Thực trạng và một số giải pháp thúc đẩy xuất khẩu hàng hóa việt nam sang algeria

i T H V C T R A N G VA MOT SO GIAI PHAP THUC BAY XUAT KHAU HANG H A VIET NAM SANG ALGERIA Ta Thu An* TOM TAT: Ddi vdi Viet Nam hi^n nay, Algeria khong ehi cd quan hi ddi ngogi hOu nghi truyin thong me cdn Id ddi tde thuang mgi quan trgng tgi khu vuc chdu Phi Tie ndm 2003 den nay, kim nggch xudl khdu cda Viet Nam sang Algeria nhin ehung da tdng len lien tuc tit 18,23 triiu USD lin 177,05 trieu USD, ea edu hdng hoa xudt khdu chu yiu Id edc mat hdng nong sdn nhu ggo, ed phe, rau qud ; hdng hdi sdn; sdt thep; vdi;chdt deo; hdng d$t may Cho den nay, Vi^t Nam vdn tri phuang thuc xudt khdu true tiep, nhimg lu ndm 2009 lin dung chiing lit L/C trd thdnh phuang thiec lodn bdt bugc Tuy nhien, kit qud ndy vdn chua ximg vai tiim ndng cua hai nuac nhiiu nguyin nhdn khdc Do vgy rdt edn phdi nghien cieu edc nhdn to dnh huang den xudt khdu hdng hda cua Viil Nam sang Algeria vd de xudt mgt so gidi phdp Gidi thieu chung ve thi trudng Algeria Vi tri dia ly Algeria cd tam quan trpng dac bifit ve phuong difin dia chifin lupc Nam d khu vuc Bac Phi, Algeria gan vdi ca chau Au lan chau A Xet ve mat van hda va tdn giao, Algeria dupc xfip vao nhdm cac nudc thudc khdi Trung Dong - Bac Phi (MENA) Algeria tham gia nhifiu td chiic quoc tfi khac nhu Lifin hpp qufic (UN), Lifin minh chau Phi (AU), Lien doan Arab (AL), Td chiic cac nudc xuat khau dau md (OPEC), ddng thoi cdn la mfit nhimg vifin sang lap cua Lifin minh Arab Maghreb (UMA) Vdi dac difim nhu vay, Algeria cd Cgng t^c vien T^p chi Nghien curu Chau Phi \h Trung Dong kha nang trd ciu ndi giiip Viet Nam hpi nhap sau hon vao thi trudng Arab - Trung Ddng ciing nhu mot sd thi trucmg khac Algeria hifin la mdt nfin kinh tfi mdi nfii Dy trii ngoai hoi cua qudc gia kha ldn (khoang 150 ty USD) va np nudc ngoai d mdc rit thip, khoang 2% GDP Algeria la mgt thi trudng lorn vdi dan sd 39.087.701 ngudi (tinh dfin 3/2014), dimg thir 33 xfip hang dan sd trfin the gidi' GDP binh quan diu ngudi tai day dat 7.736,90USD^ nam 2013 cho thiy qudc gia la mgt thj trudng cd siic mua ldn Nfin kinh tfi Algeria khdng mang tinh chit da dang, chii yfiu tap trung vao phat trifin nganh diu md va dfit Do dd, Algeria cd xu hudng nhap khiu cang tSng va da dang, chu yfiu la cac mat hang nhu yeu Tap chl nghien ctru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 03 (115) thang 3/2015 ThUc trang va mgt so gial phap , pham, d?t may, giay dep Trong dd, cac mat hang lai la nhiing mat hang ma Viet Nam cd nhifiu lgi thfi va da san xuit dupc vdi san lupng vupt cao hon nhu cau cua thi trudng ndi dia Algeria la mdt nudc thudc Lien minh Arab Maghreb (UMA) va chua cd bifiu thufi quan cho hang hda nhap khau tir nudc thli ba ngoai lifin minh Vi vay Viet Nam cin day manh vific dam phan va ki kfit cac hifip dinh song phuong vfi cac van dfi lien quan den thue nhap khau ciing nhu cac bifin phap phi thufi khac doi vdi hang hda Viet Nam xuat khau sang Algeria Algeria ap dung miic thufi gia tri gia tang (VAT) tir 7% dfin 17% Cac mat hang chii luc nhu banh mi hay siia khdng phai chiu thufi VAT Dfii vdi nhap khau, hang hda mudn dugc thdng quan vao Algeria thi ngoai chiing nhan xuat xii cdn can cd chimg nhan tifiu chuan an toan (Global Outstanding Assessment (GOA) phii hgp vfi chat lupng mdt ben thu ba dpc lap cung cap.^ Vfi tifiu chuan vdi thyc pham, Algeria ap dung tifiu chuan thuc pham theo quy Jjil djnh Chuang trinh chung vfi tifiu chuan thyc pham cua Uy ban Tieu chuan thuc pham Codex Quoc tfi (CAC) dfi xay dung quy dinh phap ly vfi tifiu chuan thyc pham quoc gia Vfi tifiu chuan an toan cho ngudi sir dung, Algeria quy dinh vific ky ma hifiu ddi vdi hang hda luu thdng trfin thi truorng gdm: tfin san pham, nudc xuat xir, phan, trpng lupng, san xuSX, hfit ban va dac bifit luu y ngudi tifiu diing ve each sir dung va thdi han tfit nhat de sir dyng san pham Ngoai ra, ddi vdi thyc pham bifin dfii gen va thuc pham chua phan la san pham bifin doi gen can dam bao cac yfiu cau vfi nhan mac dugc quy dirih tgi van ban Quy dinh vfi nhan mac ddi vdi thuc pham bifin dfii gen."* Cd thfi ndi, nhitng qui dinh tao nhifiu thach thiic ddi vdi Viet Nam xuat khau hang hda sang mfit thi trudng kha khd tinh nhu Algeria vdi nhiing yfiu cau khat khe vfi chat lupng cung nhu vfi vfi sinh va an toan Bfin canh do, day cung la CO hdi cho cac doanh nghifip Viet Nam nang cao chat lupng san pham, hang hda ciia minh dfi dap ung dupc yfiu cau tir thi trudng xuat khau ffVIK Xuat khau gao ciia Viet Nam sang Algeria Ngudn http://www vielnamplus Tgp chi nghiin ciiu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 03 (115) thang 3/2015 mut Udng va m g i so giai prup Thirc trang xudt khau hang hoa Viet Nam sang thi tnrong Algeria 2.1 Kim nggch va gid Iri xuit hang hoa khiu 2013) va kim ngach xujt khiu cua Viet Nam sang chau Phi cimg giai doan da tang len hon 12 lin (tir 230 trieu USD nam 2003 len 2.870 trieu USD nam 2013) Co thS thiy, rnirc tang trucmg cua kim ngach xuit khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam sang Algeria cao hem so vai miic tang trung binh ciia tong kim ngach xuit khau hang hoa Viet Nam thj gidi Tuy nhien, so vdi muc tang ve kim ngach xuit khau sang thi truong chau Phi thi mile tang xuit khiu hang hoa cua Viet Nam sang Algeria vin thap S6 lieu Bang cho th4y vong 11 nam (tCi 2003 dSn 2013), kim ngach xuit khau cua Viet Nam sang Algeria da tang hon iln (til 18,23 trieu USD nam 2003 len 177,05 trieu USD nam 2013) Trong do, tong kim ngach xuat khau cua Viet Nam toan thj gioi tang gin 15n (tii 45.403 trieu USD nam 2003 len 264.066 trieu USD nam Bang 1: Kim ngach xuat khau cia Viet Nam sang Algeria giai doan 2003 - 2013 2003 Tong kim ngach xuat khau (trieu USD) 45.403 Kim ngach xuat khau sang Chau Phi (trieu USD) 230 2004 58.458 408 2005 69.420 2006 84.717 2007 Kim ngach xuat khau sang Algeria (trieu USD) Tang,giam kim ngach XK sang Algeria so vol nam triro^c T j XK sang Algeria so vol chau Phi(%) Tri gia (trieu USD) Tang truiJTig - 7,93 13,85 -4,38 -24,0 3,39 650 30,94 17,09 123,4 4,76 610 3418 3,24 10,5 5,6 111.244 680 40,46 6,28 18,4 5,95 2008 143.399 1.330 75,76 35,3 87,3 5,7 2009 127.045 1.560 82,99 7,23 9,5 5,32 18,23 (%) 2010 157.075 1.780 75,81 -7,18 -8,7 4,26 2011 203.656 3.400 100,41 24,6 32,5 2,95 2012 228.310 2.820 129,08 28,67 28,6 4,58 2013 264.066 2.870 177,05 47,97 37,2 6,17 Nguon: Tong cue Thong ke, "Tri gia xudt khdu hdn^ hoa phdn theo nuac, khdi nuac va vimg lanh tho ", Tong cue Hai quan, "So lieu Thong ke tri gia xudt khdu, nhdp khdu hdng hoa cua Viet Nam giai doan 1996-2013 " vd Ba Cong Thuang, "Bdo cdo tdng hap ", 1/2014 Theo Tong cue Hai quan Viet Nam, quy I nam 2014, tong gia tri xuit khiu hang hoa ciia Viet Nam sang thi trucmg Algeria la 67,89 trieu USD, tang 32% so vdi cimg ky nam 2013 Dac biet, Viet Nam xuit sieu gan nhu 100% tdng kim nganh thuong mai hai chi6u Mac dil gia tri xuit khau sang Algeria cOa Viet Nam cd miic tang trudng kha dJu dSn qua cac nam, nhung ty trgng xuit khiu hang hda Viet Nam sang Algeria tdng kim ngach xuat khau hang hda sang khu vuc chau Phi lai chi dat 4,26% (2010) va 6,17% (2013), mdt sd rat nhd be va chua phan Tgp chingltien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG s6 03 (115) thing 3/2015 "Hii/c trang va mot so giai phap anh dupc chinh xac tifim nang ciia mdi quan he trao ddi thucmg mai giua hai qudc gia Bfin canh dd, ti lfi bifin ddng lifin tuc cho thay tinh thifiu dn djnh va hifiu qua cdn han chfi cua hoat dpng xuAt khiu ciia Viet Nam sang Algeria Hinh cho thay thay hai mat hang chii luc tir nam 2010 dfin 2013 cd ty trpng tdng kim ngach xuit khiu ciia Viet Nam sang Algeria tang lifin tuc Kim ngach xuit khau ca phfi ciia Vifit Nam tang tu 36,94 trifiu USD nam 2010 lfin 58,97 trifiu USD 2.2 Cff cdu cdc mat hdng xuat khdu cda nam 2012, chi cd nSm 2013 giam nhe khoang 1,7 trifiu USD Tuy nhifin, ty trpng Vi^t Nam sang Algeria mat hang tfing kim ngach xuit Algeria la mpt nhinig doi tac ldn khiu hang hoa ciia Viet Nam sang Algeria ciia Viet Nam tai thi trudng chau Phi va la lai giam lifin tuc tir 52,68% nam 2010 xudng thj trudng tifim nSng cho cac m3t hang nhu 32,36% nam 2013 Ddi vdi mat hang gao, ca phfi, gao, thiiy san, hat tifiu, hang dfit kim ngach xuit khiu mat hang ciia Vipt may Hang hda cua Viet Nam kha dupc ua Nam sang Algeria tang nhanh va lifin tuc, tu chupng tai thj trudng bai chat lupng dn 17,43 trifiu USD nam 2010 lfin 39,93 h-ifiu dinh va gia ca canh tranh Trong ca cau xuit USD nam 2013 Ty trpng mat hang khau hang hda ciia Viet Nam sang Algeria, tdng kim ngach xuat khau cua Vipt hai mat hang xuat khau chii luc cua Viet Nam sang Algeria giai doan 2010 - 2013 Nam la ca phfi va gao Day cung la mat cd giao dpng nhimg hau nhu khdng cd su hang nhat dupc xfip vao nhdm hang xuit thay dfii nhifiu (nSm 2010 la 22,99% va nSm khau cd kim ngach trfin 10 trifiu USD 2013 la 22,55%) Hinh 1: Kim ngach xuat khau ca phe va gao cua Viet Nam sang Algeria giai doan 2010-2013 (Dan vi: Triiu USD) I Cd phe • G^o Ngudn: Tdng cgc Hdi Quan, "Xudt khdu mrdc/ viing ldnh thd - mat hdng chd yiu ndm 2010 2012.2013" 2.3 Phuffng th^c xudt khiu hdng hda cUa Viet Nam sang Algeria Trudc nam 2000, phuang thirc xuit khiu nhit ciia Viet Nam sang thj trudng Algeria la xuat khau true tifip, song chu yfiu la chi vdi muc dich tra np Hifin nay, mac du Vi?t Nam van chi tri phuang thirc xuat khau true tifip, nhifin vdi nhihig nd luc xiic tifin thuong mai giua hai quoc gia, kim Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 iiiut au yior ^Jl^o^^.•, ngach xuit khau ciia Vipt Nam sang thi tnidng Algeria da tang len dang kfi Mot vai n5m trd lai day, chinh phii Algeria da ban hanh mpt sfi chinh sach va van ban luat mdi, cd Sac lenh sd 09-01 vfi Luat Tai chinh (bd simg nam 2009) Sac lenh cd quy dinh phuang thuc toan bat bupc ddi vdi hang hda nhap khau la tin dung chiing tir (L/C) Quy dinh dupc ap dimg trifit de ddi vdi hang hda nhap khau la pham vao Algeria, nhifin, ddi vdi hang hda nhap khiu la ban phim hay nguyfin vat lieu thi cac ngan hang chju traeh nhifim giao dich cd thfi xem xet tiiy trufifng hpp dfi Sli dung phuang thiic toan L/C tra c h ^ hoac toan - Viet Nam da tan dung dupc lpi thfi so sanh va lpi thfi canh tranh dfi diy manh quan he hpp tac vdi Algeria, dac bifit ITnh virc xuat khau hang hoa - Cac hoat dpng tim hifiu dfii tac, md rpng thi trudng da va dang dupc quan tam dac bifit thdng qua cac chuyfin tham thuc dja thi trudng, cac budi hdi thao trao ddi va danh gia kha nang hop tac thuang mai tai mfii nudc ciing nhu nhimg hpi chp, trifin ISm nham quang ba san pham ciia nudc minh Co cau mat hang hda xuat khau ciia Viet Nam sang Algeria kha da dang va cang dupc md rpng Nam 2001, Viet Nam xuit khau 10 mat hang chinh sang Algeria Dfin nam 2007, sd da n^ng lfin 23 m^t 2.4 Ddnh gid hogt dgng xudt khau cda hang va den hfit nam 2010, Viet Nam da xuit Vi$t Nam sang thj iru&ng Algeria sang Algeria han 30 m^t hang vdi nhifiu mat * Nhitng thdnh tuu noi bat: hang chfi bifin nhu may vi tinh, ti vi, linh Kfi tir bit dau quan hp hop tac vdi kien difin tir, phuong tien van tai v^ ph\i Algeria, Vifit Nam luon d tri xuit sifiu tiing ^ sang thi truotig Cd thfi thiy, nhiing uu - Phuang thirc xuit khiu true tifip mang difim noi bat ciia hoat dpng xuit khiu hang lai lpi nhuan tdi da va s\r chu dpng cho cdc hda ciia Viet Nam sang Algeria nhu sau: doanh nghifip Viet Nam Hang my n^he Viet Nam dugc ira cliuong tai Algeria Ngudn: hltp.V/www.doanhnhansaigon.vn Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG D6NG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Thut trang va mot so giai phap * Nhung hgn chi vd nguyin nhdn Bfin canh nhihig tuu dat dupc, hoat dpng xuit khiu hang hoa ciia Viet Nam sang thi trudng Algeria vin cdn tdn tai nhihig han che nhu sau: Kim ngach xuit khau hang hoa sang thi truong Algeria cdn thap va chifim ty trpng chua cao tdng kim ngach xuit khau ciia Viet Nam ndi chung va tfing kim ngach xuit khiu sang khu vuc chau Phi ndi rifing Ty trpng xuat khau hang hda cua Vifit Nam sang Algeria chi chifim khoang 0,15% tdng gia tri nhap khau hang nam cua Algeria Co cau hang hda xuat khau cdn tap trung chii yfiu vao cac mat hang nong san, cac mat hang sa che Phuang thiic xuat khau true tifip bfii canh thdng tin thi trudng bat doi xung nhu hifin cd thfi khifin cac doanh nghifip Vi?t Nam ddi mat vfii nhieu nii ro nhu muc dp tin cay cua doi tac hay thi hieu va nhu cau thay dfii lifin tuc ciia thi trudng miin, nhd lfi + Cac doanh nghiep chua cd su dau tu thich dang dfi xay dung thuang hieu va hinh anh trfin thi trudng Algeria + Khoang each dia ly giOa Viet Nam va Algeria kha xa, difiu gay nhifiu khd khan cho hoat dpng van chuyen hang hda, lam tang chi phi van chuyfin + He thfing ngan hang tai Algeria cdn nhieu han chfi khifin cho thu tuc toan qua tin dung chumg tir thudng keo dai va gay nhifiu khd khan cho cac doarih nghifip Viet Nam + Tinh hinh chinh tri, xa hfii cua da sd cac nudc chau Phi, cd Algeria m^c dii da di vao dn dinh nhung vln ton tai nhifiu nguy ca biing phat cac xung d^t va mau thuan ndi bp khien nhieu doanh nghifip Viet Nam cdn e ngai vific md rdng va phat trifin thi truong Mot so giai phap thuc day hoat dpng xuat khSu hang hoa cua Viet Nam sang thi tradng Algeria Phuang thirc toan qua L/C tai - Mgt so kien nghi ve phia Nhd nuac Algeria cdn tdn tai nhifiu khd khan kha nang toan ciia he thfing ngSn hang Thu nhdt, chfi dp dang ky va kifim tra chat chua hifiu qua lupng ddi vdi hang hoa xuat khau can dupc Nhimg han chfi trfin la mpt sd nguyfin thuc hifin mdt each bit budc, chat chfi va trifit dfi Thuc hifin dupc nhiing quy djnh nhan sau: se giiip cai thifin chat luong hang hda, giiip + Cac quy dinh hien hanh vfi hoat ddng hang hda xuat khiu ciia Viet Nam dfi dang xuit khau van cdn tdn tai nhieu vin dfi bit xam nhap va cd chd diing tai mpt thi trudng fin, thu tuc hanh chinh rudm khd tinh va yeu cau nhifiu tieu chuan vfi chat + v i n dfi cung cap thfing tin vfi thi truomg lupng nhu Algeria Algeria cho cac doanh nghifip cdn chua hifiu Thu hai, thdng tin vfi thi truong Algeria qua mang ludi cac co quan dai difin, can dupc dfin gan hem vdi cac doanh nghifip ngoai giao ciia Viet Nam tai day cdn kha it va hoat ddng xiic tifin thuong mai cin dupc + Cac doanh nghifip cdn hoat dfing manh day manh hon nu'a Tgp chingltien cUu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/201S I niTc trang va mpt so giai phap Tao dieu kifin dfi cac doanh nghifip Viet Nam tifip can vdi ngudn thdng tin vfi thi hudng Algeria, dac bifit la nhihig thdng tin mang tinh chit dac thii vfi thi hifiu, nhu ciu, tdn giao, van hda - xa hpi Diy manh cac hoat ddng xiic tifin thuang mai nhim hfi trp cac doanh nghifip Viet Nam vi^c tim kifim ddi tac tai Algeria va quang ba thuang hifiu thong qua cac trifin lam, hpi chp quoc tfi va hai bfin, cac chuang trinh trao dfii thfing tin giiia cac doan doanh nghiep hai nudc - Cdc gidi phdp ve phia doanh nghiip xudtkhdu Nham day manh hoat dpng xuat khau hang hda ciia minh sang thi trudng Algeria ca vfi chat va vfi lupng, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can chii y dfin nhung van dfi sau: - Chii trpng dfin gia tri sii dung cua san pham xuat khau sang mdt thi trudng khd tinh va yfiu cau kha chat che ddi vdi chat lupng hang hda nhu Algeria Dfi lam dupc difiu nay, cac doanh nghifip can dSu tu lien tuc vao vi?c cai tifin ky thuat, cfing nghfi va tap trung cho khau nghifin cuu, thifit kfi nhim tao s^n phim mdi hay cai tifin cac san pham cu - Hp thong cac kfinh phan phfii true tifip va gian tifip hang hda can duac cai thifin va phat trien, tao difiu kifin thuan lpi cho vific md rdng thi trudng Tan dung toi da vific tham gia cac hpi chp gidi thipu hang hda giOa Vi^t Nam va Algeria nhu Hpi chp qudc tfi Alger, Hpi chp qudc gia Algeria nham quang ba, tifip thi hang hda ciia minh - Chii trpng diu tu cho cong nghfi khai thic va san xuat hang hda dfi ndng cao miic dp chfi bifin, cai thifin chit lupng, thay doi mau ma cho phii hop hon vdi thj hifiu ciia ngudi dan Algeria - Tim hifiu kJ thi trudng Algeria vi day la thj trudng cd van de vfi chinh tri va tdn giao hfit siic nhay cam Ngoai ra, can chii y rang Algeria la mpt thi trudng tinh thdi vu cao vific xuat khau cac mat hang nfing lam ngu nghifip Diy manh vific lifin kfit giiia cac doanh nghifip npi dja dfi tao siic canh tranh tren trudng qudc tfi Ket luan Tir nhiing phan tich d trfin, cd thfi thay ring vific md rpng hpp tac vdi Algeria se tao tifin dfi cho vific tien xa hon thi truong qudc tfi cua Viet Nam vdi nhung budc dau thdng qua hoat dpng thuang mai vdi Algeria, dit nudc dupc biet dfin la cau noi giiia chau Au, chau Phi va Trung Ddng Thuc te, hoat dpng xuat khau ciia Vifit Nam ndi chung co nhilu tien trifin tich cue vdi vific tang len lifin tuc vfi kim ngach va vdi ca cau hang hda da dang Cho tdi thdi difim hifin nay, phuong thiic xuat khau hang hda cua Viet Nam sang Algeria chi chu yfiu la xuat khau true tifip va loan qua tin dung chiing tir Trudc mat va tuong lai xa hon, Vi?t Nam can cd nhfing bifin phap va chinh sach thich hpp vdi muc dich tang cudng hpp tac vdi Algeria, dac bipt can cd su phoi hop giiia cac doanh nghifip vdi Nha nudc nhim dSy manh han niia boat d^ng xuit khiu h^ng hoa sang thi trudng tifim nang Vdi nhiing lpi thfi so sanh va lpi thfi canh tranh san cd, Viet Nam cd du kha nang dfi md rdng va phdt trifin han niia hoat dpng xuat khau vao thi trudng diy hiia hpn bing nhiing thay dfii tich cue vfi ca cau hang xuat khiu, cung nhu nang cao chit lupng hang hoa va t^o dyng thuong hieu ca nhan tren tnrong qu6c tfi Tgp chi nghiin cUu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Thu'c trang va mot so giai phap Chd thich: Theo Country meter, Algeria population clock IMF, 2013 Ranking of Coutries from Richest to Poorest, According to Gross Domestic Product Based on Purchasing- Power-Parity (PPP) Per Capita Helping U.S Companies Export Doing Business in Algeria: 2011 Country Commercial Guide for U.S Companies, truy cgp ngdy 15/05/2014 i Regulations Relating to the Labelling of Foodstuffs Obtained Through Certain Techniques of Genetic Modification 16/01/2004, Government Gazette, No 25908 ^ (Theo Bo Cong Thuong, Cyc thuong mai dien tii va cong nghe thong tin, Xuit nhap khiu vdi Angieri, truy cip 8/5/2014,