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TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HQI SO 05(l29)-2009 17 TRIET HQC-CHINH TR| HQC QUAN NIEM Bade DAU VE XUNG DOT XA HOI v o KHANH VINH DINH NGHTA XUNG D O T XA HOI Trong sach bao nudc ngoai va nudc ta, khdi niem xung dot xa hgi dugc hieu theo nhieu each khac Cbinh vi vay, cd mdt sd lugng rat Idn nhiing thuat ngu dugc dung de dinh ngbia xung dot xa hgi Cach tiep can khai quat nhat ddi vdi khai niem xung dot la xac dinh nd thdng qua mau thuan vdi tinh each mgt each khai niem chung va trudc het la thdng qua mau thuan xa hgi Trong sach bao nudc ngoai cd nhieu dinh nghia khac ve xung dot xa hgi Cd quan diem cho rang "xung dot xa hgi la sir mau thuan xa hgi cang thang nhat the bien sir xung khac giiia cac cgng dong xa hgi khac - cac giai cap, cac chung tgc, cac qudc gia, cac nhdm xa hgi, cac thiet che xa hgi v.v tinh ddi lap hoac su kliac biet dang ke ve lgi ich, muc dich, kliuynh hudng phat trien ciia chiing quyet dinh Xung dot xa hgi sinli va dugc giai quyet tinli huong xa hgi cu the xuat hien van de xa hgi ddi hdi phai dugc giai quyet Xung dot xa hgi cd cac nguyen nhan, nhimg ngudi dai dien ciia minli (cac giai cap, cac chiing tdc, cac nlidm xa bgi ), cd cac chiic nang, dai va miic cang thang nhat djnh" (Minsk, 1991, tr 80 (tieng Nga) Qua thuc '"' GiSo su, tien sT Vi$n Khoa hgc X§ hgi Viet Nam bao ham dugc thuc chat cua van de, nhung dinh nghia lai khdng phan dnh dugc tat ca cdc dac diem ciia xung dot xa bgi, chang ban nhu, kh6ng phan anh dugc khia canh tam ly ciia nd Theo quan diem khac, "xung dot xa hgi dd la tinh trang mau thudn hoac ngam ngam ciia cdc cau xa bdi cd sir ddi lap khdch quan ve cac lgi ich, cdc muc dich va cac khuynh hudng phdt trien von khdng phii hgp nhau, la sir xung khac true tiep hay gidn tiep giiia cae luc lugng xa hgi tren co sd phan khdng hay ung hd trat tu xa hdi hien tdn, la hinh thiic dac biet ve mat lich sii ciia sir thdng nhat mdi ve mat xa hdi" (Ju.G Zaprudskia, 1992, tr 54 (tiing Nga) Theo T.V Novikovoia, xung dot xa hgi dd la "tinb hudng, cac ben (cac chii the) tdc ddng lan nhau, theo dudi nhirng muc dich nao dd cua minh ma nhiing muc dich dd ddi lap hoac loai tru nhau" (Cdc cugc xung dot xd hgi; thuc nghiem, du bdo, cdng nghe hgc ^idi quyet, 1991, xuat ban lan 1, tr 27 (tieng Nga) Nhu chiing ta thay, khai niem nay, tac gia ciia nd, trudc bet nhan manh khia canh tam ly, ca nhan ciia xung dot xa hgi Theo Tir dien Bach khoa Viet Nam: "Xung dot xa hgi la binh thiic dau tranh giira cac luc lugng xa hgi doi lap (nhiing cgng ddng ngudi hinh mdt cdch tu phdt 18 VO KHANH VINH - QUAN NIEM BUCJC DAU VE XUNG DOT nhu ddng hg, tdc ngudi, dan tdc, dia phuang, qudc gia, giai cap hoac dugc td chiic mgt each cd y thiic nhu cac dang phai, bgi doan) Xung dot xa hgi kich liet ban tranh chap, ganh dua, canh tranh hda binh, cd the kich liet den miic phd mgi quy tac, phap luat nhu bao loan, chien tranh v.v Xung dot xa hdi bat ngudn tu nhirng mau thuan khdng ddi khang cd the dugc han che hoac dieu chinh khudn khd mgt trat tu xa hdi nhat dinh Xung dot xa hdi bat ngudn tir nhiing mau thuan ddi kbdng de dga sir dn dinh co sd kinh te cua he thong xa bgi, tat yeu dan den each mang lam thay doi ca trat tu xa hgi theo hudng tien bd" (Tit diin Bach Khoa Viet Nam, 2005, tap 4, tr 1.064) Nhimg luan cii nhirng khai niem dugc trfch dan tren day, nhin chung la ddng tin cay, nliung qua rdng va trim tugng Trong nliirng khdi niem dd, kbdng cd chd cho nhimg cugc xung dot xa hgi "cd quy md hep hon", chang ban nhu cdc cugc xung dot gia dinh, cac cugc xung dot ddi sdng thudng ngay, cac cugc xung dot lao dgng san xuat kinh doanh v.v Trong klii dd nliung cugc xung dot kliong the kli6ng ndi den Van de mau thuan, d mdt mire dang ke, ciing da dugc de cap, xem xet sach bao, tai lieu ciia nudc ta Tuy nhien, khdng the ndi dd la ly luan ve xung dot xa hgi Xet ve thuc chat, thi ly luan ve xung dot hoan toan chua dugc quan tam nghien ciiu Trong do, mau thuan va xung dot, mgt mat khong the dugc coi la nhimg khai niem dong ngbia, mat khac kh6ng the dugc coi la nhirng khai niem trai ngugc Sir mdu thuan, sir ddi lap, sir khac biet la nhirng dieu kien can nhung chua phai la nhirng dieu kien du ciia xung dot Sir d6i lap va sir mau thuan chuyin hda xung dot nhimg lire lugng dai dien cho chiing bSt ddu tac ddng Idn Nhu vay, xung dot xd hgi - Id su bieu hien cua nhirng mdu thudn khdch quan hoac chu quan phdn dnh sir ddi lap giira nhirng nguoi dgi dien (cdc ben) ciia chimg Them vao dd, can khang dinh rdng, xa hdi, nhirng lire lugng ma chiing ta dang de cap khdng phai la nhimg lire lugng trim tugng, nhimg hien tugng vii try hoac tir nhien khdc, cang kbdng phdi la nhimg hien tugng dac biet dugc tudng tugng (nhu s6 phan, quy sii, nhimg khdch the khong the nhan biet) ma la nhimg chu the cua xa bgi: nhiing ngudi cu the nhu cac cd nhan, cac nhdm, cac tang lap xa hdi, cac td chirc chinh tri, cac to chiic chinh tri-xa hgi, cac t6 chiic xa hgi hoac cac qu6c gia Chinh vi vay, noi den xung dot xa hgi, trudc tien, chiing ta phai ndi den qua trinh ma dd hai (hoac nhieu ban) cd nhan hoac nhdm xa hgi tich cue tim kiem kha nang can trd viec dat dugc muc dich nao do; ngan chan ddi phuang thda man nhu cau hoac budc ddi phuang phai thay ddi quan diem va nhirng khuynh hudng xa hgi nhat dinh Cac ben cugc xung dot xa hgi phai la ngudi Xung dot xa hdi thudng dugc hieu la dang mau thuan ma cac ben mong mudn xam chiem lanh thd hoac tai nguyen; de dga cac ca nhan hoac cac nhdm ngudi ddi lap; de dga xam pham quyen sd hiiu hoac truyen thdng van hda cua hg, vi vay hinh thirc dau tranh giiira hg la tan cdng hoac phdng thu bdo ve Xung dot xa hdi cdn bao ham nd tinh chii dgng cua cd nhan hoac ciia nhdm cd nhan viec phong tda hoat ddng hoac gay thiet hai cho nhiing ngudi (nhdm ngudi) khdc Nhirng thuat ngir nhu: cdc cugc tranh v o KHANH VINH - QUAN NIEM BUCiC DAU VE XUNG DOT chap, cac cugc tranh luan, cac cugc ddu gid, sir canh tranh, cuong birc true tiep va cudng birc gian tiep thudng dugc sir dung de lam sang td be van de ciia xung dot xa hdi Nhieu nha nghien cim ve xung dot xa hgi cdn gan xung dot xa hgi vdi quy md, vdi nhirng su ddi thay ciia lich sir Nhu vay, ddi vdi xung dot xa hdi ludn ludn phai cd it nhat la hai ben (phia tdc ddng) ddi lap Hanh vi ciia nhirng ngudi thudc mdi ben thudng hudng tdi viec dat dugc nhirng lgi ich ciia hg va rd rang, ve nguyen tac la xung khac vdi Cac cugc xung dot xa hdi, vi vay cd dac diem la rat cang thang, bdi nhirng ngudi thudc cdc ben xung dot xa hdi hoac la thay ddi each xir su (hanh vi), thicb ngbi hoac la "tu bdo ve" trudc tinh hudng dd Cach tiep can xung dot hgc thudng dugc dp dung nghien ciru cdc ITnh vue khac cua ddi sdng xa hdi Chang han, cac cdng trinh nghien cuu ve chinh tri sir dung each tiep can cua xung dot hgc de thu hut sir chii y den cdc qud trinh chinh trj bang each diing cac thuat ngu- thi dua giua mgi ngudi va giira cac nhdm xa hdi nham dat dugc nhirng gia tri cd y ngliTa chinh tri Trong chinh sdch ddi ngoai, cdch tiep can xung dot hgc, theo chung tdi la each tiep can CO ban Cach tiep can cung dugc dp dung bien ddi vdi luat hgc, tdi pham dugc xem la ket qua cua sir xung dot giira ngudi vdi ngudi, vdn xuyen sudt CO chi ciia hanh vi pham tdi Sir xung dot cung tiep tuc dien qud trinh td tung (giu-a ngudi bi budc tdi va ngudi bao chira ciia hg la mgt ben vdi mdt ben khdc Id ngudi budc tdi) D I lam CO sd cho viec nhan thirc ve xung dgt xa hgi, can nhdc den nhO-ng hien tugng 19 gan giii vdi xung dot, chang ban nhu thi dua, tranh dua, canh tranh Ve nguyen tac, nhirng trudng hgp neu tren day cung cd su dau tranh ciia cdc ben ddi lap Tuy nhien, sir ddu tranh ciia cdc ben ddi lap dd khdng den ndi cang thang de dan den sir thii dich hoac la tham chi cd dan den sir thii dich di chang nira (vi du canh tranh) thi sir thii dich dd cung khdng chuyen thdnh nhiing hdnh vi can trd thuc hien hanh vi hgp phdp Mdi ben hoat ddng "tren dia phan cua minh" vdi mong muon dat tdi ket qua va nhu vay gay "tdn thuang" cho ddi phuong Bdi cac ben deu mong mudn dat dugc mgt cdch tdi da ket qud ciia minh nen thudng hanh dgng mgt cdch chii dgng Ddi vdi cdc ben, viec de bep ddi phuang la khdng cd muc dich tu thdn Tuy nhien, dieu dd khdng loai trir su hinh xung dot qud trinh thuc hien nhirng hanh vi "hda binh" da liet ke tren da> Nhu vdy, su xung dot xa hdi va sir thi dua la khdng ddng nhdt, nhung sir thi dua cd the chuyen hda xung dot xa hdi Dieu dd cung lien quan den sir canh tranh ma dd ddi phuang cd the di den chd de bep true tiep lan Cdc cugc dau, dd cd cdc cugc dau the thao lai Id trudng hgp dac biet Trong sd cdc cugc dau the thao, cd mdt sd cugc ddu chdng han nhu dam bdc dugc ngudi ta xem nhu xung dot Tuy nhien, mgi ngudi deu rd rdng, xet vl thuc chdt, dd chi Id su xung dot dugc md phdng Khi cugc dam boc chdm dirt, thi mdi quan he "xung dot" qua lai cung kit thuc Sir ghet bd giua nhung ngudi choi thudc nhirng ddi choi khdc cho dii cdn dgng lai sau cugc choi ve nguyen tae, dugc loai bd mgt cdch nhanh chdng Trong the thao, sir han ligc ghct bo dd khdng dugc khuyen khicii 20 VO KHANH VINH - QUAN NIEM BUOC DAU VE XUNG DOT CAC RANH GIOI CUA XUNG DQT XA HQI De ly gidi mdt each chinh xac hon bdn chat ciia xung dot xa hdi va sir khac biet ciia nd vdi cac hien tugng giap ranh, can phai xdc dinh dugc ranh gidi cua xung dot xa hgi, tire xac dinh dugc gidi ban ben ngodi theo khdng gian va theo thdi gian ciia nd Ranh gidi cua xung dot cd the dugc phan chia theo ba binh dien (khia canh): khdng gian, thdi gian va ben he thdng Ranh gidi theo khong gian cua xung dot xa hgi dugc xac dinh bdi lanh thd noi dien xung dot xa hdi Khdng gian lanh thd ciia xung dot xa hgi cd the rat khdc tir khdng gian nhd nhat (vi du: dien tich can nha) cho den khdng gian Idn nhat la toan bd trdi ddt Cugc cai eg nha bep vd chien tranh the gidi la nhung thi du cd the dugc lay de minh hga cho pham vi quy md ciia xung dot xa hdi Viec xac dinh chinh xdc ranh gidi ciia xung dot theo khdng gian gan vdi van de lam rd chii the tham gia xung dot cd tam quan trgng dac biet ddi vdi cac quan he qudc te Viec xdc djiih rd rang dudng ranh gidi ve lanh thd ciia viing xung dot xa hgi la de thuc hien cdc bien phap phdng ngira xung dot xa hdi Ranh gidi theo thai gian cim xung dot xa hgi la dai eiia xung dot xa hgi dugc ddnh dau bang thdi diem bat dau va thdi diem ket thiic cua nd Viec danh gia ve mat phap luat ddi vdi cac hanh vi ciia nhiing ngudi tham gia vao cugc xung dot xa hdi d thdi diem hay thdi diem khac tiiy thudc vao viec coi xung dot da bat dau dien ra, dang tiep dien hoac da ket thuc Dieu cd y nghia dac biet ddi vdi viec ddnh gid vai trd ciia nhirng ngudi vira mdi tham gia vao cugc xung dot xa hdi Khdi diem ciia cugc xung dot xa hdi, theo quan diem cua chung tdi, dugc xac dinh bdi nhiing hanh vi khach quan (ben ngoai) chdng lai ddi phuong (ben xung dot) vdi dieu kien ddi phuang nlian thirc dugc nhirng hdnh vi ma phia ben thuc hien la nham chdng lai minh vi vay cd hanh dgng ddp trd lai Cdng thirc tuong ddi phirc tap chi it ciing cho phep nhan biet thdi diem bat dau xay xung dot phai cd ddng thdi ba dieu kien sau day - Mdt ben (hay cdn ggi la ngudi dau tien xung dot) dang thuc hien hdnh vi mgt cdch cd chii y va chii ddng gay thiet hai cho ben khdc (hay cdn ggi la ngudi thii hai xung dot) Hdnh vi dang dugc de cap d day dugc liieu cd the la nhimg ddng tdc co hgc bang sire manh ciia co the, cd the la sir tmyen dat thdng tin (bang ldi ndi, bang an pham xuat ban, bang phat truyen hinh v.v.); - Ben khac (hay cdn ggi la ngudi thu: hai xung dot) nhan thirc dugc rang hanh vi ma phia ben thuc hien la chong lai lgi ich ciia minh; - Vi vay, ben (tire ngudi thii hai xung dot) thuc hien nhirng hanh vi dap tra (chdng lai) ddi phuang Thdi diem co the dugc coi la thdi diem xay xung dot Tir nhiing dieu trinh bay tren day, cd thi thay se chua cd xung dot neu mdi chi co mdt ben hanh dgng hoac cdc ben dang tu ve hanh ddng ciia minh (hay cdn ggi la nhirng hanh ddng tu tudng) nhu suy nghi ve ke hoach hanh ddng, suy ngam ve cdch thirc hanh ddng ciia ddi phuong, du bao ve dien bien ciia xung dot tuong lai v.v Dung vay, chua the coi trudng hgp mgt ben thuc hien hanh vi dii cho dd la hanh vi gay han (cdng kich, xam luge) ma ben v o KHANH VINH - QUAN NIEM BUdC DAU VE XUNG DOT khdng mudn chdng tra, la xung dot Viec khdng chdng trd dd cd the la ben dd da bi de nghi thira nhdn nhirng hanh vi dd la hgp phdp, cd the la sg hai vi da phu thudc vao ddi phuang hay cd the mdt toan tinh nao dd Nhung trudng hgp nay, rd rang la khdng cd xung dot bdi khdng cd sir chdng ddi cua cac ben Nhiing dang hanh vi dang nam tu (tudng tugng) ve bieu hien ben ngodi, khdng the la nhirng ddng tdc co hgc, khdng the la yeu td bat dau lam sinh cugc xung dot vi rang xung dot vdn dugc hieu la sir ddi ddu tren thuc te chii khdng phdi la sir ddi dau tudng tugng ciia cdc ben Sir ddi lap ve lap trudng quan diem cung chua phdi Id sir xung dot Su xung dot cbi xuat hien cac ben bat dau chu ddng chdng ddi vi nhimg muc dich ciia minh Nhiing dieu vira trinh bdy tren day khdng trai vdi dieu dugc cdc chuyen gia ggi la thdi ky tiem an ciia xung dot xa hdi ma ndi diing hon la giai doan trudc nd xung dot xa hgi, dd cd ca viec len ke hoach tien hanh cac boat ddng tuong lai va cd viec chuan bi thuc hien ke hoach dd Viec tach thdnh mdt giai doan iiliu vdy cd y nghTa ddc biet quan trgng ddi vdi viec phan tich cac cugc xung dot xa hdi idn quan he qudc tl (vi du, len kl hoach tien hanh chien tranh) DT nhien, xung dot vdi tinh each Id sir ddi lap ciia cdc ben quan he qudc te khdng chi la chiln tranh vd dugc giai quyet bdng cdc hdnh ddng quan sir Trong quan h^ quoc tl cd thi cd xung dot ngoai giao, xung dot thirong mai, xung dot bien gidi, xung dot chinh tri ma de gidi quyet chiing cd thi sir dung cdc phuong tien khdng mang tinh chdt vu lire Tuy nhien, vdi tat cd 21 nhung dieu kien ciia xung dot, ndi den xung dot la ndi den su ddi lap cua cdc ben, tire ndi den hanh ddng ciia cd hai ben Nhu vdy, su xung dot bat ddu xudt hien cd hanh vi ciia bai ben (hoac nhieu ben) Ve nguyen tac, trudc xay xung dot, da cd hanh ddng cua mdt ben va dieu phan Idn cdc trudng hgp cho phep xdc dinh ke chii muu gay xung dot xa hdi Thdi diem kit ihiic cua cugc xung dot la khdng gidng Cugc xung dot cd the ket thuc (vi du, cdc ben dan hda dugc vdi nhau), nhung cd the ket thuc mgt ben rut khdi cugc xung dot hoac bi tieu diet (trong thdi gian chien tranh hoac tgi pham xay ra) Cudi ciing, cugc xung dot bi ngan chan va ket thuc cd ben thii ba (ngudi thir ba) can thiep ngan chdn va chdm dirt Mdt loat cdc trudng hgp vdn dugc ggi Id "nhung xung dot mang tinh hinh sir" dugc ket thuc nhu vdy Thuc tien quan he quoc te cang sir dung nhieu ban lire lugng thir ba nbam ngdn chan cdc cugc xung dot qudc te (sir dung lire lugng quan sir ciia Lien Hgp Qudc; trung gian hda gidi bang dudng ngoai giao v.v.) Tat cd nhirng phuang phdp nay, nhu chiing ta da biit cung da dugc dp dung rgng rai tren till gidi Nhu vdy, can phdi coi thdi diem chdm dirt tat cd nhirng hdnh ddng ciia tat ca cdc ben xung dot khdng tiiy thuge vao bat ky mgt nguyen nhan nao dd, id thdi diem kit thuc ciia cugc xung dot xa hdi Khia cgnh ben cita sir phdi trien ciui xung dot vd xdc dinh ranh gidi ciia nd Bat ky mdt cugc xung dot nao cung dien mdt he thdng nhat djnh, dii id gia dinh, nhdm nhung ngudi ban (hay ddng nghiep) nhdm xa hdi, giai tang xa hgi, giai cdp, qudc gia, cdng ddng qudc te v.v Cdc 22 VO KHANH VINH - QUAN NIEM BUOC DAU VE XUNG DOT mdi lien he ben la nhiing mdi lien he nhieu mat va phiic tap Cugc xung dot giira cdc ben ciing mdt he thdng cd the nghiem trgng hay it nghiem trgng hon, rdng hoac hep ban, phd bien hoac it phd bien hon v.v Cugc xung dot "tren co sd vudn rau" cd the khdng xay va cd the xdy khdng chi giua bai gia dinh, ma cdn vdi nhirng nha hang xdm Idng gieng khdc Tinh nguy hiem Idn ciia cdc cugc xung dot giira cdc qudc gia the hien d chd, chiing khdng chi gdy cang thang cho cdc quan he ve lanh thd ma cdn gay cang thang cho cdc quan he xa hgi, ddn tdc, chinh trj va ldi cudn tham gia vdo nd nhirng luc lugng rdng rai xa hgi Viec xdc dinh ranh gidi ben ciia xung dot gan lien vdi viec phdn chia cdc ben xung dot tir tdng sd nhirng ngirdi tham gia xung dot Nhu chung ta da biet ngodi cdc ben true tiep ddi dich nhau, tham gia xung dot cd the cd nhirng ngudi khac nhu nhung ngudi xiii giuc, nhirng ngudi giiip sire, nhung ngudi td chirc xung dot (md bdn thdn hg khdng true tiep nhiing tay vdo xung dot), cung nhu cdc thdm phdn trgng tdi, cdc cd van, nhirng ngudi ddng tinh vd nhirng ngudi phdn ddi nhirng ngudi ndy hay nhirng ngudi khdc (ben hay ben khdc) dang xung dot vdi Tdt ca nhung ngudi (ngudi hay td chirc) la nhung phan ciia he thdng Cdc ranh gidi cua cugc xung dot he thdng chu yeu phu thudc vao pham vi rdng hay hep dien nhirng ngudi (td chirc) bi ldi keo tham gia vao cugc xung dot Viec nhan thirc cdc ranh gidi ben ciia xung dot la vd ciing quan trgng de tdc ddng den cac qud trinh dang dien ra, dd de phdng ngira sir tan vd ciia he thdng (dT nhien, neu dieu dd la can thiet) DOI TUONG CUA XUNG DOT XA HOI Bdt ky mdt cugc xung dot xa hdi nao ciing gdn vdi nhiing tinh tiet ben va nhimg tinh tilt ben ngoai va sd lugng ciia chiing la tuong ddi Idn, lai hay thay ddi, vi vdy khd ma liet ke bet dugc Tuy nhien, ca cdu cdc tinh tiet dd ciia xung dot cd tinh tiet het sire co ban cho phep ddi sdng thuc te Idn sdch bdo, tai lieu thdng nhat dugc ten ggi cua loai xung dot nhat dinh Khi sap xep lai vd phdn tich mdt sd lugng rat Idn cdc klidi niem lien quan den xung dot, thudng thi ngudi ta tach chiing hai de cd the xac dinh mdt each chinh xdc hon thuc chat va tinh xu hudng ciia cugc xung dot xa hdi: dd la ddi tugng ciia xung dot xa hdi vd khdch the ciia nd Ddi tugng ciia xung dot xa hdi dugc bieu la van de tdn tai mdt each khach quan hoac tudng tugng (cd the xay ra) dugc coi la nguyen nhan dan den sir bat hda (xich mich, hiem khich) giira cdc ben Mdi mgt ben deu quan tam gidi quyet van de dd theo hudng cd lgi cho minh Ddi tugng ciia xung dot xa hdi la sir mdu thuan co bdn md vi de giai quyet nd cac chu the (cdc ben) hanh ddng chdng ddi Dd cd the la van de quyen lire, viec cd dugc cac gid tri hay cdc gid tri khdc, van de dimg dau hoac ciing (trong xung dot ve quan diem, cai dd dugc ggi la ddi tugng thao luan, ban cai v.v.) Viec tim kiem cac hudng giai quyet xung dot xa hdi dugc bat dau tir viec xdc djnh ddi tugng ciia xung dot vd de lam dugc dieu dd qud la khdng don gidn Nhieu nha xung dot bgc vi viec xac dinh ddi tugng ciia xung dot xa hdi nhu cdng viec nghien ciiu ciia nhd khdo cd hgc ve thdi ky tien sir, theo dd nha khdo cd hgc phdi khdm phd hit Idp v o KHANH VINH - QUAN NIEM BU6C DAU VE XUNG DOT dja chat den hit Idp dia chdt khdc Thi nhung, cac cugc xung dot xa bdi, Idp van de cd the lam cho ban than doi tugng ciia xung dot bi "khuyech tdn" hodn todn, vay kbdng cdn ranh gidi rd rang Cugc xung dot cd the cd ddi tugng co ban tach nhirng ddi tugng rieng re, vd so "nhirng diem ndng" De chirng minh, cd the lay nhirng vu xich mich keo ddi gia dinh hoac la cdc cugc xung dot sac tdc da dien lich sir lam thi du Ddi tugng ciia xung dot xa hdi cd the khdng chi la muc dich chua dugc tiet Id (cdn an giau) cua nha boat ddng trung gian hoac ciia trgng tai vien ma cdn cd the la dieu khoan ma cac ben - nhiing ngudi tham gia (hgp ddng) dang thuong lugng Day la phuong thirc da dugc thira nhdn chung md cdc ben sir dung de thuong lugng vdi Xet ve gdc dac diem tam ly cd huii ciia cdc chu the tien hanh thuang lugng, cdc cugc thuang lugng la kieu tdc ddng xa hdi lan mang tinh dac thii Van de la d cho, kieu tac ddng lan cd cd nhimg dac diem ciia ca hai kieu xung dot, dd la xung dot ve quan diem (ve tu tudng) va xung dot ve lgi ich, dii rang kieu tdc dgng Ian chi dien pham vi ciia cugc xung dot ve lgi ich Trong cdc cugc thuang lugng, cdc ben cd the ldm Id ddi tugng cua cugc xung dot ciia minh, va tham chi bi ddi phuong thuylt phuc bdi tinh hao huyin ciia nd Nhung cdc ben cd thi bi nham vdn dl vd mdt cugc xung dot vdi nhung mau thuan dugc bd sung da dugc hinh Nhung bdn than sir kien thuong lugng ludn phai dugc danh gid Id mang tinh chii ddng tich cue vi rang nhd cd thuong lugng ma cac ben cd khd nang ldm sdng td, hilu rd lap trudng ciia \d ngudi trung gian phdt hien dugc "hat nhan" 23 ciia van de "Hat nhan" dd se cang hien rd hon phan tiep theo, thudng dugc ggi la "khdch the cua xung dot xa hdi" KHACH THE CUA XUNG D O T XA HOI Theo cdc nha xa hgi hgc, ndi ve bdt ky mdt cugc xung dot nao thi cung la noi ve hai vdt hoac thdm chi la ndi ve mgt vdt: ndi ve ngudn vd ndi ve kiem sodt ngudn Theo quan diem nay, quyen lire la cdch kiem soat ngudn, cdn quyen sd hiru lai Id chinh bdn than ngudn Cdc ngudn dugc phdn ngudn vat chat va ngudn tinh than, va den lugt minh, ngudn tinh than dugc phdn hda thdnh cdc ngudn hgp thdnh" (Cdc cugc xung dgi xd hgi; thuc nghiem, du bdo, cong nghe hgc gidi quyet, 1991, xudt bdn lan 1, tr 44 (tieng Nga) Thuc xet ve hinh thirc, quan diem ndy cung gdn gidng vdi quan diem ciia nhieu chuyen gia ciia cac khoa hgc chuyen ngdnh khdc Chang han, neu nhirng y kien tuong tu, cdc chuyen gia thudng sir dung khdi niem "khdch the ciia xung dot xa hdi" vdn dugc bg hieu la gid tri vat chdt bay tinh than cu the md cac ben xung dot hudng tdi chiem giir hoac sir dung rieng Ve thuc chat, bat ky mdt yeu td ndo ciia the gidi vdt chat va ciia thuc tien xa hdi cung deu la khdch the ciia xung dot xa bdi, deu cd the dugc cd nhan, nhdm xa hdi, xa bdi, Nhd nudc coi Id ddi tugng ciia lgi ich ciia minh De cd the trd thdnh khdch the ciia xung dot xa hdi, yeu td phdi "nam d chd giao nhau" ciia cdc lgi ich cua cdc chii the mong mudn "kiem sodt" theo cdch cua minh Cd the lay rdt nhieu tinh hudng lam thi du: tir nhung cugc cai eg gidnh giat cac thii dd choi ciia cdc dira tre cho den tinh trang cang thdng quan he giua cdc qudc gia lien quan den van de ve chii quyen ddi vdi lanh thd chua dieu chinh duac 24 VO KHANH VINH - QUAN NIEM BU6C DAU VE XUNG DOT Trong he thdng quan he cu the, khdch the cua xung dot xa hdi bao gid cung la ngudn nao dd bi thieu hut (khan hiem) Chang ban, chiic vu gidm ddc chi cd mdt cd hai vi phd gidm ddc deu mong mudn cd dugc chirc vu Hoac cd rat nhieu khdch hang xep hang mua thit (hay gid chd) cira hang chi cdn mdt sd lugng khdng Idn thit de ban v.v Thuc te cho thdy, nhiing trudng hgp nay, van de se dugc gidi quyet dn thda neu "ngudn khan hiem" dd dugc ddp irng mdt cdch kip thdi Ciing chinh vi dieu dd ma dng gia Klidt-ta-vit da tung vao san choi cho mdi cau thii mdt qud bdng dd Tiec rang cd qua nhieu van de ma ngudi gap phdi ddi sdng thudng khdng the giai quyet theo cdch md dng gia Khdt-ta-vit da dp dung Phdn tich mdt loat cac khach the ciia xung dot xa hdi, chiing ta de nhan thay mdt loat cdc dac tinh chung cua chung Chang ban, dac tinh chung cua cdc vu xung dot xa hdi nhd xdy xep hang hoac ITnh virc giao thdng van tai la chung deu lien quan den sir klian hiem (thieu thdn) cua cdc ngudn hang hda va sir yeu kem ciia giao thdng van tai d cap qudc gia Tat nhien, van de neu tren khdng chi lien quan den (hay nam trong) tinh khdng phdn chia dugc cua khach the vdn mang tinh khach quan ma cdn lien quan (hay nam trong) tinh khdng ciing chiu (hay khdng chia dugc) ciia cac chu the vdn dugc hieu la tinh chu quan ciia xung dot xa hdi Cd the ndi rang, ndi den sir khan hiem cua ngudn ciing nhu ndi den viec xac dinh khach the ciia xung dot xa hdi, tire la ndi den vat vdn dT mang tinh tuong ddi vd thudng xuyen thay ddi Tuy nhien, cd ca nhirng cugc xung dot xa hgi khdng cd khdch the rd rang Ben canh nhirng cugc xung dot cd khach the rd rang, cdn cd nhiing cugc xung dot xa hgi c6 khdch the khdng rd rang, tiic kbdng cd nen tang la nhiing tham vgng (hay mong mudn) ciia cdc chu the (cac ben) viec chiem hiru hay sir dung "vat" nao dd Van de dat la phai ly giai dieu nhu the nao? Thiet nghT de ly giai dugc nd, hay bat dau bang mdt thi du sau day: Cd hai ngudi lang gieng vdi mgt chung cu dugc xdy bdi nguyen vat lieu ma hg nghe rdt ro mgi hoat dgng ciia Mdt ngudi dang viet cdng trinh chuyen khao khoa hgc, ngudi dang choi dan vT cam Bj anh hudng bdi tieng dan vT cam ciia ngudi hang xdm, ngudi dang viet cdng trinh chuyen kliao khoa hgc go manh vao birc tudng ngan each giira hai can hd cua hg va xung dot da bat dau xay Trong tinh hudng nay, nguyen nhan dan den xung dot khdng phdi la khdt vgng (hay mong mudn) ciia ngudi ndy hay ngudi "kiem soat" mgt gid tri ndo dd, ma xuat phdt tir mdt dieu het sire don gidn la khac phuc yeu td lam giam hieu qua boat ddng cua mdt ben xung dot Trudng hgp mdt ngudi qua dudng (ngdu nhien) da nhac nhd ngudi cd hanh vi cdn dd can quay khdng nen lam mat trat tu cdng cgng, cd the coi la tinh hudng dien hinh cua xung dot "khdng cd khach thi ro rang" Trong tinh hudng ma td tung hinh su da gap nay, rd rang khdng cd khach thi rd rang ciia xung dot d day chdng cd ben nao mong mudn (khat vgng) chilm hiru hoac sir dung mgt "vat" nao cd, ma don gian cd mdt ben xam pham trat tu xa hdi (hay cdc quan niem) ma ben cho nhu vay la phi dao dire Td tung hinh sir ciing da gap nhirng tinh hudng cac ca nhan hodc cac nhdm (Xem tiep trang 32) 32 HA THUC MINH - CHINH TRI VA DAO DL/C *•*' Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban chu y sir khac giira "dao due" va "luan ly" Co le d diem Viet Nam chju anh hudng ciia van hoa Phap nhieu hon cho nen thudng dung lan Ion "dao dire" va "luan ly" (En francaise, morale et ethique ont des sens souvent confondus) chi la sinh vat dang sdng (alive) Co le Thomas Aquinas vira khong thich "chinh trj" lam vira muon dinh chinh dinh nghTa ve ban tinh ngudi ciia Aristote cho nen sira "chinh tri" "xa hoi": "Con ngudi, theo nhu ban tinh ciia no, la dgng vat xa hoi" ' ' Co the tham khao tu tudng dao dire-chinh tri ciia Chu Cong d cac thien Dai cao, Khang cao Tiru cao Da sT, Vo dat Da phuang Lap chinh sach Thuang Thu *'* "The Prince" tieng Y "// Principe", Maehiavelli viet nam 1513 nhung mai den nam 1532, sau Maehiavelli qua ddi nSm mdi dugc xuat ban Trung Quoc dich la "Quan chQ luan" :©±i^, "Quan vuong luan" ^ i i ^ , "Ba thuaf UTR Nhat Ban djch la "Quan chii luan" * ' James Legge dich: "If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good" "°' Ba cuon sach bat tu: Ong Hodng (The Prince), Ton Tir binh phdp va Tri tue '^* Xin tham khao bai viet cua Ha Thuc Minh dang d cac tap chi Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Nghien ciru Ton gido, Xua vd Nay, Ly luan Chinh tri " " Nhiing dieu khac nhu: hudng thu khong co trach nhiem, tai san co dugc khong chinh dang, tri thirc khong co chuan muc dung sai ' ' "Anthropos phusei politikon zoon" (Man is by Nature a Political Animal) Xem Aristotle Politics Oxford World's Classucs, I 2, 1253a2, p 10 "Politikon" CO nguon goc tir "Pliteia", "Pliteia" ngliTa la "xa hgi" chir khong phai "chinh trj" (Politikon is a word stemming from Politeia and Politeia is society and not Politics) "Dgng vat" (Zoon) tii ngir Hy Lap khong giong nhu quan niem ve "dgng vat" nhu nay, ma ' '' Ho Chi Minh Ve cong tdc van hoa van ngh? N.xb Sir that Ha Noi, 1977, tr 169 T A I LIEU THAM KHAO Hd Chi Minh 1977 Ve cong tdc van hoa vdn nghe Ha Ngi: Nxb Sir that Ly Lac Nghj Tim ve coi nguon chir Him Z007, muc chir "dire" (if) Ha Ngi: Nxb Thi gioi (Tiep theo trang 24) ngudi ban thii va mudn tieu diet ma khdng rd nguyen nhan Chiing ta ciing cd the coi nhung trudng hgp la nhirng xung dot khdng rd khdch the la gi • TAI LIEU THAM KHAO I Minsk 1991 T'r dien xa hgi hgc (tieng Nga) Ju.G Zaprudskia 1992 Xung dgt xa hgi Rostov (tieng Nga) Tir diln Back khoa Viet Nam 2005 Tap Ha Ngi: Nxb Tir diln Bach khoa I99I Cac cugc xung dot xa hgi; thyc nghiem, du bao, cdng nghe hgc giai qiiylt (xuat bin Ian I, tieng Nga) Moscow ... tranh vd dugc giai quyet bdng cdc hdnh ddng quan sir Trong quan h^ quoc tl cd thi cd xung dot ngoai giao, xung dot thirong mai, xung dot bien gidi, xung dot chinh tri ma de gidi quyet chiing cd... gia vao cugc xung dot xa hdi Khdi diem ciia cugc xung dot xa hdi, theo quan diem cua chung tdi, dugc xac dinh bdi nhiing hanh vi khach quan (ben ngoai) chdng lai ddi phuong (ben xung dot) vdi... quy md ciia xung dot xa hdi Viec xac dinh chinh xdc ranh gidi ciia xung dot theo khdng gian gan vdi van de lam rd chii the tham gia xung dot cd tam quan trgng dac biet ddi vdi cac quan he qudc
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