Một số vấn đề lý luận và thực tiễn về xã hội hóa nói chung và AT VSLĐ nói riêng ở việt nam

LY LUAN QUANLY -PHAT TRIEN LIS: Van de xa hoi hoa (XHH) noi chung va XHH cong tac AT-VSLD d nuofc ta hien la mot van de nhieu mofi me Chi noi ve thuat ngu XHH cung co nhieu y km Ithac Nghien ciifu ve van de nay, TS Nguyin Huu Dung da co bai viet neu len khia canh ly luan va thuc tiin, ban ve hai khai niem neu tren Tap chi xin gidi thieu cung ban doc bai viet Mot so van de ly lugn vd thuc tien ve XA HOI HOA NOI CHUNG VA AT-VSLD NO! RIENG VIET NAM • • TS NGUY£N HUU DUNG BdLD-TBvaXH I KHAI NIEM CO BAN VE XHH Khai niem ve XHH no! Chung K Mac, tu gdc dp kinh te chinh trj hpc, phan tich qua trinh phat trien ciia Chii nghTa tu ban (CNTB), da phat hien tinh quy luat eiia su phat trien lue lupng SX se dan chuyen hda tU nen SX mang tinh chat tu huu sang mdt nen SX mang tinh chat xa hdi Qua trinh dd, theo K Mac, chinh la XHH Theo each tiep can nay, tU dien Nouveau Petit Larousse, 1969 va Petit Larousseen Coeluirs, 1972, djnh nghTa: "XHH la bien cac tu lieu SX va trao ddi cua cdng" d Viet Nam, mot sd tU dien cung djnh nghTa XHH nhu vay, chang han tU dien TU va Ngu Viet Nam, NXB TP Hd Chi Minh, nam 2005: XHH la "lam cho tu lieu SX ciia ca nhan trd cua chung xa hdi" Tuy nhien, thuat ngU "xa hdi hda" d nude ta dupe diing ITnh vue phat trien xa hdi nhu XHH giao due, y te lai dupe hieu vdi nghTa khae Dd la qua trinh md rpng su tham gia ciia eae luc lupng, chii the xa hdi cting Nha nude giai quyet cac van de xa hdi tren nguyen tac cdng bang va tien bd xa hdi (qude te khdng dting thuat ngu "xa hdi hda" de bieu dat xu hudng nay) Khi ban ve van de nay, gidi khoa hpc d Viet Nam ed y kien trai ngupe Da sd y kien cho rang ed the sir dung khai niem XHH theo nghTa ma chiing ta dang hieu la su chia se trach nhiem xa hdi ciing Nha nude giai quyet eae van de xa hdi, nhung can lam rd hon nUa ndi ham, eo che thuc hien va chii yeu dupe sir dung ITnh vue cung cap dich vu cdng Mdt sd lai cho rang khdng nen dting khai niem nay, ma diing khai niem thj trudng hda hay dting thang khai niem tu nhan hda, cd phan hda cac co sd cung cap cho djch vu edng, dich vu xa hdi cdng cdng de ed ciing each hieu vdi the gidi De tai nghien ciru Ope lap cap Nha nude ve ddi mdi td chirc, quan ly va XHH djch vu cdng 20 BAO HO LAO DONG 7/2009 Vien nghien ciru Khoa hpc Td chirc Nha nude thue hien da dua khai niem XHH djch vu cdng nhu sau: "XHH djch vu edng la qua trinh md rpng su tham gia eiia eae ehii the xa hoi va tang cudng vai trd ciia Nha nude ddi vdi dich vu edng" Khi nghien ciru ve td chUe, quan ly va XHH dich vu lao ddng - xa hdi, nhdm nghien ciru ciia Vien Khoa hpc Lao ddng va Xa hdi da dua khai niem xa hdi djch vu lao ddng - xa hdi nhu sau: "XHH djch vu lao ddng - xa hdi la qua trinh md rpng su tham gia ciia eac ddi tac xa hoi vdi cac hinh thire da dang, phong phu, linh hoat de cting chia se trach nhiem vdi Nha nude cung cap djch vu lao ddng xa hdi nham phue vu tdt nhat cho ddi tupng duoe hudng thu" Nhu vay, XHH ma Viet Nam hien dang sir dung ITnh vuc phat trien xa hdi la mdt khai niem rat mdi Tuy edn cd nhieu each hieu khae nhau, nhung tuu chung lai deu ed nhUng diem chung thdng nhat, dd la: - Xae djnh rd vai trd, trach nhiem ciia Nha nude - Md rpng su tham gia eiia cac chu the khae ngoai Nha nude (ddi tac xa hdi khae) - Oa dang hda cac phuong thUe, hinh thire va md hinh thue hien TU dd, ed the djnh nghTa XHH nhusau: "XHH la qua trinh md rpng su tham gia cua cac ddi tac xa hdi vdi nhieu phuong thire (phupng phap, hinh thire, bien phap) va md hinh linh hoat de chia se trach nhiem xa hdi ciing vdi Nha nude viec giai quyet cac van de xa hdi hudng vao mue tieu phat then eon ngudi va phat then ben vUng dat nude" Khai niem XHH ve AT-VSLO AT-VSLO la ITnh vuc rat quan trpng lien quan den cupc ddi lao ddng eiia eon ngudi To chirc Lao ddng Qud'c te (ILO) coi AT-VSLO la mdt nhUng tieu ehuan lao ddng dac biet va cd tinh bat budc phai thue hien Dang va Nha nude ta coi chinh sach AT-VSLO la mdt nhtrng chinh sach xa hdi co ban cua qude gia hudng vao bao ve LY LUAN va phat trien eon ngudi Chii the eiia edng tac AT-VSLD la Nha nude, NSDLD, NLD va eac ddi tac xa hdi khae (CD, hdi nghe nghiep, eae td chuc quan chiing ) Cdng tac ATVSLD phai hudng vao: - Dam bao tren thue te quyen lam viee dieu kien AT-VSLD tdt nhat cho NLD - Tang cudng va nang cao hieu luc, cung nhu trach nhiem eiia Nha nude viec dam bao AT-VSLD cho NLD - Nang cao trach nhiem ciia NSDLD, NLD va md rpng su tham gia ciia eae ddi tac xa hdi khae viee thue hien chinh sach AT-VSLD cho NLD phti hpp vdi eo che thi trudng va su phat trien eiia khoa hpc, ky thuat, edng nghe mdi Cung nhu eac van de xa hdi khae, ITnh vuc AT-VSLD cung can phai dupe XHH TU dd, ed the djnh nghTa nhu sau: "XHH AT-VSLD la qua trinh nang cao trach nhiem ciia Nha nude, NSDLD, NLD va md rpng su tham gia ciia cac ddi tac xa hdi khae vdi nhieu phuong thUe, hinh thUe va md hinh linh hoat de chia se trach nhiem xa hdi viec xay dung va thue hien chinh sach AT-VSLD nham mue tieu phdng ngUa, khae phue TNLD, BNN, tri kha nang lao ddng cho NLD" II NOI DUNG HOAT DONG XHH Noi dung hoat dong XHH no! chung - Cd su phan edng rd rang va chat che giUa Nha nude va cdng ddng Viee gi Nha nude can true tiep lam, viec gi Nha nude khdng can lam ma trao cho eac ca nhan khdng phai Nha nude va edng ddng lam, khdng vi mue tieu Ipi nhuan; viee gi Nha nude va nhan dan cting lam - Md rpng su tham gia eiia khu vue tu nhan hoat ddng vi mue tieu Ipi nhuan, nhung phai cd dieu kien day khdng phai la tu nhan hda ma la sir dung cac bien phap thj trudng de thue hien chinh sach xa hdi ed hieu qua hon - Hinh eac chuong trinh mue tieu d eae cap dp khae (cap Qud'c gia, cap dia phuong ) Trong dd, hinh cac loai quy xa hdi tU nhieu ngudn (tU ngan sach Nha nude, tU su ddng gdp ciia cdng ddng va tU hpp tac qude te, dau tu sinh Idi ) vdi co che quan ly va van hanh phti hpp - Cd phan hda cac cP sd cdng lap (neu can thiet) va khuyen khich phat trien cac td chirc su nghiep cung cap dich vu hoat ddng theo co che tu chii, tu chju trach nhiem, khdng vi mue tieu Ipi nhuan; hinh cac cP sd (ON) hpat ddng djch vu KD ed dieu kien Nhu vay, ve thiet che td chuc ciia XHH thudng hinh theo cac md hinh: + Md hinh td chire eac co sd eiia Nha nude hoan toan ngan sach Nha nude dau tu va thue hien chinh sach xa hdi theo quy djnh ciia phap luat + Md hinh co sd su nghiep cua edng ddng hpat ddng QUAN LY - PHATTRIEN tu chii, tu chju trach nhiem, khdng vi mue tieu Ipi nhuan, dupe Nha nude hd trp va iiy thae thue hien dich vu + Md hinh co sd tu nhan hoat ddng theo eo che thj trudng va ed dieu kien, dupe Nha nude mua djch vu - Phan cap manh cho dja phuong, eo sd va thuc hien nguyen tie edng khai, minh bach, dan chii rpng rai, phat huy vai trd tham gia va tu quyet dinh eiia ddi tupng thu hudng Noi dung hoat dong XHH AT-VSLD Cdng tac AT-VSLD bao gdm quan ly Nha nude va hpat ddng su nghiep, cu the: - Ve quan ly Nha nude: + Xay dung eo che, chinh sach, luat phap tao khung phap ly + Xay dung va thuc hien chien lupc, quy hoach, ke hoach va Chuong trinh Qude gia ve BHLD, ATLD, VSLO + Xay dung, ban hanh he thdng quy ehuan ky thuat qud'c gia (cac tieu ehuan, eac quy trinh, quy pham) ve AT-VSLD + Thanh tra, kiem tra ve AT-VSLD - Ve hoat ddng su nghiep: + Td chuc dang ky, kiem djnh eae loai may, thiet bj, vat tu ed yeu eau nghiem ngat ve AT-VSLD + Nghien eUu KH ve AT-VSLD + Td chuc SX trang bi PTBVCN + Td chuc dao tao va huan luyen AT-VSLO + Td chuc Tuan Id Qud'c gia ve AT-VSLD, PCCN + Td chUe eac co sd dieu dudng, phue hdi chUe nang cho NLD + Td chuc khai bao, thdng tin, bao cao ve AT-VSLD + Tu van qude gia ben ve AT-VSLD + Trong tuong lai hinh he thdng bao hiem TNLD va BNN (Bao hiem nghe nghiep) TU dd, npi dung XHH AT-VSLD la: - Nang cao trach nhiem eiia Nha nude quan ly va dau tu cho edng tac AT-VSLO, nhat la: + Tiep tue hoan thien khung khd luat phap ve ATVSLD phii hpp vdi kinh te thj trudng hdi nhap Dac biet, nghien eUu sira ddi chuong IX ve ATLD, VSLD Bd m^ 'P*' ill'' ^aK*iji^ 7/2009 BAO HO LAO DONG 21 LY LUAN QUAN LY - PHATTRIEN luat Lao ddng, xay dung luat chuyen nganh ve AT-VSLO; Bd sung va hoan thien he thdng quy ehuan ky thuat qude gia dan tiep can quy ehuan ky thuat khu vue va qude te + Tang cudng dau tu tU ngan sach Nha nude cho Chuong trinh Qude gia ve BHLD, ATLD, VSLO, cho nghien eUu khoa hpc, hd trp phat trien cho eae eo sd SX dung cu, thiet bj ATLD, VSLD, PTBVCN, hd tro cac cP sd dieu dudng, phue hdi chUe nang cho NLD + Tang bien che cho he thdng tra AT-VSLD - Nang cao vai trd, trach nhiem ciia NSDLD, nhat la DN dau tu cai thien OKLD, thudng xuyen tuyen truyen, huan luyen va dao tao NLD ve AT-VSLO, xay dung van hda ATLD DN - Nang cao nhan thUe va y thuc trach nhiem tham gia eiia nhC/ng NLD ve cai thien OKLD, chap hanh ky luat cdng nghe, cac quy djnh ve AT-VSLD va ndi dung lao ddng DN, xay dung van hda ATLD DN - Chuyen manh cac hpat ddng su nghiep AT-VSLD sang cung cap djch vu edng theo eae hudng sau: + Td ehuc eac hoat ddng cung cap djch vu ve AT-VSLD Nha nude tare tiep lam theo co che khoan chi hanh chinh (td chuc Tuan Id Qude gia ve AT-VSLO, PCCN; Tu van qude gia ben ve AT-VSLD; Td ehuc dao tao huan luyen ATVSLD; td ehUe khai bao, thdng tin, bao cao ve AT-VSLD + Phat trien cac co sd su nghiep dieu dudng, phue hdi chUe nang cho NLO theo eo che md, lay thu bti ehi + Phat trien he thdng cac don vj su nghiep hoat ddng tu ehii, tu chju trach nhiem va trang trai, gdm: hoat ddng dang ky, kiem dinh cac loai may, thiet bj, vat tu cd yeu eau nghiem ngat ve AT-VSLO; hoat ddng SX trang bj PTBVCN cho NLO Trong tuong lai, neu don vi nao dii dieu kien, Nha nude khuyen khich chuyen sang DN edng ich hoac hoat ddng theo luat DN, nhung cd dieu kien, dupe Nha nude hd trp can thiet + Chuyen eae dan vj nghien cuu KHKT ve AT-VSLD sang don vi tu ehii, tu chju trach nhiem, tu trang trai va gan vdi DN + Khuyen khich dau tu nude va nude ngoai bang nhieu hinh thue phti hpp vdi yeu eau va dac diem ciia tUng hoat ddng su nghiep AT-VSLD + Nang cao vai trd, trach nhiem va nang lue dai dien ciia cac ben (dai dien Nha nude, NLD va NSDLD) quan he lao ddng tai DN de thue hien eo che ben ve AT-VSLD - Day manh phan cap cho dia phuang, ca sa viec thuc hien cac chinh sach AT-VSLD Cap dja phuang, CO sd tap trung xay dung ke hoach va td chUe trien khai cac chinh sach, chuong trinh, du an AT-VSLO, tiep nhan ngudn lue eiia TLfva huy ddng ngudn lue tai ehd; quan ly Nha nude cac hoat ddng su nghiep AT-VSLD TLf chuyen giao ve dja phuong; thuc hien quy che dan ehu edng khai -« Tap chi _ II BAO HO LAO DONG / / 2009 minh bach ve chinh sach, ve ehuong trinh du an, ve tai chinh Kiem tra, giam sat, tra viee thuc hien chinh sach AT-VSLD d dja phuong, nhat la DN HI CAC CHI TIEU DANH GU HOAT DONG XHH Cac chi tieu danh gia hoat dong XHH no! chung, a Cac chi tieu da dang hda cac chii the tham gia cung cap dich vu: - Ty le Nha nude true tiep tham gia cung cap djch vu, tinh bing % - Ty le tham gia cung cap djch vu eiia khu vuc Nha nude (eac td chUc XH phi Ipi nhuan), tinh bang % - Ty le tham gia ciia khu vue tu nhan cung cap djch vu (phi Ipi nhuan hoac kinh doanh cd dieu kien) tinh bang % b Cac chi tieu da dang hda ngudn fa/ chinh dau tu: - Ty le dau tu cho phat trien xa hdi GDP; chf tieu phan anh chung ve mue dp dau tu cho phat then xa hoi - Ty le tang dau tu cho phat trien xa hdi hing nam; chf tieu phan anh tdc dp tang dau tu cho phat tnen xa hoi nam sau cao hon nam trudc - Co eau cho dau tu phat trien xa hdi: + Ty le % dau tu tU ngan sach Nha nude tdng dau tu: Ty le nhd va giam dan phan anh mire dp XHH cang tang (nghjch bien) + Ty le % dau tu khu vue ngoai Nha nude (ke ca tu nhan) tdng dau tu: Ty le cang cao va tang dan phan anh mue dp XHH cang tang (ddng bien) + Ty le % dau tu nude ngoai tdng dau tu: Chi tieu cung phan anh mire dp XHH cao + Ty le % dau tu tU ngan sach Nha nude cho mue tieu uu tien tdng dau tu tu ngan sach Nha nude; ty le cang cao va tang phan anh tinh hudng dich eiia dau tude dam bao hieu qua dau tu ciia Nha nude cang cao c Cac chi tieu phan anh vai trd ciia cac ddi tac xa hoi tham gia cung cap dich vu: - Chf tieu danh gia mUc dp tich cue va ehu ddng tham gia ciia cac ddi tupng xa hdi (chia cac mire dp: Rat tich cue va chii ddng, tich cue va ehii ddng, tuong ddi tich cue va ehii ddng, khdng tich cue va thu ddng) - Chf tieu danh gia vai trd ciia cac ddi tac xa hdi tham gia XHH (chia cac mire dp: Rat tdt, tdt, tuong ddi tdt (trung binh), chua tdt (kem) - Mire dp thda man eiia ddi tupng hudng thu: + Op bao phii (chia ra: Den 20% (rat thap, chua tdt), tU 20%-40% (thap), tU60% den 80% (tdt), tU80%-100% (rattdt) + Chat lupng djch vu (chia ra: Rat tdt, tdt, tuong ddi tdt (trung binh), khdng tdt (kem) d Cac chi tieu phan anh mire phan cap quan ly: m N han dip ky niem 84 nam Bao chi Cach mang Viet Nam (21/6/1925 - 21/6/2009), Tap chi Bao ho Lao dong da di/pfc cac dong chi lanh dao long LOLOVN, Vidn N/c KHKT Bao ho Lao dong, cac Ban, dcfn vi triTc thuoc Tong Lien doan, dai dien cac cd quan T.U, dai dien lanh dao cac LDLD dja phUdng, CD nganh T.U, cac DN, cong tac vien va ban doc tren ca nUdc den tham hoi, dong vien, girl thiT, dien, ling hoa ciing nhurng Idi chuc tot dep va gop y chan To^n the can bo, phong vien, bien tap vien, nhan vien Tap chi Bao ho Lao dong xin bay to long cam dn chan va xin hira luon co ging tir hoan thien va doi mdi khong ngirng de cang dap irng diTdc yeu eau, nhiem vu va sir tin yeu cua ban doc Die Dang Ngqc Tiing - Chii tich Tong LDLDVN va cac d/c dai dien lanh dao cac Ban, dan vi den chirc mirng Tap chi ANH:M,K TAP C H I BAO H O LAO € » N G - Quan he ty le % eac ca sd TLT va dia phuang quan ly + Ty le% sdcasddoT.LTquan ly:Ty le cao phan anh mUe dp tap trung quan ly cao va mUe dp XHH thap (nghjch bien) + T^ le % sd CP sd dja phuang quan ly: Ty le cao phan anh mue dp quan ly phi tap trung cao va mUc dp XHH cao (ddng bien) - Mue dp phan cap giua TLfva dja phuong: Chf tieu cd the danh gia thdng qua dieu tra xa hdi hpc, (chia cac mUc: Phan cap triet de, phan cap ve co ban (phan cap la chinh); phan cap ed mUc dp (tap tmng la chinh); khdng phan cap - Mue dp thuc hien dan ehii, cdng khai, minh bach ve chinh sach, chuong trinh du an, tai chinh (chia eae mUe: Rattdt, tdt, tuong ddi tdt (trung binh); chua tdt (kem) Cac chi tieu danh gia hoat dong XHH AT-VSLD Ve nguyen tac cac chi tieu danh gia XHH tren day ITnh vuc phat trien xa hdi, deu cd the ap dung cho nhieu ITnh vuc AT-VSLO Tuy nhien, cd the cu the hda them bang eac chf tieu sau day: a Trong cac ehi tieu da dang hda chu the tham gia hoat ddng AT-VSLD, can quan tam cac ehi tieu: - Ty le cac don vi su nghiep Nha nude true tiep tham gia cung cap djch vu AT-VSLO (hpat ddng tu trang trai, khdng vi mue tieu Ipi nhuan) - Ty le eae co sd ngoai Nha nude tham gia cung cap djch vu AT-VSLO (tu trang trai, khdng vi mue tieu Ipi nhuan hoac DN edng ich hoat ddng kinh doanh cd dieu kien) b Cac chi tieu da dang hda ngudn tai chinh cho dau tu linh vuc AT-VSLD: Ngoai eac chf tieu chung neu tren, d day can tach chf tieu DN dau tu cho AT-VSLO, cu the la: - Ty le % vd'n DN dau tu cho AT-VSLD tdng dau tu thue hien phuang an, de an ve thue hien trach nhiem xa hdi tai DN tham gia chuong trinh SX hang xuat khau ben mua dua - Ty le tang dau tu cho AT-VSLD eiia DN hang nam tren co sd so sanh phan ehi cho AT-VSLD tdng doanh thu eiia DN nam sau so vdi nam trudc c Trong cac chi tieu phan anh vai trd ciia cac ddi tac Xa hdi, can luu y danh gia them vai trd ciia NLD, cd the danh gia mUe dp tu giac cua NLD theo eae mUe: Co ban la tu giac, tuong ddi tu giac, chua tu giac d Trong cac chi tieu phan anh mUc phan cap quan ly, ngoai cac chi tieu neu a phan chung, can luu y them tinh dac thii ciia linh vuc AT-VSLD ed sd co sd TL/quan ly nhung dupe phan bd theo vting Chang han CP sd (trung tam) kiem djnh ky thuat ATLD, ca sd dieu dudng phue hdi chirc nang cho NLD Do dd, danh gia mire dp phan cap quan ly can chii y chf tieu phan bd eac CO sd djch vu theo vting, nhat la vting kinh te trpng diem (Bac, Trung, Nam).a 7/2009 BAO HO LAO DONG 23 ... may, thiet bj, vat tu ed yeu eau nghiem ngat ve AT- VSLD + Nghien eUu KH ve AT- VSLD + Td chuc SX trang bi PTBVCN + Td chuc dao tao va huan luyen AT- VSLO + Td chuc Tuan Id Qud'c gia ve AT- VSLD, PCCN... LY LUAN QUAN LY - PHATTRIEN luat Lao ddng, xay dung luat chuyen nganh ve AT- VSLO; Bd sung va hoan thien he thdng quy ehuan ky thuat qude gia dan tiep can quy ehuan ky thuat khu vue va qude te... don vj su nghiep hoat ddng tu ehii, tu chju trach nhiem va trang trai, gdm: hoat ddng dang ky, kiem dinh cac loai may, thiet bj, vat tu cd yeu eau nghiem ngat ve AT- VSLO; hoat ddng SX trang bj