Xa hoi hoc so (107), 2009 PHONG NGtTA XUNG DOT XA HOI VO KHANH VINH* HO SY SON" NhiJng l u a n d i e m e h u n g ve p h o n g ngiifa x u n g dot x a h g i Cong tac dau tranh vdi tinh hinh xung dot xa hgi co hai phUdng hUdng co tac dgng bet sUc chat che vdi nhau: phong ngifa xung dot xa hoi va giai quyet xung dot xa hgi da xay tren thUc te Nhin tir nhieu phUdng dien, phdng ngUa xung dot xa hgi quan trgng hdn nhieu so vdi giai quyet xung dot xa hoi Vi vay, phong ngUa xung phai dUdc coi la hUdng Uu tien dau tranh vdi tinh hinh xung dot xa hoi Phdng ngiia xung dot xa hoi dUdc hieu Id he thong cdc bien phdp, phUOng phdp, hinh thUc tdc dgng d nhUng mdc khdc den cdc yeu td cua xung dot xd hgi nhu chu the xung dot, dgng cd xung dot, khach the xung dot, cdc lUc lUOng vd phUOng tien dugc sit dung xung dot v.v nhdm khdc phue cdc nguyen nhdn vd dieu kien cda xung dot xd hgi hoac v6 hieu hod (ldm suy yeu, hgn che) ehung de gidm ddn vd tien tdi logi bo xung dot xd hgi khoi ddi song xd hgi Vdi tinh each la boat dong CO tinh dinh hUdng va tinh muc dich ro rang, phong ngiia xung dot xa hoi co hinh thUc da dang tiiy thuoc vao tinh chat ciia nhiing xung dot xa hoi cu the Hoat dong phong ngiia xung dot xa hoi the hien d viec giai quyet ca nhUng nhiem vu ehung Idn nhiing nhiem vu rieng cu the TUdng iing, phong ngiia xung dot xa hoi dUdc thUc hien ddng thdi d hai hinh thUc hay la hai mUc do: miic ehung toan xa hoi va miic ca nhan mUc ehung toan xa hoi, phong ngUa xung dot xa hoi hUdng vao khdc phue hoac lam v6 hieu nhUng hien tUdng tieu cUc cac linh vUc kinh te, chinh trj, van hoa - xa hgi va cac linh vUc khae "dang bao mon" tinh co to chUc, tinh lien ket thdiig nhat cua ddi song xa hgi va ciia Nha nUdc Su tri tre cua nen kinh te, sU gia tang khoang each giau ngheo xa hgi, tinh kem hieu qua ciia boat dgng quan ly nha nUdc, nan tham nhiing it bi day liii la nhting nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua nhiing cuoc xung dot xa hoi Idn nhd khae Chinh vi vay, ban chat cua phdng ngUa xung dot xa hgi d miic toan xa hgi the hien d cho, nd dUdc thUc hien qua trinh giai • GS.TS Luat hoc, Pho Chu tich Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam ' ' Tien si Luat hoc, Vien Nha nirdrc va Phap luat Phong ngda xung dot xd hoi quyet nhiing nhiem vu c6 pham vi rgng Idn dting trUdc xa hgi va dugc dUa vao thUc hien cac nhiem vu dd Bat ky mgt cuoc xung dot xa hgi nao ciing deu phan anh nhting mau thuan tram trgng nhat Iinh vUc hay linh vUc khae ciia ddi song xa hgi Vi vay viec phat hien, phan tich va ly giai mot each thau dao nhijtng mau thuan lam phat sinh nhiing xung dot xa hgi cd tinh phd bien nhat va sau dd tong hgp chiing Iai CO y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi viec xac dinh pham vi nhting van de mang tinh kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa - xa hgi va nhiJng van de khae can dUdc Uu tien giai quyet Viec giai quyet nhUng mau thuan khong mang tinh chat do'i khang ciia sU phat trien xa hgi, nhiing van de khd khan cua nd cung nhU viec khae phue nhiing thieu sot, khuyet diem, 16 hdng quan ly la cd sd kinh te, xa hgi, chinh tri ciia viec khae phue cac qua trinh va hien tUdng quyet dinh xung dot xa hgi Do vay, de phdng ngUa c6 hieu qua xung dot xa hoi, can xay dUng va thUc hien nhat quan chinh sach kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa - xa hgi vi ldi ich ciia toan xa hgi, ciing cd' va phat trien t r a t tU phap luat va phap che, khong ngiing nang cao van hoa tinh than cho mgi ngUdi Ddng thdi can CO chien lUdc phdng ngiia da dUdc can nhac ky phii bdp vdi sU phat trien xa hgi va dUdc cae tang Idp nhan dan ddng long iing hg Y nghia to Idn cua phong ngira xung dot xa hgi d mUc toan xa hgi, xet den ciing la hinh nhan dan nhiing dinh hUdng gia tri ton trgng ngUdi, chdrig lai viec dimg vu lUc, khong chap nhan viec can thiep vao chinh kien ciia ngUdi khae v.v Su khoan dung, cong khai minh bach, biet lang nghe y kien ngUdi khae se trd nhiing hien tUdng xa hoi phd bien va "tham vao mau va tam hdn" cua moi ngUdi ThU "van hoa dung sUc manh" tdn tai d mgt so' ngUdi se nhanh chong dUdc xoa bd va thay vao dd la van hoa ton trgng ngUdi, bao ve quyen va ldi leh hdp phap cua hg Tat thay nhiing dieu vUa la tien de viia la ket qua ciia phdng ngira xung dot xa hgi O mUc ca nhan, phdng ngUa xung dot xa hgi hudng vao khae phue hoac xoa bd nguyen nhan va dieu kien lien quan den dgng cd xung dot eiia cac ben xung dot, tU dd dUa nhiing phUdng phap, bien phap cd tac dung "bao vay" hoac kim ham tii dau y dinh "xung dot" ciia mdi ben xung dot Chang ban, tii tranh chap ve ranh gidi vUdn rau, Nguyin Van A quyet dinh se "lay mgt phan ca chua thuoc dien tich eanh tac cua ngUdi hang xdm" Biet dUdc y dinh cua chdng, vd cua N ^ y i n Van A khuyen chdng tir bd y dinh "lay ca chua" cua ngUdi hang xdm bang each so sanh chdng vdi ten trgm cdp tai san da lam cho ngUdi chdng hd then va tu! bd y dinh cua minh ChUng ldi ndi thoi ciing du de ngan chan xung dot xa hoi xa hgi khong xay Viec khae phue hoac xoa bd nhiing nguyen nhan va dieu kien hen quan den dgng cd cua nhiing xung dot xa hgi mang tinh hinh sU ed yeu td diing vii lUe giiia eac ca nhan cd y dac biet quan trgng doi vdi phdng ngUa xung dot xa hgi Vi vay, theo quy dinh etia phap luat, cac cd quan tien hanh td tung hinh sU bat budc phai chiing minh Vo Khanh Vinh - Ho Sy Son dUdc dong cd pham tgi ciia ngUdi bi tinh nghi, ciia bi can, cua bi cao, tiic la phai chUng minh dUdc "dgng lUc ben trong" ciia chu the ma noi dung tam ly cua no da dUdc xac dinh tUdng ddi day du cac khai niem, pham trii phap ly tU trUdc den Viec phan tich mgt each sau sac va chinh xac cac tinh hudiig xung dot xa hoi va dgng cd hanh vi cua cac chii the sU xung dot chUa ddn hg den viec sii dung vii lUc, cho phep cac cd quan bao ve phap luat tranh dUdc nhiing sai sdt hoat dong bao ve phap luat ciia minh Kinh nghiem cho thay rdng, boat dgng phong ngiia nhiing hanh vi co s i dung vu lUc ddi sdiig hang phai dUdc bat dau tvT viec giam sat cac tinh budiig co dau hieu ciia nhiing cuoc xung dot xa hgi keo dai Noi each khae, hoat dgng phong ngira nhiing xung dot xa hoi mang tinh hinh sU phai dUdc gan vdi chUc nang ciia tiing cd quan bao ve phap luat Cling cd^ sU hdp tac giUa moi ngUdi la mgt nhiing hinh thUc phong ngtfa xung dot xa hgi d miic ca nhan co hieu qua Van de la d cho, trUdc xung dot xa hgi xay ra, cac ben xung dot xa hoi it nha't cung da c6 quan he xa hgi binh thUdng va CO the la da c6 quan he hdp tac vdi (trong trUdng hdp ho la can bo, cong chUe cung cd quan, td chUc; hang xom lang gieng; cac vien gia dinh, to chUc xa hoi ) Trong nhiing trUdng hdp nay, phdng ngvfa xung dot xa hoi can hUdng vao ciing cd' va phat trien sU hdp tac hien co gifla mgi ngUdi bdng mot nhflng phUdng phap sau day: a) PhUdng phap hoa hdp: Ban cha't cua phUdng phap phong ngiia the hien ci viec loi cuon nhflng ngUdi c6 the se la do'i phUdng cua cung thUc bien cong viec nao d6; b) PhUdng phap "than thien": PhUdng phap the hien d viec "dat" nhflng ngUdi c6 the la ddi phUdng tUdng lai "vao hoan canh cua nhau" de ho thau hieu, thong cam va giiip dd gap kho khan, hoan nan; c) PhUdng phap bao ve uy tin cho nhau: Theo phUdng phap nay, nhflng ngUdi c6 the la ddi phUdng tUdng lai ton danh dU, khong lam mat uy tin ciia mac du tai thdi diem ho co ldi ich rat khae nhau; d) PhUdng phap bd sung cho nhau: Thfle chat ciia phUdng phap the hien d viec cae ben co the la ddi phUdng tUdng lai "tiep nhan" ca tinh (dac diem) cua nhau, nhd ma sU ton trgng va sU hdp tac gifla hg dUdc cung cdva phat trien; d) PhUdng phap loai bd sU phan biet ve mat xa hgi: Theo phUdng phap nay, nhflng ngUdi CO the la doi phUdng tUdng lai khong the hien sU khae biet ve mat xa hgi cung nhu khong khing dinh sU Uu viet ciia minh so vdi ngUdi khae (dii rang dieu la c6 the ed) Co the noi mgt each vi von rdng, ne'u nhU cac anh lam viee ed hieu qua hdn nhflng ngUdi khae, eung khong nen the hien minh la ngUdi chien thdng; e) PhUdng phap phan chia tich ehung Ban chat ciia phUdng phap the Phong ngiia xung dot xd hoi hien d viec cung dUdc hudng tich vo'n la qua ehung cua nhiing ngUdi cCmg thfle hien cong viec hay eong viec khae Dieu cho phep mgi ngUdi ton trgng lan va edi bd nhflng tam trang tieu cUe nhU la cam giac ho then, ban thii v.v ; g) PhUdng phap khuyen ran ve mat tam ly: ThUc chat cua phUdng phap la tac dgng den tam ly bdng nhflng ldi phan tieh nhe nhang giiip eho ngUdi duge phan tich nhan thiic van de Chang ban, nghe dUde thong tin ve ngUdi ddng hanh phan boi vd (hoac chdng) hoac co the thUc hien sU phan boi dd tUdng lai, can thao luan nhe nhang ve nhflng hau qua eiia nhflng viec lam v.v ; h) PhUdng phap "xoa diu" ve mat tam ly: PhUdng phap the hien cl nhflng hoat dong giup eho ngUdi tri dUde trang thai tam ly on dinh, pham chat tdt dep, giam bdt cang thang, than thien vdi mgi ngUdi Nhflng phUdng phap neu tren day, xet den eung deu ed vai trd cung co' va phat trien sU hdp tac gifla ngUdi va ngUdi xa hgi Tat nhien, khong chi co nhflng phUdng phap tren day mdi co vai tro d6 Bat ky mgt phUdng phap nao neu hudng vao cung co' niem tin va sU ton trgng eon ngUdi deu c6 the eung co' va phat trien sU hdp tac gifla mgi ngUdi xa hgi, deu gop phan phong ngfla xung dot xa hgi va xung dot xay deu c6 the gdp p h i n giai quyet no mgt each nhanh chong va CO hieu qua i Phap luat hoa xung dot xa hgi de phong ngiJa x u n g dot xa hgi Mgt nhflng phUdng thfle phdng ngfla xung dot xa hgi c6 hieu qua la phap luat hoa xung dot xa hgi Chinh vi vay, van de phap luat hoa xung dot xa hgi dUdc nhieu qud'c gia quan tam giai quyet Vay, dau la thUc chat ciia va'n de? Van de la b eho, trUdc sU gia tang eiia cac cuge xung dot xa hgi vo'n rat da dang ve tinh chat, pham vi, quy mo nhieu qud'c gia vai tro la ngUdi dai dien va bao ve quyen va ldi ich cua cong dan co' gdng tim kiem cac giai phap nhdm giai quyet tan go'c van de xung dot xa hgi Mgt nhflng giai phap la phap luat boa xung dot xa hoi; lap cac td chfle trung gian mang tinh chat trung lap, dan chu, phi ehinh tri de tham gia giai quyet xung dot xa hgi; lap ed quan nghien cflu cd ehflc nang thuan la thfle nghiem va tU va'n ve xung dot xa hgi Can lUu y rang, viec lap cac td chflc va cd quan ndi tren cung quyet dinh nhu cau phap luat boa xung dot Chang ban, thieu eac quy dinh phap luat ve trat tfl boa diin bien xung dot, cac cd quan va td chfle dd khong cd ed sd phap ly de cd the giai quyet mgt each thau dao mgi khia canh cua cuge xung dot, khong the phan tieh va danh gia mgt each tUdng tan xung dot xa hgi de cd the dUa nhflng kien nghi ed ed sd va tinh kha thi nhdm phdng ngfla va giai quyet tan gdc xung dot xa hoi Tuy nhien, sU gia tang manh me cua tinh hinh xung dot xa hgi mdi la yeu td quyet dinh manh me nhat dd'i vdi nhu cau phap luat boa xung dot xa hgi de phdng ngfla xung dot xa hgi Vo Khanh Vinh • Hd Sy Sdn Phap luat boa xung dot xa hgi dUdc hieu la viec trgt tU hod bdng phdp lugt diin bien cua xung dot xd hgi nhdm dieu chinh" hay "qudn ly" xung dot xd hgi, thong qua phong ngiia vd gidi quyet no mot cdch de ddng vd co hieu qud Khi dUdc ban hanh va bao dam thUc hien, eac quy dinh phap luat ve xung dot xa hgi c6 y nghia bet sflc to Idn ddi vdi viec phong ngfla xung dot xa hoi bdi phap luat hoa xung dot xa hgi nbu da nhan manh, tao nhflng kha nang eho viec trat tfl hoa diin bien cua xung dot xa hgi va sau la dieu chinh (quan ly) xung dot xa hoi mot each de dang va e6 hieu qua hdn Qua trinh phap luat boa xung dot xa hoi, mgt mat tao kha nang trat tfl boa dien bien cua xung dot xa hgi lam cd sd cho viec dieu chinh (quan ly) no mot each d i dang hdn, mat khae cung co the gay nhflng kho khan nhat dinh cho viec giai quyet xung dot xa hoi bdi ldi ich dUde phap luat boa co the "nho hdn"cung nhfl eo the khae vdi ldi ich ciia dai bo phan nhflng ngUdi tham gia xung dot xa hgi Vi vay, xay dUng cac quy dinh phap luat hUdng vao phdng ngfla xung dot xa hoi can tinh den tinh phfle tap eiia van de phap luat hoa xung dot xa hoi Can lUu y rang khong co xa hgi ma d dd bat ky mgt ddi hdi nao eo tinh chat doi khang lai dUde thfla nhan lap tflc ma khong he bi can trd Chang han, viec mgt so' ca nhan hoac nhom ca nhan vin ed cho rdng do'i vdi ngUdi "khong co gi la khong dUde phep lam" da co^ gang "quay pha" de dat dUdc dieu khong the co hay nhfl tinh trang boat dgng kem hieu qua ciia chinh quyen khong the dan den phap luat boa xung dot ma la dan den tinh trang gia tang xung dot khong the kiem che dUdc Cung can lUu y rang, viec xay dUng cac quy pham phap luat nham giai quyet xung dot xa hgi eo the dem lai hieu qua dieu ehinh tflng phan Tinh chinh xac ciia y kien dUdc khang dinh bdi sU that bai cua mgt so' nUdc ke hoach cham dUt xung dot sac tgc bang mot loat sac lenh cho phep dan eU dUde trang bi vfl hoac ban bo' va thUe hien tinh trang dac biet Co the khang dinh rdng, xay dUng cac quy dinh phap luat nham phong ngfla va giai quyet xung dot xa hgi la eong viee co tinh chat lau dai, kho khan va phfle tap Co' nhien, day la eong viec khong the khong thfle hien du phai tinh den eac dieu kien va hoan canh ciia tflng vung, tflng dan toe giai doan qua heh sfl nhat dinh Ctf che tac dong va dieu chinh xung dot xa hgi bang quy pham Khi ban ve phap luat hoa xung dot xa hgi, trUde het khong the khong de cap den y nghia cua cd che tac dgng va dieu chinh xung dot xa hgi bdng quy pham Cac quy pham dUdc coi la cac bg phan ca'u eiia che dinh vi mgi trUdng hdp, khong ed eac quy pham thi cac ehe dinh cung khong tdn tai Cung nhu cac quan he xa hgi, xung dot xa hgi ci mflc hay mflc khae dUde dieu chinh bang nhflng quy pham xa hgi vo'n khae ve ten ggi va noi dung: cac quy pham phap luat, cac quy tdc dao dflc, cac quy pham ton giao, cac quy pham Phong ngiia xung dot xd hpi ehinh tri v.v Tat nhien, viec sii dung quy pham nao de dieu chinh xung dot xa hgi la thuoc ban chat eiia quy pham, hoan canh xa hgi cung nhU tinh chat ciia xung dot xa hoi Cae quy pham dao dflc tac dgng manh me den hanh vi cua ngfldi vi vay, ehung CO y nghia do'i vdi viee dieu ehinh (quan ly) xung dot xa hgi Bat ky mgt eugc xung dot xa hoi nao cung the hien eac quan niem ve cai thien va cai ac, hanh vi dung ddn va hanh vi sai trai, ve danh dfl, nhan pham, ve cong bdng, ve tang thudng va xii phat v.v O day, ban than xung dot xa hgi eung nhU nhflng ngUdi tham gia xung dot xa hoi bi ddnh gia la phu hgp hay khong phu hgp vdi cac quy pham dao dflc Tat nhien, sU danh gia ciia eae giai ca'p, cac tang Idp, eac nhdm xa hgi, eae ea nhan ve khia canh dao dflc eiia xung dot xa hgi va ciia nhflng ngUdi tham gia xung dot thUdng la khong giong va doi la trai ngUdc bdi thiC nhdt, du khong bi loai trfl nhUng dao dflc ciia nhan loai chi "lan toa" den hanh vi va quan he nhat dinh, nhU "khong giet ngUdi", "khong trgm cap" va thiC hai, khong phai tat ea mgi ngUdi tren trai dat deu tiep nhan nhU ve eae gia tri eiia nhan Idai vi neu tiep nhan nhu thi dau cd qua nhieu cuoc xung dot xa hgi den nhU vay Hau qua cung nhfl nguyen nhan eua xung dot xa hgi duge nhflng ngUdi xung dot va nhflng ngfldi lien quan den xung dot danh gia khae Den lUdt minh, sfl danh gia khae gop phan "md rgng" pham vi eua xung dot xa hgi, tham chi la "tao" xung dot xa hoi mdi Chang ban, dan ehung mgt so' vung tren the gidi nhin tha'y cac vu trflng sdc toe sfl vi pham quyen ngfldi va tham ehi la nan phan biet ehung toe, dd mot bo phan dan ehung khae lai nhin tha'y tinh hdp phap eiia ehinh quyen va danh dfl dan tgc eiia hg ThUdng thi eac quy pham dao dflc, ed ca nhflng quy pham lien quan den xung dot xa hgi, du d dau cflng khong dfldc viet van va ndi ehung la khong dUdc xac dinh ro rang ve mat hinh thfle Tuy nhien, do'i vdi luat quyet dau thi khae vi no quy dinh ed sd va trinh tfl quyet dau cung nhfl cae quy tdc tien hanh viee quyet da'u Cd sd cua luat quyet dau la cae quan niem ve danh dfl, nhan pham, dao dflc cua tang Idp quy tgc Tiec rang, kha nhieu ngUdi chfla quan tam den cac quy pham dao dflc va cac quan niem ve dao dflc Do vay, xem xet giai quyet eac cuge dinh eong eua eong nhan, mot sd cd quan va ea nhan ed tham quyen ehi ehfl y den khia canh kinh te ma chfla chu y den khia canh dao dflc cua van de dinh cong Cd the khSng dinh rdng, cac quyet dinh giai quyet cae vu dinh cong cd ket qua va sflc thuyet phue cao hdn neu ket hdp dfldc khia canh phan phdi eong bang eac ngudn vat chat va khia canh dao dflc cac yeu sach cua nhflng cong nhan dinh cong Cac quy pham ton giao (cac tin dieu Ion giao) eung dfldc svt dung de dieu chinh Vo Khanh Vinh - Ho Sy Sctn xung dot xa hoi Do'i vdi nhflng ton giao, chang ban nhfl Dao Hdi, ngoai nhflng quy tac ton giao thuan dieu chinh cac quan he nha thd, cdn co nhflng quy tac ton giao dieu chinh ca nhflng quan he thuge linh vflc ddi sorig dan sfl ( hon nhan, gia dinh, hoc tap v.v ) Tren the gidi co nhflng vung thfldng xay xung dot xa hgi mang tinh chat lien ton giao (vi du, quan he gifla cac tin dd chinh thdng giao vdi cac tin dd Cd doc giao ci vflng Trung A va vung Kavkaz) Tai nhflng vung do, viec dieu ehinh xung dot xa hgi gap nhflng khd khan nhat dinh vi khong co sfl tuan thu day du va chinh xac cac quy pham ton giao Cac quy pham phap luat co y nghia quan ddi vdi viee phdng ngfla va giai quyet xung dot xa hgi Vdi cac thuoc tinh nhfl tinh quy pham phd bien, tinh chat che ve mat hinh thfle, tfnh dfldc dam bao bdng sflc manh nha nfldc va vdi eac chflc nang thong tin (giao tiep), dieu chinh, bao ve phap luat tac dong trflc tiep hoac gian tiep den viec dieu chinh xung dot xa hgi Khae vdi cac quy pham dao dflc va cae quy pham ton giao, cac quy pham phap luat chi co mgt nghia va dfldc ghi nhan cac van ban Nha nfldc ban hanh theo trinh tfl thu tuc nhat dinh Do vay, sfl danh gia ve mat phap luat do'i vdi xung dot xa hoi la sfl danh gia mang tinh chinh thfle va khong the bi thay ddi bdi ap lUe ciia mot ben xung dot hoac bdi ap Iflc ciia dfl luan xa hgi Dieu eung hoan toan dung doi vdi xung dot dfldc dieu chinh bang cae quy pham phap luat quoc te Cac quy pham ehinh tri (khong mang tfnh phap ly) dfldc nhac den cuoc xung dot qud^c te hay cuoc xung dot quoc te khae dfldc cho la eo the va can phai dfldc dan xep (giai quyet) bdng cac phUdng tien ehinh tri, boa binh thong qua cac cuoc dam phan, eac eugc gap gd cua cac nguyen thii qude gia c6 sfl nhUdng bg lan hoac bdng nhflng phfldng thfle khae khong dfldc ghi nhan phap luat quoc te Ban den quy pham chfnb tri, khong the khong de cap den cae quy tdc boat dgng ciia Dang, cua cac td chflc ehinh tri - xa hgi Trong so^ nhflng quy pham chfnh tri, co ca nhflng thoa thuan bdng ldi ndi gifla cac nha lanh dao ciia cac quoc gia Cac quy tac xii sfl dfldc hinh cae egng ddng xa hgi de dieu ehinh eac quan he xa hgi nhat djnh eflng co tfnh quy pham Tat nhien khong phai moi eac quy tdc xii sfl dd deu dfldc xep vao so' cac quy pham dao dflc Chang ban, linh vflc the thao tdn tai cac quy tac tien hanh cac mon thi da'u khae Cd mgt so^ mon thi dau ma xet ve hinh thfle gan gidng vdi xung dot xa hgi (nhfl dam bde, ed tfldng, bong da v.v ) Ban than sfl tham gia cua cae ben vao eae mon thi da'u la mang tfnh chat tfl nguyen (va cd dgng vien cua hg cflng vay) Cae quy tac tien hanh thi da'u, mac dii v£iy, phai dfldc tuan thii mot each nghiem chinh Ddng thdi xung dot gifla cac ea nhan va gifla cac nhom ca nhan cung dfldc canh bao trfldc la co the xay De phong ngfla xung dot xa hgi, mot so' quoc gia quy dinh cae dieu khoan dac biet ma ehu cac hang san xuat hoac cac ca nhan phai dfla vao hdp ddng nhdm rang buge cac ã ã:ã ô ^ S S » ? ; K 10 Phong ngiia xung dot xd hpi ben xay tranh chap Cac muc dflgc the hien rgTt chi tiet Viec ghi nhan hdp ddng cae mue (dieu kien) cho phep phdng ngfla dfldc xung dot, kiem che hai ben da ky ket hdp ddng khong thfle hien nhflng hanh vi ma trfldc day hg chfla nghi tdi Phan tieh ed che tac dong eiia quy pham den hanh vi eiia cac ehii the xung dot, cd the tha'y rdng, eung nhU bat ky mgt quy pham xa hgi nao khae, quy pham phap luat tac dong den hanh vi ciia ngfldi thong qua mgt so' hinh thfle (kenh) tac dgng ma trfldc bet la hinh thfle tac dgng thong tin Sfl tdn tai (hien dien) ciia quy pham phap luat dem den cho cho ca nhan (nhom ca nhan) menh lenh cua Nha nfldc ve cac each xii sU ma Nha nUde mong muon va iing hg, ddng thdi cho hg biet trUde hau qua phap ly do'i vdi hanh vi hay hanh vi khae Thong qua hinh thfle tac dgng thong tin, quy pham phap hinh d ea nhan (nhdm ea nhan) sfl dinh hfldng dung dan ve cac gia tri va tiep la mo hinh ly tudng ciia hanh vi ldi song theo phap luat Vi vay, doi ngfldi ta goi hinh thfle tac dgng la "hinh thfle tac dgng giao due" eua phap luat Ban ve ed ehe tac dgng ciia quy pham phap luat den hanh vi ciia cac ehu the xung dot, khong the khong de cap den che tai phap ly Che tai phap ly (hay la bien phap cUdng ehe nha nfldc) la bo phan khong the thieu eiia quy pham phap luat Van de la d cho, che tai phap ly dfldc quy dinh quy pham phap luat de ap dung doi vdi nhflng vi pham yeu cau cua nd Khi xay vi pham quy pham phap luat, cac cd quan va ca nhan cd tham quyen bdt dau thfle hien cd che ap dung phap luat nham xii ly vi pham pham phap luat va ngfldi vi pham phap luat Thong qua cac hinh thfle (kenh) tac dong do,- quy pham phap luat tac dgng den: a) cac nguyen nhan va dieu kien eua xung dot xa hgi; b) tinh huo'ng tien xung dot xa hoi; c) dien bien eua xung dot xa hoi; d) giai quyet xung dot xa hgi, cd hau qua cua viec cham dflt xung dot, ke ea sd phan eua cac chii the xung dot Sfl tac dong cua quy pham phap luat dfldc xem xet d mflc cu the hdn nhfl sau: quy pham phap luat tac dgng den cac nguyen nhan va dieu kien eua xung dot xa hgi thong qua dieu chinh dong cd xung dot va cac yeu to' khach quan anh hfldng den sfl xuat hien cua xung dot xa hgi Thf du sau day se cho tha'y ro dieu do: A cai vdi thu trfldng eua minh la B vi cho rdng minh khdng dfldc khen thfldng la khong dung Trong cd quan, ndi hg lam viee, trinh tfl thu tuc khen thfldng khong dfldc quy dinh va eac quyet dinh khen thfldng cua lanh dao cd quan thfldng bi phan flng mgt each gay gat Ro rang, chfnh viec quy dinh ro rang can cfl cung nhfl trinh tfl thu tue khen thudng eho phep edi bd cang thang tap the Chinh vi vay, khong phai ngau nhien ma cac van ban co tfnh quy pham ve van de khen thfldng c6 hau het cae cd quan, doanh nghiep, td ehflc Quy pham phap luat tac dong den tinh hudng tien xung dot xa hgi thong qua "dieu chinh" hay "quan ly" cac mdi quan he tien xung dot de ehung khong vflgt den ngUdng xung dot Vo Khanh Vinh - Ho Sy Scm 11 Xung dot xa hgi co the dfldc giai quyet thong qua eac thu tuc khae nhau: tai, Toa an, trung gian, tfl giai quyet Giai quyet xung dot xa hgi (tranh chap) tai cd quan tai la "con dfldng" hdp phap va tfldng doi co hieu qua ma cac tai vien cac ben xung dot (tranh chap") nhat trf Ifla chgn Cung co nhieu trfldng hdp, eac ben xung dot khong mudn "keo toa" hoac khong can sfl giup dd ciia "ngfldi trung gian" ma tfl giai quyet xung dot de eo the eo ldi eho minh Nhflng dang xung dot xa hoi nhfl vay khong hiem cac quan he gifla mgt ben la eac tra vien giao thong vdi ben la cae lai xe vi pham cac quy dinh ve an toan giao thong (dfldng bg, dfldng sdt, dfldng thuy ) Cac cong trinh nghien cflu khoa hgc, co xa hgi hge deu cho tha'y rdng, viec khong tuan thii cac quy tdc giao tiep xa hoi cung dan den xung dot xa hoi Nhflng xung dot xa hoi thuge loai mang dang dap eiia cai goi la giao tiep "duy ldi" khong tren cd sd quy pham phap luat cung khong tren cd sd dao dflc ma la nhflng hinh thfle xfl sfl tien thuoc vao hoan canh giao tiep va tfnh chat giao tiep Chung ta thfldng gap loai giao tiep gifla ngfldi thd eat toe va ngfldi cat tdc, gifla ngfldi ban hang va ngfldi mua hang, gifla canh sat giao thong va ngfldi vi pham eac quy dinh ve an toan giao thong v.v Co the khang dinh rdng, eung la giao tiep " ldi" song vdi giao tiep gifla cac vien gia dinh, sfl dieu ehinh ciia phap luat do'i vdi giao tiep gifla cac vien xa hgi chiem ty trgng Idn hdn Khi tham gia vao nhflng quan he xa hoi du hoan toan mang tinh chat ca nhan, ngfldi eung can nhdc den nhflng quy tdc xfl sfl (hanh vi) da hinh va ton tai linh vflc hay Hnh vflc khae ciia ddi song xa hgi Ddi vdi nhieu ngfldi, nhflng gidi ban khae ve mat xa hoi ma cung nhan biet dfldc la cd sd de ho Ifla ebon each giao tiep Chang ban, vi pham cac quy dinh ve an toan giao thong dfldng bg, ngfldi lai xe se khong giao tiep vdi eanh sat giao thong de tham van ve ky thuat trdng hoa hoac ve mgt loai hinh nghe thuat nao d6 Ro rang muc dfch giao tiep xae dinh noi dung eiia giao tiep eu the Khi tien hanh sfl giao tiep "duy ldi", ngfldi mong muon eo dflgc "sfl quan tam, sfl chu y va sfl than thien" tfl ngUdi ma minh giao tiep Dien bien cua xung dot xa hoi cung nhfl hau qua cua euoc xung dot xa hoi dfldc danh gia ve mat phap luat nhflng trfldng hdp mgt ben hoac ca hai ben xung dot bi thiet hai viee giai quyet xung dot tren thfle te gay hoac ldi fch Nha nfldc hoac cua xa hgi bi vi pham Chang ban, neu A sach nhieu de co tien thfldng, vi the ma B la Thu trfldng eua A da ky quyet dinh khen thfldng A mac dfl khong ed can cfl de thfldng, thi quyet dinh khen thfldng phai bi buy bd Cung theo each ngfldi ta giai quyet va'n de ve so' phan eua nhflng ngfldi tham gia xung dot Trong eac vu tranh chap qude te, hau qua phap ly bat ldi do'i vdi nhflng 12 Phong ngda xung dot xa hpi qude gia eo hanh vi bat hdp phap gay xung dot va tien hanh xung dot dflgc xem xet tren cd sd eae quy pham phap luat qude te' (ve bdi thfldng chien tranh, nhflgng bg ve lanh thd v.v ) Ben canh nhflng flu diem do'i vdi phdng ngfla xung dot xa hgi, phap luat cung co nhfldc diem la khong mem deo, khong hnh dgng va doi cdn keo theo nhflng eugc xung dot mdi Khong phai n g l u nhien ma eac ben xung dot thfldng sii dung nhflng phfldng thfle phong ngfla va giai quyet xung dot xa hgi nhfl hieu biet lan nhau, dam phan, tiep xuc thong thfldng eae linh vflc quan he nhfl gia dinh, lang gieng, moi trfldng xung quanh, bao ve xa hoi ehfl khong khdi kien trflc tiep Toa an De giai quyet cac loai tranh chap sinh tfl cae quan he tren day, eae ben tranh chap thfldng khong nhd eae luat gia ma nhd ngfldi trung gian, nha tfl va'n, nha nghien cflu, nha tam ly hgc dflng giup dd Nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi cung da quan tam den cac chfldng trinh giang day nhflng va'n de ve nhflng diem khae biet ve van hoa, ehung tgc, dan tgc cho eae cong dan eua minh Cae eugc dam phan dfla tren cd sd eiia eac hoc thuyet ve trd chdi, ve giai quyet bdng tam trang va tam ly v.v cung dfldc tien hanh thfldng xuyen hdn Do'i vdi cac quan he hon nhan va gia dinh, phdng ngfla xung dot bang phfldng thfle phi phap luat lai td co hieu qua hdn Giai quyet xung dot xa hoi da xay tat nhien la cong viec ciia eac cd quan xet xii Van de ly hon, van de tai san va nhflng va'n de khae dfldc giai quyet theo thu tuc quy dinh va theo nguyen tdc cd xung dot gifla vd va chong Nhflng phdng ngfla xung dot xa lai hgi ddi hdi eac each giai quyet khae Viee nghien cflu cae gia dinh khae dan toe va eae gia dinh da dan toe eho tha'y co tfnh xung dot "cdhflu" eua eac tgc ngfldi (eae dan tgc khae nhau) Mgt nhflng nguyen nhan pha vd sfl dn dinh eua eac gia dinh da dan toe la eac gia dinh tre vo'n r a t can sfl ehuan mflc quan he vd chdng nhflng lai chfla dfldc giup dd day dii ve mat tam ly Cae quan he mang tfnh chat ca nhan gia dinh da dan tgc dat trfldc cae cap vd chdng nhieu van de ma ho khong dii sflc giai quyet mgt thieu sfl giup dS eua cae chuyen gia tam ly eung nhfl sfl ung ho eiia nhflng ngfldi khae xa hgi Tfl nhflng dieu phan tfch tren day, co the thay, tfl tfldng xay dflng dao luat ve dao dflc ciia xung dot xa hoi can dUde can nhac thfle hien bdi n6 dfldc rut tfl ket qua nghien cflu phdng ngfla xung dot xa hgi Cung vdi eae tai lieu nghien cflu ve phong ngfla va giai quyet xung dot xa hoi, dao luat ve dao dflc xung dot xa hgi, chdc chan tac dgng tich cfle den hoat dgng phong ngfla xung dot xa hgi Dong thdi, xung dot hoe vdi tinh each la nganh khoa hge tdng hdp ed mgt nhflng do'i tflgng nghien cflu la xung dot xa hgi ciing ddng gdp khong nhd vao boat dgng phdng ngfla va giai quyet xung dot xa hgi ... xung dot xa hgi; b) tinh huo'ng tien xung dot xa hoi; c) dien bien eua xung dot xa hoi; d) giai quyet xung dot xa hgi, cd hau qua cua viec cham dflt xung dot, ke ea sd phan eua cac chii the xung. .. tinh hinh xung dot xa hgi mdi la yeu td quyet dinh manh me nhat dd'i vdi nhu cau phap luat boa xung dot xa hgi de phdng ngfla xung dot xa hgi Vo Khanh Vinh • Hd Sy Sdn Phap luat boa xung dot... cua xung dot xa hgi va sau la dieu chinh (quan ly) xung dot xa hoi mot each de dang va e6 hieu qua hdn Qua trinh phap luat boa xung dot xa hoi, mgt mat tao kha nang trat tfl boa dien bien cua xung