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Ctao hU ngbifP ^U xahoi hoc s6'2(110), 2010 67 LUOC su" XA HOI HOC TON GIAO TRU6NG PHAI CAU TRUC - CHU'C NANG NGUYEN NGUYEN HONG* G i n liin vdi ten tudi eiia cac nha sang lap nhfl M Weber, E Durkheim, G Simmel, , sfl ddi eua xa hdi hge tdn giao la ket qua eua sfl van ddng mang tinh ta't ye'u dien manh me khoa hge Men dai tfl the ky XIX: mdt mat, ehuyen biet hoa ddi tfldng nghien cflu; mat khac, tich - td'ng hdp, lien nganh ly thuyet va phfldng phap Vdi tfl each la mdt khoa hgc lien nganh gifla hai ddng nghien cflu: Xa hdi hge va tdn giao hge, vao thdi diem ma khoa xa hdi hge non tre b i t d i u qua trinh ehuyen biet boa va tdn giio hgc tim dfldng thoat khdi chiec ao triet hgc tdn giao da trd nen qua chat, xa hdi hge tdn giao da dem lai mdt each nhin, d e h tiep can mdi, nhd dd ed the d i n l i p d i y nhflng khoang trd'ng tri thflc v i khach the ma trflde dd tdn giao hge khdng giai quyet dfldc vi sfl gidi ban v i pham vi ddi tfldng va phfldng phap nghien cflu Mdt nhflng ddng gdp quan trgng cua xa hdi hge tdn giao la nhflng kham pha tfl phfldng dien cdu trdc - chitc ndng ma dai dien tieu bieu cua nd khdng k h i c chinh la Emile Durkheim - nha xa hdi hge nd'i tie'ng ngfldi Phap Tfl tfldng tfldng tfl ve each tiep can ve sau dfldc Radcliffe Brown, Bronislaw Malinowsky va dae biet la Talcott Parsons va Robert Merton phat trien Theo cac nha e l u trflc - chflc nang, xa hdi gid'ng nhfl mdt ed the sd'ng va la he thd'ng - elu true cd thfl bae, dfldc tao nen tfl vd sd'eae tieu he thd'ng (tdn giao Mat phap, kinh te v.v.) Mdi mdt tieu he thd'ng sd' dd d i u dam bao nhflng chflc nang n b l t dinh n h i m tri boat ddng va sfl b i n vflng cua he thd'ng De'n Ifldt nd, mdi tieu he thd'ng sd'dd lai bao gdm cac he thd'ng khae nhd hdn Trung tam chfl y eua eae nha d u trflc - chflc nang la nhflng v l n d i ve mdi lien ke't, sfl thd'ng t h i t , sfl can bing, d'n dinh, sfl thay dd'i, sfl phan boa va cae dinh cbe, vai trd, chuan mfle eua eae tieu he thd'ng mdi tfldng quan l l n va vdi he thd'ng ndi ehung Tdn giio dfldc eoi la mdt tieu he thd'ng xa hdi nhfl vay, ed d u true phflc tap, chiem mdt dia vi hay khae va thflc Men hang loat ele chflc nang, anh hfldng den cac tieu he thd'ng khac va toan xa hdi Emile Durkheim (1858 - 1917) la ngfldi di tien phong viee tao lap va van dung each tiep can e l u true - chflc nang xa hdi hge tdn giio Coi tdn giao la "sfl kien" (bing chflng, sfl vat) xa hdi - tflc la cai tdn tai khdng phu thude • TS, Vien Xd hgi hgc, Hgc vien CT- HCQG Ho Chi Minh 68 Ldgc sd xd hgi hgc ton gido: triidng phdi vao y mud'n chu quan cua ngfldi, Durkheim tim each ly giai tdn giao tfl gdc d u true va kham pha chflc nang cfla nd Chiu anh hfldng ctia thuye't tie'n hoa, Durkheim quan niem r i n g eae tdn giao phflc tap d i u la san pham tie'n hoa eua cae tin ngfldng ed' xfla, nguyen thuy, va viec kham p h i eae t h a n h td' t i t yeu, ed ban etia b i t cfl tdn giao nao nhflng tdn giao phflc tap cd the gap khd k h a n vi nhflng ye'u td' tam thdi, phai sinh, thfl ye'u ehe lap Vi vay, dng tim den vdi he thd'ng tin ngfldng Tdtem cua cae d i n e h i u flc nhfl la mdt hinh thflc sd khai va nguyen ban eua tdn giio, tfl dd xae dinh cac t h a n h td' c l u true eua nd hai pham trfl: tin ngfldng va nghi li Tin ngfldng la trang thai dac biet eua y thflc va dfldc the hien cu the thdng qua cac bieu tfldng; nghi l i la phfldng thflc h a n h ddng xae dinh Theo Durkheim, tdn giao la "he thd'ng thd'ng nhdt nhdng tin ngfldng va nghi l i co lien quan den cdc sfl vat thieng, tdc la nhdng sd vgt bi tdeh rieng ra, bi cdm dodn; Id he thd'ng tin ngddng vd nghi li lien ket tdt cd nhdng tin theo thdnh mdt cdng ddng tinh thdn ggi la Gido hdi"^ Diiu dang chfl y la, mac dfl ed rat nhiiu quan diem va dinh nghia khae v i ban chit eua tdn giio, song each hie'u eua Durkheim dfldc thfla nhan kha phd bien va td la edng cu hflu hieu giup cac nha xa hdi hgc d i nhan dien ddi tfldng tie'n hanh nghien cflu Vdi quan diem d u true - chflc nang, Durkheim danh mdt vi tri xflng dang cho tdn giao dng coi dd la mdt td' quan trgng nhat he thd'ng bieu trflng cua xa hdi, nhiem vu cua he thd'ng la thflc hien eae chflc nang nha't dinh cd y nghia sd'ng cdn ddi vdi he thd'ng ldn (xa hdi) Nghien cflu ed ehe va sfl anh hfldng eua tdn giao ddi vdi xa hdi, Durkheim eho rang tdn giao ed nhiem vu thiet lap va eung ed' sfl doan ke't xa hdi, coi dd la chflc nang ed ban nhat - diiu ma v i sau dfldc R Merton cu the hoa mdt each chinh xac hdn Theo Durkheim, nghi le thd cung eua tdn giao lam eho cdng ddng tin trd t h a n h mdt the thd'ng nblt, bdi le chung dfldc cac vien ciia mdt nhdm edng khai thfla nhan vdi tinh cich la edng viec chung eua nhdm Chflng khdi day, tri hoae phue hdi trang thai cua nhdm va tao sfl thd'ng nha't cua nhdm Cae ea the vien eua nhdm d m tha'y cd mdi lien he gifla hg vdi bdi hg diu cd niem tin va y niem gid'ng v i mdt the gidi linh thieng, v i mdi quan he gifla the' gidi vdi the gidi thflc tai va bieu Id y niem chung dd nhflng hanh ddng gid'ng Durkheim cung dae biet n h l n manh chflc nang xa hdi boa eua tdn giao, mac dfl dng khdng stf dung khai niem xa hdi hoa Ong cho rang, tdn giao dfla ea the eon ngfldi den vdi ddi sd'ng xa hdi, giao due va ren luyen sfl phue tflng thdng qua viee thflc hanh nghi l i va nhflng diiu d m doan cd tinh c h i t b i t huge, nhd dd ma tie'p nhan cac gia tri, ehuan mfle xa hdi va trd ngfldi xa hdi Durkheim Cac hinh thiic sd dang cua ton giao Paris, 1912, tr.65 Dan theo Komarova N A Ton giao nhan ban va ton giao quyen uy Kiev, 1999, tr 19 Nguyin Nguyin Hdng 69 Radcliffe Brown (1881 - 1955) - nha dan tdc hge Anh, la ngfldi quan niem xa hdi nhfl mdt chinh the - he thd'ng, ed nhu clu, mue dieh, quyin ldi va nhflng thiet che' dfldc thie't lap, hdn nfla, la he thd'ng ed sfl thd'ng n h i t xac dinh - thd'ng n h i t chflc nang Dd la trang thai t i t ea d e bd phan etia he thd'ng xa hdi boat ddng, van hanh cflng vdi sfl nhip nhang hai hoa hay la cd sfl ddng thuan ben trong, nghia la khdng Mm sinh nhflng xung dot nghiem trgng ma khdng cd kha nang giai quye't hay diiu chinh Day chinh la cai ma dng ggi la "dinh d i thd'ng nha't chflc nang" Theo dd, tdn giao la sfl bieu Men cam giic le thude cua eon ngfldi vao he thd'ng dao dflc "sieu ea the" eua xa hdi Dieu ed ban tdn giio la hanh ddng nghi li, chflc nang cua nd la huge cae vien eua nhdm phdi trdi nghiem nhiing sg hdi vd nhiing hy vgng chung, vd nhd cung cd cdc mdi lien he xd hgi Theo sfl ly giai etia dng thi, sd hai khie'n ngfldi tranh xa tdi ldi - cung chinb la tranh dfldc mdi nguy day ea xa hdi tdi ehd hdn loan, diet vong Tfl day, R Braun di tdi nhan dinh gay tranh cai r i n g , chflc nang xa hdi eua tdn giao khdng phu thude vao tinh chan ly hay gia ddi eua nd, r i n g tdn giao - cai ma chflng ta eho la sai l i m hay tham chi la nham nhi - cd the la bd phan khdng the tach rdi cua bd may xa hdi Mdi mdt tdn giao, mac dfl theo n h i i u each k h l e nhau, d i u tfldng xflng vdi nhflng dieu kien thflc te eua tdn tai eon ngfldi va la phfldng tien ed y nghia n b l t dinh sfl tie'n boa eua n i n van minh hien dai!^ Bronislaw Malinowsky (1884 - 1942) - nha xa hdi hge ngfldi Ba Lan, chu trfldng xay dflng tfl tfldng nhan hge xa hdi tren phfldng dien chflc nang, ma ndi dung cd't ldi la nghien cflu vai trd cfla cae hien tfldng van boa - xa hdi xa hdi, hfldng tdi viee giai thieh cae sfl kien nhan hgc tren ta't ca mgi mfle phat trien chflc nang, bdi vai trd ma ehung dam dfldng cung nhfl phfldng thflc lien he lan etia chflng ben he thd'ng Chu nghia ly tren binh dien chflc nang khien Malinowsky trd ngfldi d i u tien thiet lap dinh de thuye't chiic ndng tdng qudt vd tinh tdt yeu Theo dd, mdi hien tfldng van hoi, xa hdi he thd'ng xa hdi d i u mang tinh chflc nang va tinh t i t ye'u Ong viet: "d b i t ky dang nao etia n i n van minh, bat efl khach the vat chit, phong tue, tfl tfldng hay tin ngfldng nao eung d i u thflc hien mdt sd' chflc nang ddi sd'ng, d i u giai quye't mdt vai nhiem vu Chung la mdt phan ta't ye'u ben cai toan the Men thflc Nguyen nhan tinh t i t yeu eua tdn giao la d ehd: cac vien cua xa hdi diu ed ehung mdt sd' mue tieu va gia tri eao ea Mae dfl nhflng mue tieu va gia tri la ehu quan, nhflng chung anh hfldng de'n hanh vi, va tinh lien ke't eua chflng lam eho viee dam bao chflc nang cua xa hdi nhfl mdt he thd'ng thd'ng n b l t trd nen ed the"^ V i chflc nang cua tdn giao, Malinowsky khang dinh: Trong eae xa hdi rat phat trien, dfldc xay dflng tren n i n tang eua khoa hge cdng nghe, gidi tu si d i n d i n danh m i t vi the' eua hg, va t r u y i n thd'ng t h i n phai lui ve d i n g sau ^ lablokov I N Ton giao hoc Nha sach Tdng hdp Matxcdva, 2001, tr 256 ••' lablokov I N Sach da dan, tr.257 70 Ldgc sd xd hgi hgc ton gido: triidng phdi Tuy vay, khdng mdt xa hdi phat trien nao cd the dat de'n mfle hoan toan danh m i t ldng tin vao nhflng mue dieh sieu nghiem Bao gid xa hdi cflng phai tdn tai mdt vai he thd'ng ed chflc nang lien ke't nhflng gia tri eao ea, n h i m the hien chflng theo nghi thflc va lam cho tam trang cua ea the - trang thai tinh t h i n lien quan den nhflng sfl that vgng, sfl b i t hanh hay linh cam cai che't- ed the thich nghi vdi hien thflc Do vay, b i t efl dan tde nao, va bat efl giai doan phat trien nao eung d i u ed sfl Men dien cua tdn giao Robert Merton (1910- ) - nha xa hdi hgc My, tae gia eua cac edng trinh nd'i tieng "Ly thuye't xa hdi va d u true xa hdi', "Phfldng phap tie'p can nghien cflu d u true xa hdi" v.v la ngfldi da tien xa hdn cac nha e l u true - chflc nang tiin bdi chi nhflng khiem khuyet cua cai ma dng ggi la ba "giao diiu cua ldng tin" (sfl thd'ng nhat chflc nang eua xa hdi; thuye't chflc nang td'ng quat; tinh tat ye'u) Theo dng, viee khang dinh rang, t i t ea cac boat ddng xa hdi hay cae to'van hoa:l) la chflc nang ddi vdi toan bd he thd'ng van hoa hay xa hdi; 2) thflc hien eae chflc nang xa hdi thflc chflng; 3) la t i t yeu, v.v ehi phfl hdp vdi eae xa hdi t i i n chfl vie't nhflng sai l i m eae xa hdi phat trien cd e l u true phflc tap Ong phan bae Man diem v i sfl thd'ng nhat chflc nang va cho r i n g , mgt hien tdgng vdn hod hay xd hgi cu the (nhd phong tuc, chudn mdc hdnh vi, thiet che) cd the gdy nhdng he qud khde ddi vdi cdc nhdm xd hdi hay cdc cd the khac nhau, r i n g mfle lien ket eua ehung la khae nhau, va khdng the ed mdt sfl lien ket hoan toan eua cae xa hdi Mat khac, n h i t thie't phai thfla nhan r i n g , mdt Men tfldng van hoa cd the la chflc nang hay phan chflc nang, hoae la chflc nang ddi vdi nhdm nhflng lai la phan chflc nang vdi nhdm khac Ong khang dinh: "Bat cfl Men tfldng van boa hoae d u trflc xa hdi nao cung cd the cd chflc nang, song khdng the tuyen bd rang, b i t cfl Men tfldng van boa nao cung mang tinh chflc nang Ngoai ra, mdt hien tfldng cd the ed vd sd' chflc nang, va mdt chflc nang cung ed the dfldc thflc Men bdi nhiiu Men tfldng khac nhau".'^ Diem khac biet quan diem chflc nang cua Merton la d ehd, viec phan tieh chflc nang va phan chflc nang eho phep ehi khdng ehi ed sd eua d'n dinh xa hdi ma ea nhflng ngudn gd'c tiem tang cua bien dd'i xa hgi Ngoai ra, dng eung la ngfldi d i u tien phan biet hai dang chflc nang: mdt la, chflc nang - dang hanh vi xa hdi dfldc nhan thflc, ed ehu dinh va ke't qua eua nd mang lai sfl dieu ehinh, thieh nghi cua he thd'ng xa hdi; hai la, chflc nang - dang hanh vi ma ke't qua cua nd khdng dfldc nhan thflc va khdng ed ehu dinh trflde Viee phan biet hai dang chflc nang eho phep hieu dfldc nhflng hanh vi tin ngfldng, tdn giao ma thoat nhin cd ve nhfl phi ly Vi du, hanh vi cd tinh ma thuat nhfl thuat c l u dao (ggi mfla) ed the thflc hien chflc nang hoan toan khac vdi mue dieh cd chu dinh trflde Viee ggi mfla cd the khdng dem den mfla, nghi li khdng ed y nghia ky nghe vi mue dieh va ket qua cua hanh vi khdng trflng khdp Tuy nhien, k h i i niem chflc nang khdng chu dinh cho phep phan tieh sfl tae ddng eua nghi thflc khdng phai n h i m vao t h i n ' lablokov I N Sach da dan, tr 267 Nguyin Nguyin Hong 71 mfla hay cac Men tfldng thdi tie't, ma la n h i m vao ehinh nhdm ngfldi thflc hien clu dao Viee cau dao (cung nhfl mdt sd' nhflng nghi li khae) thflc Men chflc nang khdng chu dinh, cung cd' sfl doan ke't nhdm xa hdi, ehuan hi eho eae vien cua nhdm (hoae xa hdi) tham gia eae boat ddng ehung mdt each dinh ky B i n g each dd, ed the nhan thay hanh vi phi ly tinh ed chu dinh lai mang tinh khang dinh - chflc nang ddi vdi nhdm Them vao dd, phan tieh chflc nang lien ket xa hdi cua tdn giao theo quan diem ciia Malinowsky, Merton cho r i n g diiu dd ehi dung vdi cac xa hdi tiin chfl viet, vdi tdn giao ddc t h i n Theo nguyen tie, d c xa hdi t i i n chfl vie't chi ed mdt he thd'ng tdn giao qud'c gia Trong he thd'ng xa hdi dang nay, td'ng the eae gia tri tdn giao dinh hfldng ehung eho t i t ea mgi ngfldi se lam tang cfldng sfl doan ke't xa hdi Nhflng diiu khdng the ap dung cho eae dang khae eua xa hdi, vi lich sfl cac cudc ehien tranh tdn giao, sfl xung dot gifla cac nhdm tdn giao se chflng minh diiu ngfldc lai: tdn giao nhiiu kbi la nguyen nhan cua xung dot va chien tranh d cac xa hdi da tdn giao Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, tdn giao cung khdng dem de'n ldi ieh viec cd' ket xa hdi, neu ndi dung, eae gia tri cua nd mau thuan vdi ndi dung cua eae gia tri phi tdn giao khae Ngoai cae nha e l u true - chflc nang tieu bieu ndi tren xa hdi hgc tdn giao, edn phai ke den mdt dai bieu khae la Talcott Parsons - ngfldi ddng hfldng vdi Merton - mdt nhflng ly thuyet gia ndi tie'ng tflng khang dinh r i n g , " xa hdi hgc nghien cflu chi mdt khia eanh, ehu yeu la khia eanh chflc nang eua cac he thd'ng xa hdi, eung ehinh la nghien cflu cac d u true va q u i trinh cd lien quan de'n sfl lien ke't cae he thd'ng nay".^ Khac vdi chfl nghia chflc nang cua Merton, Parsons da xuat phat tfl bd'n he bien vi chflc nang ma dng quan niem sfl tdn tai cua b i t ky he thd'ng xa hdi nao cung diu tuan tbu - thich nghi, dinh hfldng mue dich, lien ket va tri kieu mau (he thd'ng AGIL), dd, tdn giao dfldc coi la td'ed ban n h i t cua he thd'ng gin gifl bieu trflng ed nhiem vu tri sfl lien ket cua he thd'ng xa hdi Diem dac biet dang chfl y d Parsons la dng lien he khai niem lien ke't vdi cae khai niem d'n dinh va bie'n ddi, eho r i n g sfl d'n dinh ctia he thd'ng phu thudc vao ke't qua boat ddng cua eae tieu he thd'ng, va mdi tieu he thd'ng ehiu anh hfldng chflc nang eua eae tieu he thd'ng edn lai, va sfl tfldng t i e l l n eua ehung dfldc thflc hien thdng qua eae trung gian bieu trflng Cae qua trinh di ngfldc lai sfl d'n dinh, can bang, la cai dan de'n sfl bien dd'i cd d u Dd la ly dng ddng nhit® quan diem vdi M Weber - ngfldi da nhan thay y nghia eua cac phong trao tdn giao sfl bie'n ddi xa hdi, dae biet n h l n manh sfl ddng gdp ma dng cho la cd y nghia quye't dinh ddi vdi sfl phat trien eua eae xa hdi edng nghiep Men dai trfldng hdp cua dao Tin lanh ' Parsons T Tong quan // Xa hoi hoc My Matxcdva, 1972, tr.365 ^ Parsons T Sach da din, tr.388 72 Ldgc sd xd hgi hoc ton gido: tmdng phdi Cd the ndi, xa hdi hgc tdn giao trfldng phai c l u true - chflc nang da de lai dau an kha dam net va la mdt ddng gdp dang ke tdn giao hge - nganh khoa hge vd'n da ed sfl gdp sflc cua nhiiu bd mdn khoa hge xa hdi khae nhfl Tam ly hge, Dao dflc hge Van h o i hge D i n tde hgc, Nhan hgc v.v Viec di sau tim hieu cac khia eanh d u true - chflc nang eho phep chi r i n g , tdn giao tin ngfldng la Men tflgng xa hdi phflc tap, cd anh hfldng trflc tie'p hay gian tie'p de'n mgi mat eua ddi sd'ng xa hdi Them vao dd, tdn giao dfldc nhin nhan khdng phai vdi tfl d e h la mdt tdn tai "lech ehuan" ma la mdt p h i n eua ca'u true xa hdi, mac cho y thflc tdn giao van dfldc xem la sfl phan anh thflc tien mdt each hoang dfldng, hfl ao De tranh nhflng ke't Man ddn gian hoa, mdt chiiu v i cac hien tfldng tdn giao, tin ngfldng, d n phai nghien cflu chung thdng qua nhieu bflde (thao tae) trung gian d n thiet de lge bd nhflng yeu td' gay "nhieu" Phat hien eua Merton ve mdi lien he gifla hanh vi tdn giao (eau dao) va y nghia xa hdi eiia chung (sfl dn dinh, lien ket) la mdt vi du dien hinh ve mdt nghien cflu xa hdi hge tdn giao theo kieu "bae clu" - Ke't qua nghien cflu cua cae nha d u true - chflc nang cung chi ring, tdn giao, tin ngfldng khdng chi la phfldng tien thoa man nhu c l u d i n bfl hfl ao trfldc ndi sd hai, b i t Mc hay cai che't ma edn thflc hien hang loat nhflng chflc nang khac nhfl: nhan thflc, xa hdi hoa, giao tie'p, kiem soat (xa hdi, nhdm, e l nhan) v.v Ldgie eiia van de (va thflc te' cung da p h i n nao chflng minh) la, tdn giao se mat d i n vai trd va y nghia xa hdi eua nd, mdt cae chflc nang ma nd dam nhiem dfldc di chuyen vao cac thie't che' xa hdi the tue khae (nhfl khoa hge Mat phap, van hoa giao due, v.v.) Sfl tdn tai va xu hfldng van ddng, bie'n dd'i ctia tdn giao ehle chin thudc vao nang lfle dam bao chflc nang eua cac thie't ehe xa hdi - Mae dfl thuye't d u true - chflc nang da md mdt hfldng tie'p can mdi, giup dem lai each nhin td'ng quan cae van d i xa hdi vi md, song nd eung gap phai nhflng ban ehe' khdng the giai quye't dfldc cac xa hdi da tdn giao, da/phie'm than nhfl Merton da ehi ro d tren Vi vay, each tie'p can ehi cd the van dung dieu kien phai tinh de'n quan diem lich sfl - eu the eua ehu nghia Mle Lenin Diiu dd ed nghia la, phai khu biet pham vi va'n d i dfldc xem xet gidi ban eua mdt xa hdi (hay nhdm) eu the, dd eae t h a n h vien diu phai ed ehung mdt niim tin va sd thude mdt td' chflc tdn giao nhat dinh Chi trfldng hdp dd, viec van dung ly thuye't mdi ddng vai trd dang ke NguyinNguyin Hong 73 Tai lieu t h a m k h a o lablokov I N Ton gido hgc Nha sach Td'ng hdp Matxcdva, 2001 Komarova N A Tdn gido nhdn bdn vd tdn gido quyin uy Kiev, 1999 Parson T Tdng quan / / Xd hdi hgc My Matxcdva, 1972 Nguyin Kim Hiin Mdt so'net dgi cddng vi xd hdi hgc tdn gido d Phdang Tdy Tap chi Nghien cflu tdn giao sd' (2001) Weber Max Dgo ddc Tin Lanh vd tinh thdn cua chu nghla td bdn Nxb Da Ning, 2008 Sabino Acquaviva (Le Dien dieh) Xd hdi hgc tdn gido Nxb Khoa hge Xa hdi HN, 1998 Jean Paul Wellaime (Nguyen Van Kiem dich) KMarx vd F Enghels vdi vdn di xd hdi hgc ton gidp Tap ehi Nghien cflu tdn giao, sd' (2002) Nguyen Xuan Nghia Phu nd, tdn gido vd vdn di phdt trien Tap ehi Nghien cflu tdn giao, sd'6(2005)
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