'j | \\ MOT SO GIAI PHAP THgc HIEN BiNH DANG GIOI VIET NAM - Bdn Id, llnh vUc y te, sUc khde cua bd me khdng ngdng duge cdi thien, ty sudt chet me ed lien quan den thai sdn dd gidm ddn qua cdc ndm ddng van hda, the thao, vui choi, giai tri thdi gian rdi cang cao Bao lffc dd'i vdi phu nff dang cd chiiu hffdng giam d i n so vdi trffdc day Binh dang gidi cham sde sffc khde n h a n dan ludn la mgt nhffng trgng t a m dac biet eua Chinh phu Theo sd lieu edng bd cua Tong cue Thd'ng ke, tudi thg binh quan cua ngffdi Viet Nam hien da vffgt t r e n 72 tudi; dd tudi thg cua nff gidi eao hon nam gidi tff den tudi Cdc ty le ehinh phan anh chdm sde sffc khde phu nff nhff ty le phu nff mang thai dffgc khdm thai t r e n l l n , ty s u i t chet ciia cdc ba me ed lien quan den thai san, ty le phu nff dffgc tiep can vdi dich vu y te, ty le cdc ea sinh dffgc hd trg eua edn bd y te ed tay nghe diu dffgc cdi thien ddng ke Nhu'ng t o n tai c h u y e u thi^c h i ^ n b i n h d a n g gidfi cf Viet N a m va n g u y e n n h a n - Ndm Id, vai trd cua phu nU llnh vUe vdn hda, thong tin, the thao vd gia dinh ngdy cdng tdng Cdc boat dgng van hda, nghe thuat da ed nhffng ddi mdi, eai tien v l ndi dung, chat lffgng n h i m ddp ffng td't hon nhu d u thffdng thffe cua mdi gidi Dinh kien gidi ve vai trd t r u y i n thd'ng eua phu nff va nam gidi gia dinh va xd hdi da ed sff thay ddi tich cffe so vdi trffdc day Tren cdc phffong tien thdng tin dai ehung, hinh I n h ngffdi phu nff tff tin vffOn len, khang dinh minh edng viec xua't hien ngdy edng nhilu; nhilu bdi vie't, hinh anh quang cao da the hien vai trd cua nam gidi chia se viec nhd Phu nff da tham gia h i u het cdc bd mdn thi da'u n i n the thao nffde nha va dat nhilu thdnh tich eao, dd phai ke tdi bd mdn bdng dd Trong gia dinh, vi tri, vai trd cua phu nff da dffgc d i thien so vdi trffdc day, ddc biet la phu nff d t h d n h thi Ngffdi phu nff dffgc tdn trgng va dffgc tham gia n h i l u hgn vdo cdc quyet dinh quan trgng gia dinh Ty le phu nff thffe hien cae boat 3633(6/2010] 3.1 Nhiing ton tai chd yeu - Thu nhdt, llnh vUc chinh tri, ty le cdn bp qudn ly, Idnh dgo nd cdn thdp so lUe lugng lao dpng nd vd cdn bp qudn ly, Idnh dgo ndi ehung Dd'i vdi nff dai bieu Qud'c hdi, ty le nff tdng nhffng khdng b i n vffng Vi du, khda X la 26,2%, khda XI tang len 27,3% nhffng khda XII ehi ed 25,8% Neu so vdi chi tieu da ddt Chien Iffgc qud'c gia VI sff tien bd cua phu nff den 2010 la tff 33% trd len thi khdng dat Ty le edn bd nff khd'i cO quan h a n h chinh (nhiem ky 2005-2010) giam manh so vdi nhiem ky trffdc, eu the: chi ed 7/30 Bd, co quan ngang Bd, co quan thudc Chinh phu cd nff ban lanh dao, dd nha't cd mdt sd' 30 Bd trffdng va tffOng dffong la nff va so' khoang 100 Thff trffdng va tffong dffffng cd nff Viet Nam xep thff 89/93 nffde xep h a n g ve cdc chffc danh bd trffdng la nff O dia phffong, ed nffde hien ehi cd nha't mdt nff sd 63 Chu tich Uy ban Nhan dan d p tinh va cdn khoang 19 tinh/thanh khdng ed nff lanh dao ehu chd't So vdi nhilu qud'c gia khae tren the gidi, nffde ta van chffa cd sff tham gia cua phu nff h i u bet cdc chffc danh lanh dao cap cao eua Dang vd Nhd nffde nhff Thu tffdng, Phd Thu tffdng Chinh phu va Bd Chinh tri - Thu hai, llnh vUc kinh te vd lao dpng, khodng edch gidi lao dong dang Id viec vd qua ddo tgo cdn khd ldn Theo so' lieu dieu tra dan sd va nha d nam 2009, tinh ehung ty le tham gia lffc QUAN LY KINH TE I l l 11 i n MO'TRtfgNG KINH DOANH lffgng lao ddng cua d nffde dat dat 82,2%, dd nff chiem 78,2% so vdi nam la 86%, so' dd, phu nff van chie'm ty trgng lao ddng dang lam viec tha'p hon kha n h i l u so vdi nam gidi, dat 46,6% so vdi nam gidi la 53,4% - khoang cdeh gidi la 8,8% Ty le lao ddng nff, ddc biet la lao ddng nff khu vffe ndng thdn, chffa qua ddo tao cdn d mffe eao so vdi lao ddng d nffde va thffdng tha'p hon nam gidi Theo so' lieu Nien gidm thd'ng ke Lao dgng, ty le lao ddng nff chffa qua dao tao cua d nffde la 80,9% - cdn d mffe cao so vdi mffe ehung eua d nffde la 74,9% Cd tdi g i n 90% lao ddng nff khu vffe ndng thdn chffa qua ddo tao va chi cd 3,65% lao ddng d khu vffe ed chffng chi nghe O khu vffe t h a n h thi v i n edn tdi 58,3% lao ddng nff chffa qua dao tao va ehi cd 9,8% lao ddng nff d khu vffe cd chffng chi n g h i Trong so' 63 tinh t h a n h phd' trffe thudc trung ffong, v i n cdn tinh cd t r e n 90% lao ddng nff chffa qua ddo tao (trong dd cao nha't la Ddng Thdp vdi ty le 94,4%) va ed tinh (tap trung d m i i n nui phia Bac) chi dat 0,1% ty le lao ddng nff cd chffng chi nghe Day ehinh la nguyen n h a n khien phu nff thffdng khd kiem viec lam td't (viee lam b i n vffng) hon nam gidi va cung dl bi sa thai hffn nam gidi Lao ddng nff chiem sd' ddng nhffng ngdnh n g h i khdng ddi hdi chuyen mdn ky thuat cao, vdi thu n h a p tha'p va viee lam bap benh, rui ro cao Ty le phu nff lam lao ddng gian don chiem tdi 53,6% va chi cd 20,2% la lanh dao cac d p , ede nganh, ty le lao ddng nff khu vffe phi ndng nghiep la 47,3% Mac du khdng cd sff phan biet v l gidi ehinh sdch tien Iffong, song thun h a p thffe te giffa lao ddng nam va nff v i n chenh leeh lao ddng nff it ed dilu kien lam viec nhffng nganh, n g h i ddi hdi chuyen mdn ky thuat eao Trong t i t d cdc nganh n g h i , linh vffe, thu n h a p cua nff chi bdng 74,5% so vdi thu n h a p QUAN LY KINH Tl MOT SO GlAl PHAP THLTC HIEN BiNH D A N G GIOI VIET NAM cua nam gidi Do t r i n h chuyen mdn, ky t h u a t tha'p, phu nff thffdng d the b a t lgi hgn so vdi nam gidi tie'p can eg hdi viec lam ed thu n h a p eao hoac tim dffgc viee lam mdi sau t h a t nghiep - Thu ba, llnh vUc gido due, khodng edch gidi cdc cdp hge dugc thu hep so vdi trUdc day, nhien, tre em gdi vd phu nU ddn tpc thieu so d cdc vung sdu, vung xa cdn nhiiu khd khdn vd trd nggi han so vdi cdc em trai vd nam gidi viec tiep can vdi viec hoc tap Ty le phu nff va tre em gdi, ddc biet d vung dan tdc thieu sd' - khdng biet dge, biet viet eao Theo k e t q u i dilu t r a ' D a n sd' vd nha d n a m 2009, ty le dan sd'^hff 15 tudi trd len biet dge, biet viet g i n tffgng dffgng vdi nam gidi Tuy nhien, khoing edch gidi cua ty le d a t mffe khd eao la 5,5% d khu vffe ndng t h d n va ddc biet cao d mgt sd' tinh m i i n nui phia B l e nhff tinh Dien Bien la 34% Cdng tdc xda mu ehff cho phu nff d Iffa tuoi tff 15 den dffdi 40 hien v i n edn gap n h i l u khd khan, ddc biet la phu nff d vung sau, vung xa, vung dan tdc thieu sd' Tai mdt sd' tinh m i i n nui phia Bac va Tay Nam Bd, chi tieu xda mu ehff eho phu nff dffdi 40 tudi ehi dat khoang 70-75% Trinh hge va'n cua phu nff so vdi nam gidi d bae hge cdng cao, cang cd sff chenh lech ddng ke Cu the, ty le nff tien si, thac si t a n g nhffng khdng b i n vffng, ndm 2000 ty le l l n Iffgt la 14,9% va 29,1%; n a m 2004 ty le l l n Iffgt la 17,5% va 39,1% nhffng de'n n a m 2007, ty le giam cdn 17,1% va 30,53% Ty le nff tri thffe lam khoa bgc cd t a n g nhffng chffa tffong xffng vdi lffc lffgng va t i i m n a n g lao ddng nff eua nffde ta, hien ty le k h o i n g 38,5% - Thu tu, llnh vUc y te, cdc chi so phdn dnh chdm sde sUc khde phu nU co cdi thien, nhien ehUa cd thay ddi ldn Mdt thffe te hien dd la n h i l u dia phffong khdng d a n h gia dffgc ty s u i t che't 86 33(6/2010) Mdl TRirONG KINH DOANH MOT SO GlAl PHAP THgc HIEN BINH O A N G Gldl VIET NAM me lien quan de'n thai s i n Theo sd lieu thdng ke y te h a n g ndm eho tha'y sd' phu nff m i c va chet benh tai bien san khoa van ed xu hffdng gia tdng nhffng ndm g i n day, gay khd khdn viee giam ty le tff vong ba me, nha't la d eac vung sau, xa va khd khan Mat khde, ne'u nhff so' ngffdi nhiem HIV t a p trung cao d nam gidi cao nhffng cd xu hffdng giam d i n qua ede ndm thi ty le nff n h i i m HIV tha'p hffn nhffng lai cd xu the tdng d i n Ndm 2005 nam gidi nhiem HIV chie'm ty le 80,5% so vdi nff gidi la 19,5%, ndm 2007 nam gidi giam edn 76,5% va nff gidi tdng len la 23,5% Tam ly thieh sinh trai dan tdi ty sd gidi tinh sinh tren todn qud'c dang vffgt mffe eho phep la 110,5 nam/lOO nff Ty le ndy ddc biet eao d mdt sd tinh thudc Ddng bang sdng Hong nhff Hffng Yen 130,7 nam/lOO nff, Hdi Dffgng 120,2 nam/lOO nff, Bae Ninh 119,4 nam/lOO nff - Thd ndm, llnh vUe vdn hda, thdng tin, the thao vd gia dinh, suy nghi vd quan niem binh ddng gidi edn hi rdng bupc khd nhiiu bdi nhUng khudn mdu vi gidi Phu nff v i n la ngffdi d i m nhan ehinh cdc cdng viec ndi trg, ehdm sde, cdn nam gidi van dffgc xem la ngffdi giff vai trd tru cdt gia dinh Tuy thdi gian vffa qua, ede phffong tien thdng tin dai ehung boat dgng khd manh nhffng nhin ehung chffa phdt huy dffgc vai trd dinh hffdng viee ehuyen ddi quan niem mang dinh kien gidi mdi ea n h a n vd edng ddng B i t binh dang gidi gia dinh edn khd phd bien Phu nff dffgc tham gia nhilu hgn vao qud trinh quyet dinh eua gia dinh nhffng nhin ehung cdc quyet dinh ldn van thude vl nam gidi Dieu tra gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2008 eho biet, cd tdi tren 50% y kien cho rang phu nff la ngffdi lam chinh ehdm sde ngffdi dm va edi, dd chi ed khoang 2,7-3,7% y $633(6/2010) rn?ii kien eho r i n g nam gidi la ngffdi lam ehinh cdng viec Ben canh dd, bao lffc gia dinh van dien khd phd bien, ddc biet d khu vffe ndng thdn N a n n h a n ehu yeu la ngffdi phu nff vd cdi gia dinh Thffe te dd ehi rang, bao lffc gia dinh dang trffe tiep gay nhffng tdn t h a t d v l vat c h i t va tinh t h i n cho mdi n a n n h a n va b a n t h a n gia dinh cd bao lffc Ngodi ra, bao lffc gia dinh cung gidn tiep gay a n h hffdng xa'u tdi nhffng t h a n h qui chung v l kinh te-xa hdi cua da't nffde (nhff tdng tinh trang benh t a t va tff tff, ma't kha ndng tham gia san xua't, I n h hffdng den dao dffc xa hdi ) Tinh t r a n g budn bdn phu nff dien bien phffc tap d mdt sd dia b a n trgng diem g i n khu vffe bien gidi: sdu thdng diu ndm 2009, ca nffde da xay 191 vu budn bdn phu nff, tre em 3.2 Nguyen nhdn cua nhitng ton tai Nhin chung, 10 n a m qua, ben canh viee dat dffgc nhffng k e t qua quan trgng edng tdc binh dang gidi, b i t binh dang gidi t r e n ede linh vffe vdn cdn tdn t a i va p h i n ldn nghieng v l phia phu nff Vay nguyen n h a n eua thffe t r a n g dd la gi? Nguyen n h a n ldn va bao trum chinh Id I n h hffdng eua dinh kien va chuan mffe gid tri cu tdn tai lau dai y thffe va quan niem xa hdi Cdc ehuin mffe da khep phu nff vd nam gidi vao nhffng khudn mau chung, khd thay ddi, ddi gay ba't lgi eho phu nff Trong dd, ban t h a n phu nff chffa vffgt qua dffgc nhffng quan niem, chuan mffe eu cua xd hdi; n h i l u phu nff chffa tff tin, tich cffe, ehu ddng nang eao ndng lffc eho ban t h a n de cd the tham gia vao qud trinh quyet dinh He thdng ehinh sdch, phap luat eua nffde ta cdn chffa thffe sff nhay d m gidi Mgt sd chinh sdch phdp luat cd quy dinh thien ve bao ve quyin cua phu nff, nhffng QUAN LY KINH TE ^ I J ^ i l l i l MO'TRl/ONG KINH DOANH t r e n thffe te lai trd t h a n h rao d n khie'n hg khd tiep can vdi eg hgi binh dang edng viee va d i thien thu n h a p Luat Binh dang gidi dffgc ban h a n h n a m 2006 nhffng viec ban h a n h cae van b a n hffdng dan thi h a n h Luat dffgc thffe hien cham so vdi yeu d u Trong linh vffe ehinh tri, nhffng quy dinh vl tudi dao tao, bdi dffdng, d l bat, bd nhiem va nghi hffu dang vd tinh ddt nff gidi vao the b a t lgi so vdi nam gidi Cae chi tieu v l cO d u gidi da dffgc dat nhffng cdn thieu quyet tam chinh tri eua nhffng ngffdi ed trdeh nhiem, dae biet la ngffdi dffng d i u cff quan, cdc d p uy dang va cdn bd td chffc cua CO quan, don vi; Bg mdy qude gia ve binh dang gidi va vi sff tien bg eiia phu nff mdi dffgc cung ed', hinh t h a n h vd cdn n h i l u khd k h a n qua trinh trien khai boat ddng Thieu eg che phd'i hgp lien nganh hieu qua thffe hien binh dang gidi Cong tae kiem tra, gidm sdt, ddnh gid eua ede CO quan chffc nang cdng tdc cdn chffa thffe sff hieu qua Mdt nguyen n h a n quan trgng khdng the khdng ke den, dd la thieu ede dich vu hd trg giffp phu nff giam bdt gdnh ndng cdng viec gia dinh; nam gidi chffa san sang chia se viee nha vdi phu nff Mac du Bd Gido due vd Dao tao da ban hdnh Dilu le mdi vl m i m non ndm 2008 n h a m giup cdc ba me, dng bd' yen t a m cdng tac, dd quy dinh cdc trffdng m i m non cd trach nhiem n h a n tre tff thdng tudi Tuy nhien, tren thffe te quy dinh chffa phdt huy tdc dung, r a t it trffdng ed ldp giff tre tudi Mat khde, nha tre hodc ldp mau gido chi ed d r a t it doanh nghiep nha nffde va hau nhff khdng cd d cdc doanh nghiep ngodi nha nffde Khd k h a n cung vdi viec phan cdng vai trd gidi t r u y i n thd'ng khie'n cac ba me tre khd toan tam cho edng viec, dac biet la hg dffdi mdt tudi E ? l QUAN LY KINH TE MOT SO GlAl PHAP THdC HlfN BlNH DANG Gldl V|6T NAM Q u a n d i e m , m u c t i e u va giai p h a p thi^c h i ^ n b i n h d a n g gidri d e n n a m 2020 of V i e t N a m 4.1 Quan diem vd muc hien binh ddng gidi tieu thiic Binh d i n g gidi la chu trffffng, chinh sdch ldn eua Dang va Nha nffde, la mdt nhffng nhiem vu trgng t a m eua chien Iffgc, ke hoach p h a t trien kinh texa hdi, phdt t r i e n ngudn n h a n lffc Thffe hien tdt chien Iffgc qudc gia v l binh dang gidi, tao eg hdi, dilu kien cho d nam gidi va phu nff tie'p can binh dang eac ngudn lffc phdt t r i e n se gdp p h a n quan trgng thuc day tdng trffdng kinh t e , xay dffng xa hdi dn dinh va ddng thuan, phdt trien b i n vffng da't nffde Trong thdi gian tdi d n phdi tdng hudc ddm bdo tren thUc te sU binh ddng gidi mpi llnh vUe cua ddi sdng xd hpi, thu h e p d i n khoang cdeh gidi va xda bd dinh kien gidi; giai phdng va phdt huy td'i da t i i m n a n g cua ngffdi t r e n eg sd tao co hgi nhff giffa nam va nff t h a m gia vao qud trinh phdt trien; thffe hien cdng bdng xa hdi giffa nam va nff hffdng thu ede t h a n h qua p h a t trien, nha't la p h a n phd'i thu n h a p l l n d i u va p h a n phd'i lai thdng qua chinh sdch xa hdi, phuc lgi xa hdi, an sinh xa hdi ;thffe hien hd trg nam va nff qua trinh p h a t trien, trffdc h e t cho nhdm yeu the nam cung nhff nff de giup hg tff vffOn len qud t r i n h p h a t trien Ben canh dd d n t a p trung ngudn lffc va sff ehi dao thffe hien binh dang gidi nhffng nganh, vung, khu vffe ed sff bat binh dang hodc cd nguy eg b a t binh dang gidi cao; giai quye't nhffng van de bffe xuc v l b a t binh dang gidi, nha't la quan he lao ddng, quan he gia dinh, d vung ndng thdn, vung ngheo, vung m i i n nui cdn n h i l u t a p tuc lae hau, vung cd ddng ddng bao dan tgc thieu so Viec thffe hien binh dang gidi phai trd t h a n h cam k e t t r a c h n h i e m cao cua Dang, So 33 (6/2010) MOT SO GlAl PHAP THLfC HIEN BiNH BANG GIOI VIET NAM Nha nffde va d he thd'ng chinh tri Trong dd, d n tdng cffdng sff lanh dao cua ede d p uy Dang; vai trd chi dao cua ehinh quyen ede d p , dong thdi md rdng sff tham gia cua cae dd'i tdc xa hgi, phat huy vai trd va trdeh nhiem cua cd nhdn, hd gia dinh, ngffdi lao ddng, doanh nghiep va cdng ddng viec td chffc thffe hien cdc mue tieu binh dang gidi C i n md rdng hgp tdc qud'c te linh vffe binh dang gidi qua trinh hgi nhap, nha't la ddi mdi cdeh tiep can binh dang gidi phu hgp vdi n i n kinh te thi trffdng va thdng le qude te; thffe hien d i y du ede cam ket qud'c te vl binh dang gidi; tranh thii sff giup dd qud'c te da phffong, song phffong va phi chinh phu vl ky thuat, ddo tao cdn bd, tdi chinh de cd them ngudn lffc cho cdng tdc binh dang gidi Den ndm 2020, muc tieu tdng qudt vl binh dang gidi d n dat dffgc Id thu hep CO ban khoang cdeh gidi ede linh vffe ehu yeu nhff chinh tri, kinh te, lao ddng va viec lam, gido due vd dao tao, y te, van hda, gia dinh vd giai quyet cdc van de gidi ndi len thdi ky Nang thff hang cua Viet Nam bdng xep hang cdc nffde v l ehi sd' phdt trien gidi (GDI) len mffe khd De dat dffgc muc tieu nay, d n tap trung dat dffgc cdc muc tieu eu the sau day: (i) tdng cffdng sff tham gia cua phu nff vao cdc vi tri quan ly, lanh dao n h i m tffng bffdc giam d i n k h o i n g cdeh gidi linh vffe ehinh tri; (ii)giam k h o i n g cdeh gidi linh vffe kinh te - lao ddng Hd trg phu nff ngheo ndng thdn, phu nff dan tdc thieu sd cd viec lam, thu nhap dn dinh va tham gia thi trffdng lao ddng; (iii) nang cao c h i t lffgng nguon lao ddng nff, tffng bffdc dam b i o sff tham gia binh d i n g cua phu nff vdi nam gidi linh vffe gido due vd ddo tao, khoa hge vd edng nghe; (iv) bao d i m binh d i n g gidi va tang cffdng sff tiep can eua phu nff tdi eac dich vu y So 33 (6/2010) MOI TRlfONG KINH DOANH | ^ I H te; (v)bao dam binh dang gidi linh vffe van hda, thdng tin, the thao va gia dinh, tffng bffdc xda bd bao lffc tren co sd gidi vd (vi) tang cffdng ndng lffc quan ly nha nffde vl binh dang gidi 4.2 Mpt sd gidi phdp chd yeu thiic hien binh dang gidi den ndm 2020 1) Khdn truang xdy dUng vd trien khai thUe hien ede ehuang trinh mue tieu vi hinh ddng gidi, ndng cao ndng lUc Idnh dgo cho cdn bp nd Mud'n vay d n xay dffng Dl dn sodt, ddnh gid tinh hinh cdn bd nff, edn bd nff quy hoach tren todn qud'c Trien khai xay dffng chien Iffgc phdt trien ngudn can bg nff den nam 2020; xdy dffng vd thffe hien hieu qua bien phdp thuc day binh dang gidi linh vffe ehinh tri; thffe hien cdc chffOng trinh dao tao, bdi dffdng de phu nff tham gia edng n h i l u vao cdc boat ddng xa hdi, cdc vi tri q u i n ly, lanh dao ede d p va long ghep kien thffe ve gidi va binh dang gidi dao tao, bdi dffdng ddi ngu cdn bd, cdng chffc, vien chffc Cd ede chien dich ldm thay ddi n h a n thffe giffa nam vd nff vl vai trd lanh dao qudn ly ciia d hai gidi 2) Tdng eUdng cdc hd trg cho phu nd llnh vUe kinh te - lao dpng De lam dffgc dieu d n tap trung hd trg phu nff ngheo ndng thdn, phu nff dan tdc thieu sd' ed viee lam, thu nhap dn dinh va tham gia thi trffdng lao ddng thdng qua: (i) thue day viee xay dffng va thffe hien cdc bien phdp thue day binh dang gidi linh vffe lao ddng; (ii) nghien effu ban h a n h cdc quy dinh ffu dai vl thue va tdi chinh eho doanh nghiep sff dung n h i l u lao ddng nff; cdc quy dinh hd trg tin dung khuyen ndng, khuyen lam, khuyen ngff eho lao ddng nff khu vffe ndng thdn; (iii) nghien effu, hodn thien chinh sdch nhdm bdo ve lao ddng lam viec khu vffe phi chinh thffe, khu vffe ndng nghiep ( d i thien an toan ve QUAN LY KINH TE i'l ii I ii""' ^"^'^ '^'^" °°^'*" sinh lao ddng, tdng cffdng tiep can he thd'ng bao hiem y te,, bao hiem xa hdi, )va (vi) t r i e n khai tuyen t r u y i n n a n g eao n h a n thffe v l gidi va phdp luat v l binh dang gidi eho cdc nhdm dd'i tffgng thffe hien binh dang gidi linh vffe kinh te va lao dgng nhff ngffdi sff dung lao dgng, quan ly lao ddng, ngffdi lao ddng ; t r u y i n thdng ve binh dang gidi n h i m xda bd dinh kien v l gidi t r e n thi trffdng lao ddng va Iffa chgn n g h i nghiep, viec lam 3) Tdng eUdng edng tdc ddo tgo, ndng cao chdt lugng ngudn lao dpng nd De lam dffgc dieu d n tffng bffdc d i m b i o sff tham gia binh dang cua phu nff vdi nam gidi linh vffe gido due va dao tao, khoa hge va edng nghe thdng qua xay dffng va thffe hien ede bien phdp thuc day binh dang gidi linh vffe gido due va dao tao Cd ehinh sdch thu hut gido vien nam d d p tieu hge vd m i m non; trien khai tuyen t r u y i n n a n g cao n h a n thffe v l gidi va phdp luat v l binh d i n g gidi eho cac nhdm dd'i tffgng thffe hien binh dang gidi linh vffe gido due va ddo tao, khoa bgc va cdng nghe: ngffdi lam cdng tdc quan ly gido due, t h i y , cd gido, hge sinh, sinh vien dffa gidi vao chffOng trinh ddo tao eua cdc trffdng thudc he thd'ng gido due qud'c dan va cd cdc chinh sdch, chffong trinh hge bdng n h i m hd trg, ddng vien tre em gdi vd phu nff tham gia hge tap nang eao trinh do, dac biet dd'i vdi tre em gai va phu nff ndng thdn va d vung dan tdc thieu sd' 4) Bdo dam binh ddng gidi vd tdng cUdng sU tiip can eua phu nU tdi ede dich vu y te cpng dong C i n ed chinh sdch mien phi va de tiep can cho phu nff, ddc biet la phu nff ngheo, phu nff vung dan tdc thieu sd chdm sde sffc khde sinh san cff ban (thdng tin dich vu va tff van ve ke hoach hda gia dinh, cham sde trffdc sinh, sinh va chdm sde sau QUAN LY KINH TE MOT SO GlAl PHAP THLfC HIEN BiNH D A N G GIOI VlET NAM sinh, phdng ngffa nao phd thai ); hien long ghep gidi cdc chinh y te va t a n g cffdng n h a n thffe ve d i n g gidi, v l kien thffe sinh san va due cho d phu nff va nam gidi thffe sdch binh tinh 5) ThUc hien ede gidi phdp bdo ddm binh ddng gidi llnh vUc vdn hda, thdng tin, the thao vd gia dinh Can tffng bffdc xda bd bao lffc t r e n cff sd gidi t h d n g qua xay dffng quy che va yeu d u cdc eg quan t h d n g t a n bao chi d TW vd dia phffgng cam ke't ndi "khdng" vdi cdc s i n p h a m t r u y e n t h d n g m a n g tinh dinh kien gidi Ap dung cdc h i n h thffe xff phat dd'i vdi ede a n p h a m t r u y i n thdng vi p h a m Luat binh d a n g gidi (nhff ed vu eho dinh kien gidi); xay dffng md hinh cdc eau lae bd gia dinh h a n h phue, binh d i n g va k h d n g ed bao lffc gia dinh; hinh t h a n h va phdt t r i e n cae loai hinh dich vu giup g i i i phdng sffc lao ddng gia dinh (dich vu t r d n g t r e an toan, dich vu lam viee nha, ) va to chffc ede chien dich t r u y i n t h d n g n a n g cao n h a n thffe Clia nam gidi va phu nff ve binh dang gidi, keu ggi n a m gidi chia se cdng viec gia dinh eung phu nff 6) Tdng eUdng ndng lUc qudn ly nhd nUde vi binh ddng gidi Van d l phdi dffgc thffe hien thdng qua eung ed, phdt trien d ve so lffgng va n a n g lffc quan ly cua ddi ngu can bd lam edng tdc binh dang gidi tff trung ffgng tdi dia phffgng C i n hinh t h a n h mdt ddi ngu can bd tam huyet, cd trach n h i e m vdi cong tdc binh dang gidi; soat, d a n h gid sd lffgng, kien thffe, ky ndng nghiep vu cdng tdc binh dang gidi cua ddi ngu can bd lam cdng tae binh dang gidi d ede Bd nganh, dia phffgng N a n g cao n d n g lffc cua Trffdng Lao ddng T Thffgng binh va Xa hdi viec cung d p cac chffong t r i n h dao tao n g i n b a n t r a n g bi kie'n thffe va ky ndng thffe hi$n cdng tdc binh dang gidi; xay dffng tai lieu t a p huan; phdt 8633(6/2010) MOT SO GlAl PHAP THgc HIEN BlNH DANG GIOI VlgT NAM trien va bdi dffdng ddi ngu bdo edo vien ndng cd't phuc vu edng tdc dao tao, bdi dffdng cdn bd lam cdng tdc nay; huy ddng sff tham gia eua nhffng ngffdi lam edng tae nghien effu, gidng day, phdng vien cua cdc eg quan thdng t a n bdo ehi tham gia edng tdc binh dang gidi Ben canh dd d n xay dffng eo ehe phd'i hgp t h a m dinh long ghep van dl binh dang gidi vdn b i n quy pham phdp luat; nang eao ndng lffc rd sodt, xay dffng ehinh sdch, vdn b i n quy pham phdp luat dffdi gde bao d i m binh dang gidi vd nang cao ndng lffc kiem tra, t h a n h tra viec thffe hien phdp luat vl binh d i n g gidi./ 8633(6/2010) MOITRlfCfNG KINH DOANH | ^ ^ I TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • Bdo edo nghien effu chinh sach cua Ngan hang The gidi, Dua vdn de Gidi vdo phdt triin, nha xuat ban Van hoa - Thong tin, Ha Noi, 2001 • Chinh phu Viet Nam, Bdo edo ve thifc hien cdc muc tieu qudc gia ve binh ddng gidi cac nam 2001- 2009 • Chinh phu Viet Nam, Ki hogch hdnh dgng qudc gia vi sU tiin bg phu nd giai dogn 2006 - 2010, Ha Noi 2006 • Chinh phu Viet Nam, Chiin lugc qudc gia vi sU tiin bg eda phu nd Viet Nam din ndm 2010, Ha Noi 2001 • Lien Hop Quoc, Bdo edo phdt triin ngudi, 2009 QUAN LY KINH TE ^ ... VIET NAM Trong hon mdt t h a p ky qua, sff tham gia eua nff edng tdc quan ly, lanh dao the hien Qude hdi, co quan D i n g va h a n h chinh nhd nffde.Viet Nam la mdt sd it nffde khu vffe Ddng Nam. .. thap ky qua, Viet Nam da ed nhffng tien bd viee phdt trien thi trffdng lao ddng, md rdng eg hdi viee lam cho phu nff vd nam gidi Ty trgng lao ddng lam viec la nff dat 46,6% so vdi nam gidi la 53,4%... GlAl PHAP THLTC HIEN BiNH D A N G GIOI VIET NAM cua nam gidi Do t r i n h chuyen mdn, ky t h u a t tha'p, phu nff thffdng d the b a t lgi hgn so vdi nam gidi tie'p can eg hdi viec lam ed thu n