Sự khác nhau trong quan niệm và cách vận dụng chủ nghĩa thế tục tại mỹ và pháp trường hợp vụ khăn trùm đầu, trong cách nhìn của xã hội học lịch sử so sánh

98 m w f)oc m "^^^ t'V^ vy*- ^V^ a w ^ Xa hoi hoc so' (109), 2010 SU" KHAC NHAU TRONG QUAN NIEM VA CACH VAN DUNG CHU NGHIA THE TUC TAI MY VA PHAP: TRUING HdP VU KHAN TRUM DAU, TRONG CACH NHIN CUA XA H O I HOC LICH SU" SO SANH MAI DANG HIEN QUAN* I.Van de n g h i e n cijfu Ngay 11/12/2003, Hdi ddng Stasi gdm 20 vien sy va tri thflc Phap da trinh mdt Bao d o ve Chu nghia the tue len Tong thd'ng Phip, dd la Jacques Chirac Cae nha lap p b l p va hanh phap Phap da phe ehuan de xuat eua Hdi ddng v i Luat d m sinh vien hgc sinh the Men bieu tfldng tdn giao tai trfldng hge Muc dieh d i u tien eiia dao Mat mdi lien quan den khan trum d i u eua nhflng ngfldi Hdi giao, nhien nd da lan de'n ea khan ddi d i u eua nhflng ngfldi theo dao Sikh, mu ddi diu cua ngfldi Do t h i i va cay gii eua nhflng ngfldi theo dao Thien ehua Mdt nhflng diem ehu yeu eua dao Mat mdi neu rd rang: "Nghiem cam sinh vien the hien phd trfldng eae d i u hieu hoae trang phue ve quan be tdn giao tai cac trfldng tieu hgc, trung hge va eao hge edng edng" (Gunn, 2005) Mdt t u i n sau tuyen bd' eua Bao eao Hdi ddng Stasi, Cue Nha nfldc My da dfla Bao eao thfldng nien, nam 2003, v i Tfl tdn giio qud'c te Trong budi hgp bao dip dd, Dai sfl John Hanford da tra ldi eau hdi" Phan flng eua dng ve lenh d m khan ddi dau eiia tdng thd'ng Jacques Chirac nhfl the nao?" Ong ndi: "Nguyen t i e ed ban ve tfl tdn giio ehung tdi thflc Men tai nhieu nfldc tren the gidi, gom ca v l n de khan trflm dau, la mgi ngfldi diu ed the the Men tdn giio va tin ngfldng eua hg mgt d e h hda binh, khdng ed sfl can thiep eua ehinh quyen Td'ng thd'ng Chirac quan tam den viec tri nguyen tae ehu nghia the tue d Phap va dng ta n h l n manh v l n d i tri chu nghia the tue d Phap la bat di b i t dich Cdn ve phia ehung tdi, ehung tdi eoi tri tfl tin ngfldng mdi la v l n d i b i t di bat dieh Mdt lanh tu Hdi giao ndi rang ehu nghia the tue dd da loai ngoai qua nhiiu nhieu nfldc ban ehe khan trflm diu ndi ngfldi ta trflm khan khdng phai de khieu khich, ehi ddn gian de the Men niem tin chan eua hg va ehung ta khdng t h i y d dau dieu dd chia re eon ngfldi" (trich tfl Bio eao thfldng nien, nam 2003, ve Tfl tdn giao qud'c te) Nhieu nam sau, 6/6/2009, tai eude hgp bao ehung, Td'ng thd'ng Pblp Sarkozy cung da td thai bi't dong ve viee Td'ng thd'ng My Obama keu ggi tdn trgng quyin mang khan trum d i u eua phu nfl Hoi giao Obama phe phan cae nfldc phfldng • Sinh vien Khoa Xd hdi hgc, Dgi hgc Bates, My Mai Ddng Hiin Qudn 99 Tay d m mang khan trum d i u va mdt p h i n ly Man eua dng dfla vao eae Man diem eua mdt sd' td' chflc ve quyen phu nfl d Phap: "Dieu quan trgng la cae nfldc phfldng Tay nen tranh viec ngan can eae cdng dan Hdi giao the hien tdn giao cua hg hg thay dieu dd.ia thich bdp - chang ban, b i n g each quy dinh xem phu nfl Hdi giao phai mac gi ? Chung ta khdng the cbe d i u sfl thfl dieh ddi vdi bat efl tdn giao nao dfldi cai vd ehu nghia tfl Tdi khdng ehiu trach nhiem ve thai eiia cae nfldc khac dd'i vdi each lam Tdi ndi vdi eae vi rang, d nfldc My, thai eua chflng tdi la ehung tdi khdng dinh ndi vdi mgi ngfldi la hg phai mac gi" - Obama ndi (trich tfl New Nation 2009) Tfl eae trich d i n tren, ta thay ed sfl khle biet rd rang gifla My, ndi sinh vien dfldc phep mac trang phuc va mang cae bieu tfldng tdn giio d nha trfldng va Phap, ndi viee dd hi d m Dieu thu vi la, mac dfl ed sfl khae biet ve mat ehinh sach xung quanh viee eho phep sinh vien the Men cac bieu tfldng tdn giao tai trfldng hge, ca hai qud'c gia diu la nhflng "qud'c gia the tue", dieu dfldc the Men bdi hai tieu ehuan ehinh: - Cle qua trinh phap ly eua ea bai qudc gia deu n i m ngcai sfl kiem sdlt eua tdn giac - Ca hai qud'c gia diu khdng ed tdn giao cMnh thflc cung nhfl vd than (Smith 1999) Van de la d ehd ca Phap va My tham chl cdn dfldc eoi la ndi bat d i u sfl p h i t trien eua cac qud'c gia the tue Cae qud'c gia the tue trd the tue hoac la lap nha nfldc hoae la the tue hda nha nfldc, gid'ng nhfl eae phong trao vi "Zaci^e"(quan niem the tue d Pblp), hay vi viee tach nha thd khdi nha nfldc d My (Bauberot, 2001) Cho du ddng thai eua qua trinh hoach dinh ehinh saeh la the' nao di nfla, cae qud'c gia van theo dudi nhflng eon dfldng rieng va tfldng ddi ben vflng cac ehinh sleh ehung eua hg ddi vdi tdn giao (Kuru, 2007) Cd mdt sfl khae biet rat rd ret v i dinh tinh gifla d c chinh saeh nha nfldc dd'i vdi tdn giio tai My va tai Phap d My, sinh vien dfldc phep mac va the Men d e bieu tfldng tdn giao va dgc ldi thi, bao gdm ea tuyen bd' "Mdt qud'c gia, dfldi quyin va sfl che ehd eiia Chua" Cau "Chflng ta tin vao Dflc Chua Trdi" xuat Men tren mgi loai tien eua My Nhieu ldi tuyen the ehinh thflc, ke ea ldi t h i eiia Tong thd'ng deu cd eau "Chua giflp eon", ngfldi t h i nguyen thfldng thflc Men b i n g each dat ban tay trai len Kinh Ngoai ra, eae phien hgp eua Qud'c hdi My deu bat d i u b i n g budi clu kinh cfla mdt giao si va eae phien hgp eua Tda an tdi eao eung b i t d i u bang ldi elu nguyen "Chua cflu vdt nfldc My va Tda an danh dfl nay" Cac ehinh khach d My kbi ke't thue eua budi diin van thfldng ndi: "Chua phfl hd nfldc My" O Phap, khdng ed viee the Men ndi edng edng nhflng bieu tfldng tdn giio nhfl vay Dieu dd d i n den van de mau chd't la: mac du diu la d e qud'c gia the tue, vi Phap lai elm the Men bieu tfldng tdn giao, edn My thi khdng ? Rat It v l n de xa hdi lai bao bam ea nhiiu linh vflc xa hdi l l n khoa hgc xa hdi, ddng thdi cd y nghia xa hdi to ldn, nhfl vu "khan trflm diu" (Kastoriano, 2006) "Vu" 100 Sd khac quan niem vd cdch van dung chu nghla thi'tuc tgi My vd Phdp lien quan de'n eae v l n d i lieh sfl dan tde, vi tri cua tdn giao, nguyen t i e ve "lacite" (mdt dang eua ehu nghia the tue Phap) va nhflng ban ehe eua nd eung nhfl vai trd eua nha trfldng viee "ddng hda" eon em nhflng ngfldi nhap efl Nd eung d i n den v l n de hda nhap eua Hdi giio va nhflng ngfldi nhap efl khae va dao Hdi nhfl mdt bieu Men van hda, tdn giao nhfl mdt the lfle ehinh tri xa hdi ben va ben ngoai d i t nfldc sinh nd Nd eung lien quan den nhflng nguyen t i e dao dflc nhfl sfl khoan dung va chap nhan quyin binh dang gifla d e tdn giao, quyin dfldc khae biet, dfldc tfl ea nhan, tfl tdn giao, quyen eon ngfldi va giai phdng phu nfl, quyen binh dang gidi Nd cflng ed the lam sinh nhflng van de v i tae ddng cua ehu nghia da van hda thflc te, viee tai thiet lap trat tfl edng edng, xae dinh lai hdp ddng xa hdi bay cac "Khe ddc xd hdi" nhfl Jean-Jacques Rousseau da vie't mdt each kha mia mai, hoac ve quyen binh dang eua edng dan IL L u a n d i e m c u a t a c gia t r o n g h e tho'ng tvC l i e u Nhiiu hge gia ed' ging tim ldi giai eho eau hdi dat d tren Trong sd' nhflng II dfla ra, hai lap Man ed ve ndi bat hdn ea la: t i e ddng eua nhflng ngfldi nhap efl va bai trfl dae Hdi dan P b l p va giai p h i p lfla chgn hdp ly.cho eae ehinh saeh cua nha nfldc ddi vdi tdn giao Lap Man thfl nhat eho r i n g eblnh phu P b l p quyet dinh thdng qua Bio d o cua Stasi vi cang cd nhiiu ngfldi nhap efl (phin ldn sd' dd la ngfldi Hdi giao) de'n Phap va ed sfl bai trfl dao Hdi d mfle nao dd eae chinh saeh eiia nha nfldc Phap ddi vdi Hdi giao (Thomas 2006) Tuy nhien, lap Man cd mdt sd' v l n de Trflde het, viee chd'ng ddi nhap efl va bai trfl Hdi giio cd khuynh hfldng cang tang tai nhiiu nfldc phfldng Tay nhfl Anh, Dflc, Ha Lan Va'n de la d eho tai chau Au, Phap la nfldc ed ty le ngfldi theo dao Hdi tren sd' dan t h i p n b l t (1 tren 2670 so vdi 1/ 1071 d Anh, 1/1375 d Dflc, hay 1/2375 d Ha Lan (Fetzer & Soper 2003) Phap khdng phai la nfldc nha't ed khuynh hfldng dd NhQng khuynh hfldng nay, thdi gian gin day lai cang manh them mdt sd' sfl viee nhfl vu d i n h bom khiing bd' d Anh hay d Tay Ban Nha hoae nhfl vu nha lam phim Ha Lan Theo Van Gogh hi giet Tuy nhien, khdng nfldc nao sd' dd lai theo dud'i mdt chinh saeh khae nghiet de'n the ddi vdi ngfldi dan theo dao Hdi nhfl d Phap Hdn nfla, so vdi nhflng nfldc phfldng Tay khae, Phap eung la nfldc k b i t khe hdn ddi vdi tdn giao ndi chung, bao gdm ea Thien Chfla Giao va sfl k b i t khe dd khdng the giai tMch b i n g sfl chd'ng ddi ngfldi nhap cfl va bai trfl dao Hdi ndi rieng Viee d m sinh vien the Men cac bieu tfldng tdn giao khdng chi nham vao nhflng ngfldi theo dao Hdi: dao Mat cung d m ea viec deo gia eua Thien Chfla Giao, mu ddi dau eua ngfldi Do thai va khan trflm dau eua ngfldi Sikh Phap eung la nfldc n b l t d Tay Au khdng td' chflc giang day khoa hge tdn giao nha trfldng; dd eung la tinh trang nha't d Tay Au vdi viee edng khai thfla nhan ehe the tue nhfl dfldc neu rd Men phap: "Phap la nfldc edng hda khdng the chia elt, the tue, d i n ehu va xa hdi"(Kuru 2008) Lap Man thfl hai la giai phap dfla tren ly thuye't lfla chgn bdp ly Nhflng ngfldi Mai Ddng Hiin Qudn 101 lfla chgn phai dfla ehu ye'u vao thien vi ea nhan, sfl tinh toan hdp ly va ap Me tfl d u true xa hdi cua hg (Olson, 1984) Cac nha ly thuye't lfla chgn hdp ly cho r i n g Phap di den quye't dinh nhfl vay vi sfl tinh toan eae chi phi cd hdi eua nhflng nha elm quyen dfla tren flu tien eua bg ddi vdi viec tri nen ehinh tri, giam thieu ehi phi thflc thi Mat va edng phat trien kinh te (Gill 2007 - Kalyvas 1996) Lap Man eho rang nhflng nha elm quyin Phap theo dud'i cac ehinh saeh ddi vdi tdn giao k b i t khe hdn nhflng nha elm quyen My, vi nhflng ehinh saeh nhfl vay giup hg giam thieu ehi phi cd hdi lien quan de'n ba v l n d i Cd the thay r i n g each giai thieh dd ehfla thda ding Tfl quan diem kinh te bgc, khdng nen giai thieh quyet dinh eiia nhflng nha elm quyen Phap bang ly thuye't ehi pM ed hdi: viee d m khan trflm d i u khdng mang lai ldi Ieh gi eho nen kinh te Phap, ngfldc lai, nd cdn lam mat thdi gian va edng sflc, ehfla ndi den ehuyen nd edn tao ehi phi de thflc thi viee Tfl quan diem ehinh tri, vien ed kiem soat efl dan theo dao Hdi eung ed ve khdng phai la lfla chgn thich hdp Nhflng ngfldi theo dao Hdi d Phap edn lau mdi ed the dao ldn dfldc the can bang chinh tri tai day Ty le nhflng ngfldi di le nha thd Hdi giao hang tuan (5%) va quan sat tdn giao (10 - 12%) khdng khae biet may vdi ty le nhflng ngfldi di le nha thd hang tuan tai Phap (10%) Ve mat quyen lfle ehinh tri, nhflng ngfldi thed dao Hdi la nhdm It quyin lfle n b l t be thd'ng quyin lfle chinh tri d Phap Trong sd' 331 vien Thfldng vien ebi ed ngfldi ed ngudn gd'c dao Hoi va sd' 577 vien Hgi ddng lap phap khdng cd dai bieu Hdi giao nao (Khao s i t cua CSA 2003) CM phi cd bdi, bdi vay se khdng giai thich dfldc vi Phap lai danh tien, thdi gian va uy tin qud'c te (It n b l t la tfl phia eae nfldc Hdi giao) eho v l n d i (Le Monde 2003) Do be thd'ng tfl lieu Men ed edn de lai Id hdng (eae lap Man neu tren khdng dfla dfldc ldi giai thieh thda dang eho eau bdi nghien cflu), p h i n phan tich tie'p theo, cd the se lip bdt khoang trd'ng dd bang each dfla eau tra ldi va bao ve ldi giai dap bang each giai thieh van de theo the ehe, sfl dung phfldng phap path-dependent (xem xet lieh sxi van die theo tinh he thd'ng eiia the ehe) James Mahoney^ de xult III De x u a t ld'i giai Cd the tha'y sfl khae cac chinh saeh ddi vdi tdn giio gifla hai nfldc Pblp va My la k i t qua eua eude dau tranh tfl tfldng va dd chinb la eude tranh gifla "ehu ngbia the tuc thu ddng" va "ehu nghia the tue cbu ddng" la dieu anh hfldng ldn de'n cae chinb sach cdng edng Cbu nghia the tue thu ddng ddi hdi nha diu gay nha ' James Mahoney sinh ndm 1977, Idy bdng Tien sy tgi Bgi hgc California-Berkeley Ong nghien cdu xd hdi hgc chinh tri, tap trung vdo so sdnh sUphdt trien cua cdc qud'c gia My Latin, xd hgi hgc so sdnh vd ly thuyet VI md, gidi thich xd hdi hgc lich sd theo hUdng qud trinh James Mahoney Id tdc gid cua cdc cdng trinh" The legacies of Liberalism; Path-Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America (Nhd xudt bdn Dgi hgc Johns Hopkins 2001) vd Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (Nhd xudt bdn Bgi hgc Cambridge 2003) vdi tU cdch ddng chu bien Tuy tri, nhUng Mahoney dugc coi Id mdt nhiing nhd xd hdi hgc chuyen ngdnh ly thuyet qud trinh vd so sdnh lich sd hdng ddu cua xd hdi hgc My Mahoney chiing minh vdi the'gidi rdng xd hdi hgc My khdng chi thien vi cdc ly thuye't hien dgi vd dng dung md cdng khdng kem thdnh cdng cdch llnh vUc nghien cdu khde nhU xd hdi hgc lich sd vd so sdnh 102 Sd khde quan niem vd cdch van dung chu nghla the'tuc tgi My vd Phdp nfldc ddng vai trd "thu ddng" de tranh viee thie't lap b i t cfl tdn giao nao, eho phep tdn giao edng khai Chu nghia the tue ehu ddng, ngfldc lai, eho rang vai trd nhfl mdt tac nhan eua cdng eude kien thie't xa hdi ban ehe tdn giao mdt linh vflc rieng biet (Taylor, 1998; Mc Clay, 2002) Nhfl vay, chfl nghia the tuc thu ddng la mdt nguyen tic chinh tri thflc te ed' ging bao ve tinh trung gian eua nha nfldc ddi vdi eae tdn giao khae nhau, chfl nghia the tuc chfl ddng lai la mdt "hgc thuye't diy du" tim each bai trfl tdn giao khdi linh vflc edng edng (Rawls, 1996) O Phap, ehu nghia the tue ehu ddng chiem vi tri dde tdn eho dfl ed nhflng thach thflc nhflng ngfldi theo ehu nghia the tue thu ddng dat (Bauberot 2004) Tuy nhien, d My, nhflng ngfldi theo ehu nghia the' tue chu ddng, chang ban nhflng ngfldi vd than My, lai ehi la mdt nhdm nhd nen hg khdng the gay nhflng thach thflc ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi theo ehu nghia the' tue thu ddng chie'm flu the (Smith 2003) Chu nghia the tue thu ddng hay ehu ddng trd nen thd'ng linh nhflng trfldng hdp la ket qua eua nhflng diiu kien lieh sfl dae biet q u i trinh thie't lap nha nfldc the tuc O Phap, sfl Men dien eua ehe' cfl dfla tren sfl ke't hdp gifla n i n quan chu va tdn giao b l ehu la nguyen nhan ddn nen lai tfl viee sinh thuye't chd'ng giao hdi tang ldp tinh hoa eua nhflng ngfldi edng hda Md'i quan he thfl dieh gifla nhflng ngfldi edng hda va d e the ehe tdn giao la ly cua sfl lan I t ed tinh lieh stf eua chu nghia the tue ehu ddng Nfldc My, vay lai la qud'c gia tfldng ddi mdi eua nhflng ngfldi nhap efl va khdng cd che cu Diiu dd la ed sd eho p h i n tinh hoa cua ehu nghia the tue va tdn giao tim va dat dfldc sfl nhat tri v i viee tach nha thd va nha nfldc d mfle lien bang Dieu d i n de'n sfl thd'ng linh eua chfl nghia the tuc thu ddng (Rawls, 2006; Hartz, 1955; Kuru, 2007) Vi vay, de hieu dfldc sfl khle biet gifla cle chinh saeh nha nfldc ddi vdi tdn giao ciia hai qudc gia tren, diiu quan trgng la phai nhin lai lich sii, de xac dinh sfl ed tdn tai hay khdng mdt che efl dfla tren nen quan ehu va tdn giao ba ehii , dan den viee ehu nghia the tue ehu ddng hay ehu nghia the tue thu ddng se thd'ng linh Sfl khac biet gifla nhflng qua trinh d My va d P h i p se dfldc p h i n tich theo ly thuye't dfla tren tinb he thd'ng eua the ehe eua James Mahoney rV Giai t h i c h lich s ^ v a n de t h e o t i n h h e t h o n g c u a t h e c h e Tlm quan trgng eua giai phap phan tieh v l n de theo tinh he thd'ng cfla the che viec tim hieu cac Men tfldng chinh tri va xa hdi dfldc ndu bat nghien cflu eua cac nha phan tich lich sfl so sanh Nhflng cdng trinh l y cho thiy r i n g khdng the giai thich eae ke't qua ehu ye'u bang nhflng qua trinh ngin hay trang thai n b l t va can bing, ma cae eon dfldng phat trie'n ddi ed nhflng diem n h l n la nhflng thdi die'm quyet dinh dd nhflng sfl kien nhd hoac ngiu nhien lai cd anh hfldng sau sle tdi nhflng sfl kien va nhflng md hinh thay dd'i tie'p theo (Mahoney, 2001) Ro rang la giai phap dfla vao qui trinh nhfl vay se dfla ldi giai thieh diy du hdn eho trfldng hdp ngdai le eiia Phap viee hoach dinh nhflng eblnh saeh va thai ddi vdi tdn giao Mai Dgng Hiin Qudn 103 Theo Mahoney, quan diem ve lich sfl van de theo tinh he thd'ng cfla the che lien quan de'n each giai thich dac biet the Men qua mdt loat giai doan lien tiep Diem xuat phat la dieu kien lieh sfl ed tfl trfldc - dieu se xae dinh pham vi d e lfla chgn vao thdi diem m l u chd't Trong diem lfla chgn m l u chd't nay, hoae la "thdi diem quyet dinh", sfl lfla chgn dac biet (chang ban mdt ehinh saeh, mdt lien minh, hoae mdt the che' nao dd) dfldc lfla de chgn so' nhiiu giai phap khae Sfl lfla chgn dan de'n viec tao mdt the ehe, the ehe dd dfldc tri lau dai va b i n vflng De'n Ifldt nd sfl ben vflng eua the ehe lai md d i u met ehudi phan flng, gdm cac phan flng flng hd va phan ddi, qua dd cac gia tri eua the ehe' dfldc d i n h gia lai Nhflng phan flng nay, sau dd se chuyen hfldng phat trien tdi diem ke't qua cudi eung la sfl hoa giai eae phan flng ung hd va chd'ng ddi d giai doan trflde^ Ndi ehung, dia vi thd'ng tri eua chu nghia the' tuc thu dgng neu cd "sU nhat tri eao" (vdi sfl ddng thuan eua eae ben), gifla eae nhdm the tue va tdn giao, uy the eiia ehu nghia the tue ehu ddng la ke't qua eua mdi xung k h l e gifla nhflng nhdm Mdt mat, neu eae nhdm the tue la eae nhdm chd'ng tdn giao (theo nghia ddi lap vai trd xa hdi eua tdn giao) va cac nhdm tdn giao ed' ging tri trang thai dfldc hg thie't lap, rd rang la nhflng nhdm ed quyin ldi ddi lap va mau t h u i n ed the sinh Mat khae, ne'u d c nhdm the tuc khdng chd'ng ddi tdn giao va cae nhdm tdn giao khdng cd' ging gifl tdn giao da dfldc thie't lap, nhflng nhdm ed the di tdi sfl ddng thuan (Rawls, 1996) Lap Man tiep theo dfldi day eho t h i y trfldng hdp thfl n b l t la d Phap, trfldng hdp thfl hai la d My Dieu kien quye't dinh ed the tae ddng xem nhflng nhdm di tdi sfl ddng thuan hay xung dot ehinh la sfl ed hay khdng mdt che cu lien k i t n i n quan chu va tdn giao ba ehu (Kuru, 2007) Ne'u che eu tdn tai thi khd ma thuye't phuc dfldc cae nhdm tdn giao ba quyen thoa hiep tren ed sd bai bd sfl thie't lap tdn giao eua hg Ta hay bat dau bang viee xem xet nhflng diiu kien trflde day eua My My la qud'c gia bat ngudn tfl dan nhap efl, ndi nhflng tinh hoa the tue (nhfl James Madison, Thomas Jefferson va George Washington) khdng tap trung vao viee loai bd nen quan ehii, eung khdng eoi tdn giao la ddng minh (Hartz, 1955) Lien minh gifla nen quan chu Anh va giio p h i i Anh khdng tao mdt ehe cu vi hai 11 do: Thfl nhit, giao phai Anh ehi dfldc lap trcng sau thude dia, trcng bay thudc dia khac hoac la thiet lap giao doan nha thd, hoae la khdng thiet lap nha thd nad Thfl hai, tham chl sau thude dia dd, nhflng nha thd giio phai Anh sud't thdi gian dai la r i t nhd be va viee kiem scat eua nha thd ddi vdi cac va'n d i lien quan de'n tdn giao ehu ye'u vln la khdng dang ke (Esbeek, 1457) Nhflng dieu kien da tac ddng mdt each cd ban khdng chi len tinh khoan dung cua cae t i n g ldp tinh hoa the' tue doi vdi vai trd edng ddng eua tdn giao ma edn tae ddng len ea sfl cdi md cfla eae nhdm tdn giao len ' Vi vd'n de ndy, xin xem bdi "Nhiing gidi thich dUa theo tinh he thd'ng cua the che (Path-dependent explanations) cua sU thay ddi che do: Trung My vien canh so sdnh "cua Mahoney cudn" Nhdng nghien cdu so sdnh sUphdt trien qud'c te" Spring 2001, Vol.36, No 1, pp Ill- 14L 200L 104 Sd khac quan niem vd cdch van dung chu nghia the'tuc tgi My vd Phdp viee tach nha thd khdi nha nfldc d elp lien bang Do khdng cd sfl ba chu tdn giao d pham vi qud'c gia, cae nhdm tdn giao chip nhan viee chia tach ma khdng "luyen tiec che dd cd q u i khfl" (Bellah, 2005) Viee khdng cd che ed' va sfl tdn tai eua da dang tdn giao ddng vai trd ehii dao viee nd'i len eua ehu ngbia the tue va tfl tdn giao d My nhfl mdt qua trinh chinb t n manh d i n len O My, nhflng nha s i n g lap chu nghia ly the tuc ehiu anh hfldng bdi Thdi dai khai sang, nhflng ngfldi theo phai Phue Am lai bi anh hfldng bdi Hanh vi nhan thflc vi dai Noah Fedman^, chuyen gia nghien cflu tdn giao, cho r i n g nhflng nha sang lap chu nghia ly the tue khdng phai la nhflng ngfldi ehdng tdn giao va nhflng ngfldi theo p h i i Phue Am lai edi md vdi viee t i e h tdn giio khdi nha nfldc Hg cflng cd nen tang tfl tfldng chung dfla tren ehu nghia tfl eua John Locke va suy nghi ciia mdt sd' nha tfl tfldng eua dao Tin Lanh - nhflng ngfldi iing hd viee tach tdn giao khdi nha nfldc Hai nhdm di tdi sfl n b l t tri ve viee tach nha thd khdi nha nfldc d clp lien bang nhfl mdt edng nhan eblnh thflc Mat Sxia dd'i bd' sung thfl n b l t va sfl nha't tri d i n tdi viee thd'ng linh eiia ehu nghia the tue thu ddng tai My (Kuru, 2007) Ngfldc lai vdi My, tai Phap, nhflng ngfldi edng hda theo chu nghia the tue va nhflng ngfldi theo dao Thien ehfla bao thu khdng the di tdi sfl n b l t tri nhfl vay Tai Phap, cflng lfle ed nhflng ngfldi hi anh hfldng nang ne eua d e tfl tfldng eua eude Cach mang tfl san Phap 1789, gdm ea nhflng ngfldi chd'ng giao hdi, nhflng ngfldi theo chu nghia the tue va nhflng ed niem tin vflng chae vao tfl tfldng Thien chfla giao, gdm gidi muc sfl va nhflng ngfldi iing hd bao thu chinh tri va quan lieu (Bauberot 2004) Trong bud'i d i u eua nen Cdng hda thfl Ba (1875 - 1905), nhflng ngfldi edng hda theo ehu ngbia the tue nhfl Jules Ferry, Bd trfldng giao due, da quye't dinh loai hang nghin giao vien muc sfl de gifl eho nen giao due dfldc the' tue hda eung nhfl ddng ciia 15 nghin trfldng hgc Thien chua giio mac cho sfl phan ddi tfl phia cae nhflng ngfldi Thien ehfla giao bao thu b i n g each thdng qua cac Luat Hien phap eua nen Cdng hda thfl Ba d m eae tae ddng eua nha thd len nha nfldc (Larkin 1973) Chu nghia the tuc ehu ddng nd'i len nhfl mdt tfl tfldng thd'ng linh va la ket qua eua nhflng xung dot quye't liet Nhfl da ndi d tren, ehu nghia the tue thu ddng hay ehu ddng trd nhflng tfl tfldng thd'ng linh d e giai doan quyet dinh eua qua trinh xay dflng nha nfldc the tue O My, ehinh la giai doan tfl Tuyen ngdn Dde lap tdi Sfla dd'i bd' sung lan thfl nha't, nhflng tuyen bd' d i u tien vdi the' gidi ve cac chinh sach cua My ddi vdi tdn giao dfldc dfla (1776 - 91) O Phap, dd ehinh la Luat Hie'n phap cfla nen Cdng hda thfl Ba (1875 - 1905) Dieu eho t h i y dd la nhflng gi ma Mahoney ggi la "cdc thdi diem quyei dinh" ehu nghia the tue ehu ddng hay thu ddng thay the' eae ehe nha ^ Vi van di ndy, xin xem bdi "Ngudn gd'c tri thdc cua diiu khodn Gidi quyen uy" cua Noah Feldman chi Ludt Dgi hgc New York, 77(thdng 5/2002) Tap Mai Ddng Hiin Qudn 105 nfldc - nha thd theo kieu eu va trd cdc the che ed tinh ben vflng hoac bi phan ddi d mfle n b l t dinh Vdi sfl ben vflng dd, nhflng the ehe' mdi dfldc lap se la nhflng tu tudng cbu dao mdt thdi gian dai Luan diem ve sfl ben vflng cua cac the che' se dfldc trinh bay p h i n sau, nhflng tfl tudng mdi hi phan ddi va hi xem xet lai tai hai qud'c gia My va Phap O nfldc My, cbu nghia the' tue thu ddng trd nen thd'ng linh va eho phep the hien tdn giio edng khai Tuy nhien, sfl that la ed mdt sd' thay ddi chinh saeh eua nha nfldc ddi vdi tdn giao, cung nhfl y nghia cfla nhflng thay ddi chinh sfl trung tinh eua nha nfldc Tfl cuoi the ky 18 den d i u the ky 19, trung tinh ehi ham nghia la sfl trung tinh cua chinh quyin lien bang ddi vdi giio phai Tin Lanh: eae nha thd dfldc lap va edng nhan dfldc bao toan mdt sd' bang cho den 1833 Tfl dd de'n diu the ky 20, ehu ngbia the tue bao gdm ea sfl trung tinh ddi vdi eae giao phai Tin Lanh d ea mfle bang lan lien bang Ddng thdi ed ea Tin Lanh ban - thie't lap tach khdi Thien Chua giao Chang ban, mdt sd' trfldng hgc edng edng, eae sinh vien dfldc day ban Kinh Tin Lanh eua King James D i u the ky 20 la giai doan dinh nghia sfl trung tinh dfldc xem xet lai, kbi nhflng ngfldi theo dao Thien ehua va Do thai hdp nha't vdi (Smith, 2003) Tfl nhflng nam 50 cua the' ky trflde, cd cudc tranh Man mdi v i y nghia eua sfl trung tinh Ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi ung hd viee phan tach nha thd vdi nha nfldc, sfl trung tinh ddi hdi tinh vd tfl eiia nha nfldc ddi vdi t i t ea eae loai tin ngfldng va vd than, doi vdi nhieu nha thda hiep, nha nfldc chi cin trung tinh ddi vdi eae tdn giao mdt t h i n (Kuru, 2007) Lieh stt eiia sfl b i n vflng the che eung tfldng tfl nhfl v^y tai Phap Nhfl da ndi d tren, dfl gd'c r i sau xa dfldc lap tfl the'ky 18, khdng phai den d i u nen Cdng hda thfl Ba (1875 - 1905), ehu nghia the tue ehii ddng mdi trd tfl tfldng thd'ng linh d Phap v a tfl dd, ehii nghia the tue ehu ddng da tim d e h lam giam t l m quan trgng eua tdn giao linh vflc xa hdi mac cho nhflng chd'ng ddi quye't liet cua nhflng ngfldi theo Thien ehua giio bao tbu Mau t h u i n d vu khan trflm d i u mdi day eung gay mdt trao lflu mdi cua nhflng nha chinh tri bao thu va sfl phan ddi eua eae nha xa bdi ca'p tien chd'ng lai tfl tfldng tdn tai da lau ciia ehu nghia the' tue ehu ddng (Bauberot, 2004) Tuy nhien, khdng mdt thay dd'i hinh thflc nao eua Mat le dfldc dfla ra; Mat d m phd trfldng d e bieu tfldng tdn giio van ed hieu Iflc tai Phap Dd la bing chflng ehu ye'u eho thay sfl bin vflng eua chfl nghia the tue ehu ddng tai Phap trflde nhflng ldi phan ddi Vdi lap Man ta ed the thay rang eae the che eua chu nghia the tuc thu ddng hay ehu nghia the tue ehu ddng diu hi thach thflc ke tfl thdi diem quye't dinh chung dfldc thie't lap Chung trai qua nhflng thay dd'i Man phien v i y nghia nhU d nfldc My hoae phai ddi mat vdi nhflng thach thflc to ldn tfl cae nhdm lfla chgn khac nhfl d Phap Mae dfl ed nhflng phan ddi, ehung v l n la nhflng the ehe dfldc tri ben vflng ed tae ddng ldn len ddi sd'ng xa hdi va ddi sd'ng tdn giao eho de'n Qua trinh ay the hien bang sau: 106 Sd khde quan niim vd cdch van dung chu nghla the tuc tgi My vd Phdp Quoc gia My Nhung dieu kifn Thdi diem Tinh ben vung CO trudc quyet djnh cdu true Khdng c d che dp TQ Tuyen ngdn Hinh thdnh chu Mpt cu vd sy dong Ddc ldp de'n nghTa the thudn cua tdn Sua thy ddng cd eua nhd nudc dd'I gIdo Nhung ye'u thQ nhd't sy nhd't tri giua vdl tdn gido eung to' ndy tgo dieu (1776-91) ede nhdm the nhu y nghTa cua doi lan tyc tyc vd tdn gido kien cho qud trinh sd' thay ehinh doi sdeh nhQng thay doi dl de'n sy nhd't tri ehinh sy glQc nhung ngudi trung tinh eua nhd theo nudc chu nghTa the tyc vd Ket qud Trinh tu phan Crng Chu nghTa the tyc thy ddng chiem vi tri ddc tdn cdc nhdm ton gido Phdp Che dp cu vdl sy Ludt Hie'n phdp Hinh thdnh chu Sy phan dd'I quye't Chu nghTa the ket hpp cua nen cua nen Cdng nghTa the liet IQ nhQng ngudi tyc ehu ddng qudn chu vd tdn hod quye't dodn Thien ehle'm vi tri dpe gido bd chil dan (1875-1905) nhung xung dot bdo thu Nhung sy de'n quan he thu quy djnh viec du dpi glQa edc dd'I ddu vy khdn dich glOa nhung tdeh nhd thd nhdm the trum ddu ngudi cdng hod vd nhd nude vd tdn gido thO Ba tyc tye Chua gido tdn mud'n xod bd md'i Hen ke't ndy vd nhCing ngudi Thien Chua gido bdo thu mud'n tri lien ke't dd V Ket l u a n Bai vie't trinh bay hai ehinh saeh ddi nghich ddi vdi viee the Men eae bieu tfldng tdn giao va tdn giao ndi ehung eua hai qud'c gia the' tue la My va Phap Trong cac chinh sach eua My the hien sfl khoan dung d mfle n h i t dinh ddi vdi tdn giao thi d Phap ele chinh saeh lai rat nghiem khle Da ed nhiiu hge gia ed' gang tim kie'm ly eua mau thuan b i n g hai lap Man ehinh Song ea hai lap Man dd deu ed nhflng ban ehe Sii dung khung ly thuye't Mahoney neu ra, bai viet da xem xet cae qua trinh dd tfl tfldng tdn giao dfldc hinh d My va d Phap Mdt sd' diem khac biet da dfldc phat hien (trong dd diem then chd't la viec ehu nghia the tuc ehu ddng chiem vi tri dde tdn d Phap, ehu nghia the tue thu ddng lai thd'ng linh d My) Nhflng khae biet dd ed the la nguyen nhan gay sfl khac ve mat hoach dinh chinh saeh ddi vdi tdn giao tai hai qud'c gia Mai Ddng Hiin Qudn 107 Sfl so sanh ebi d hai qud'c gia la qua it de di tdi ke't Man td'ng quat Nhflng nghien cflu tie'p theo d n di sau vao cac chinh sach ddi vdi tdn giao tai cae nfldc EU nhfl Dflc, Anh, Italy Ne'u nhfl nhieu phfldng an khac dfldc dat ra, sfl ddi ngfldc vdi ngoai le d Phap se cdn sac net hdn Bai vie't cd the la mdt gdi y cho nhflng nghien cflu tie'p theo, dd ed va'n de v i ed ehe, quan he gifla chu nghia the' tuc va tdn giao Tai Phap, dao Mat Phap d m the Men eae bieu tfldng tdn giao ed the vi pham quyen ngfldi hoac tfl tdn giao d mfle nao dd, nhien, dieu d n phai ban them la dao Mat van dfldc eoi la dan ehu vi nd dfldc p h i n ddng cti tri Phap ung hd Rieng diiu ay cung eho thay ele danh gia khae moi quan he gifla dan ehu vdi the ehe ehinh tri va tdn giio Van de dang thflc sfl la mdt chu d i quan trgng d e phan tieh xa hdi hge so sanh, khdng cM dat vdi My va Phap ma edn la van d i ed tinh qud'c te 12/2009 Tai lieu t h a m k h a o Bauberot, Jean.2001 The secular principle Images de la France (SIG), Publication of the Embassy of France in the U.S Bauberot, Jean.2004 Histoire de la laicite en France Paris, PUF 2004 Bellah, Robert.2005 Civil Religion in America Daedalus 1934 (Fall 2005) Cesari, Joeelyne 2006 When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States New York: Palgrave MacMillan Pp.3-4, 29-42 CSA Survey 2003 Les Francais et leur croyances La Vie, Le Monde, Mar.21.2003 Pp 41 -91 Davis, Derek H 2004 Reacting to France's ban: Headscarves and other Religious Attire in American Public Schools Journal of Church and State (46) March 2004 Esbeek, Carl H.1457 Dissent and Disestablishment: The Church-State in the Early American Republic BYU Law Review 30(2004) Feldman, Noah The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment University Law Review 77 (May 2002) Fetzer, John S and Christopher J.Soper The Roots of Public Attitudes toward State Accomodation of European Muslims' Religious Practices before and after September 11th Settlement Clause New York 10 Journal for the Scientific Study of ReUgion 42 (June 2003) Pp 247-255 11 Gill, Anthony.2007 The Political Cambridge University Press 2007 Origins of Religious Liberty New York: 12 Gunn, Jeremy T 2005 French Secularism as Utopia and Myth Houston Law Review, 42 Spring 05, 92, n48 13 Hartz, Louis 1955 The Liberal Tradition in America San Diego: Hareourt Brace and Company 1991 108 Sd khde quan niim vd cdch van dung chu nghla the tuc tgi My vd Phdp 14 Kalyvas, Stathis N.1996 The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 15 Kastoryano, Riva.2006 French Secularism and Islam, the French headscarf affair In Tariq Modood, Anna Triandafyllidou, Rieard Zapata-Barrero's Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: a European approach Routledge,UK 2006 Pp 58-69 16 Kuru, Ahmet T.2007 Passive and Assertive Secularism Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles and State Policies toward Religion World Polities 59, July 2007 Pp 568-594 17 Kuru, Ahmet T.2008 Secularism, State Policies, and Muslims in Europe: Analyzing French Exceptionalism Comparative Polities, Volume 41 Number October 2008 18 Larkin, Maurice 1973 Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair: The Separation Issue in France New York, Barnes and Nobles 1973 19 Le Monde, 2003 Laicite, la decision de M Chirac suscite des critiques a i etrange Dec.22th 2003 20 MeClay, Wilfred, 2002 Two Concepts of Secularism In Hugh Heelo and Wilfred M McClay, eds Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 21 Olson, Maneur.1984 The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Stagflation, and Social Rigidities New Haven, Yale University Press Growth, 22 Rawls, John 1996 Political Liberalism.New York: Columbia University Press 23 Release of the 2003 Annual Report on International Religious Freedom," December 18th 2003 http://www.state.gOv/s/d/rm/27404pf.htm 24 Release of the New Nation, Bangladesh independent news source Intemet Edition July 5, 2009, Updated Bangladesh Time 12:00 AM httpi'/natiDn.ittEfeq.oomy5ssues/2009'07/05iiews0966.htm 25 Smith, Christian 2003 Tfie Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflicts in the Secularization of American Public Life Berkeley: University of California Press 2003 26 Smith D.E 1999 India as a secular state In Secularism and Its Critics edited by Rajeev Bhargava Delhi: Oxford University Press 27 Taylor, Charles 1998 Modes of Secularism In Secularism and Its Critics, ed Rajeev Bhargava, 31-53 New York and Delhi: Oxford University Press 28 Thomas, Elaine R.2006 Keeping identity at a distance: Explaining France's new legal restrictions on the Islamic headscarf Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol.29 No March 2006 Pp 237-259  ... (nhfl James Madison, Thomas Jefferson va George Washington) khdng tap trung vao viee loai bd nen quan ehii, eung khdng eoi tdn giao la ddng minh (Hartz, 1955) Lien minh gifla nen quan chu Anh va... ddi che do: Trung My vien canh so sdnh "cua Mahoney cudn" Nhdng nghien cdu so sdnh sUphdt trien qud'c te" Spring 2001, Vol.36, No 1, pp Ill- 14L 200L 104 Sd khac quan niem vd cdch van dung chu... eho thay ele danh gia khae moi quan he gifla dan ehu vdi the ehe ehinh tri va tdn giio Van de dang thflc sfl la mdt chu d i quan trgng d e phan tieh xa hdi hge so sanh, khdng cM dat vdi My va