CHiNH TR! - AN NINH CHAU AU DHNH GIR BirdC DRU TRC DONG CUR CUOC KHUNG HORNG Tt^l CHINH Vfi SUV THORI KINH TCTORN CflU DCN Hf THONG RN SINH XR HOI d CflC NlTdC BlIc SU PGS TS Dinh Cong Tuan Vien Nghien cmi Chau Au Sat van de Mac du xay dung he thong an sinh xa hgi (ASXH) theo nhung each thuc chung nhat, nhung khong phai cac qu6c gia EU d^u thuc hien mo hinh giSng v6 ASXH Moi nuoc, moi khu vuc thuc hien chinh sach ASXH dua tren nhung dieu kien kinh te va cac van de xa hoi dang ton tai cua chinh ban than hp Trong he thong ASXH cac nuac EU, cac nuac Bac Au di theo mpt mo hinh rieng, diem dac trung co ban cua he thong ASXH Bac Au la ket hpp thue cao va he th6ng phiic loi hao phong de thuc hien muc tieu tang truang nhanh va han che that nghiep Tuy nhien, thoi gian gan day, he thong ASXH Bac Au gap phai nhieu thach thiic, dac biet b6i canh khung hoang kinh tk toan cau Ian rpng ke tu nam 2008 Nhfrng thach thirc cua hf thong an sinh xa hoi Bac Au hiSn Mac du duac the giai danh gia cao ve nhOng cong viec dam bao ASXH toan dien cho nguoi dan, xay dung nen mot xa hpi binh d^g, doan kk va hanh phiic, nhung he thong ASXH ciia cac nuoc BSc Au trudc xay khung hoang np cong EU va khiing hoang kinh te toan ciu nam 2008 dkn da gap phai nhung thach thiic khong nho Cu the la: Thu nhdt: Chi phi cho he th6ng ASXH Bac Au la khong nho, ty le nguoi dan tham gia thi truang lao dpng cang thu hep khien can doi thu chi cho quy ASXH a khu vuc gap nhieu kho khan Tinh GDP, chi phi ASXH a cac nuoc BSc Au cao nhat khu vuc chau Au (chilm 26,9% GDP nam 2004), va muc thue danh vao nguai lao dpng cung cao nhat khu vuc chau Au (46,9% GDP nam 2004) Thue la cong cu tao nen he thong ASXH toan dien o Bic Au, bai dira vao nguon thu tii thue, nha nuac co the can doi dupc thu chi ngan sach va cac nuac Bac Au khong bi lam vao tinh trang tham hut ngan sach cao nhu nhieu nuoc EU khac Vao nam 2004, cac nucrc Bac Au huong thang du ngan sach 4,1% GDP nho can doi duac thu (tu thue) va chi ciia chinh phli cho cac muc tieu phat trien co ASXH NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 |144|.2012 phli cho cac muc tieu ph^t trien co ASXH Bang I: Can doi thu chi ngSn sdch ciia cdc nufrc EU nam 2004 (% GDP) Nu'frc Thue Dan Mach Phan Lan Thuy Dien NaUy Nhom Anglo-Saxon Nhom Bia Trung Hai Nhom luc dia Nhom Bac Au OECD 48.8 44,2 44,0 50,4 32.0 36.3 40.6 46.9 35.9 Tong doanh thu ciia chinh phii 58,9 52,5 57,9 58,3 38.0 43.8 47.6 56,9 43,9 Tong chi tieu ciia chinh phii 56,3 50,7 46,4 57,3 38,1 46,9 49.7 52,7 45,1 Can (loi ngan sach 1,7 1,9 11.4 1,4 0.1 -3.5 -2.1 4,1 -3.6 Chi tieu ASXH 29,2 24,8 23.9 29,8 17.4 22,4 25.7 26.9 20,8 Nguon: Neil Brooks and Thaddeus Hwang (2006), The Social benefits and economic costs of taxation, Canadian Centrefi)rPolicy alternatives Nhimg bien phap cai each thue thai gian gan day da dan muc thue ap dung cho cac nuac Bac Au va vao nam 2008 miic thue trung binh ciia cac nuac Bac Au deu giam manh (xem bang 1) Dieu dong nghTa voi nguon thu ngan sach tir thue giam dan, ASXH nhung nam gan day lien tuc tang cao nhung ly nhan khAu hoc va thi trucmg lao dpng, dac biet cao ITnh vuc cham soc nguai gia, 6m dau va bao ve siic khoe xu huong phat trien nhan khau hoc boi so lucmg nguoi gia Bac Au khong ngimg gia tang Tuoi tac cua lire lupTig lao dpng dang la moi de dpa den su on dinh va ben vung ciia mo hinh nha nuac phiic lpi Bac Au bai mo hinh chu yeu dua vao viec danh thue thu nhap ciia the he dang lam viec de bii dap ASXH cho the he nguai gia, tre em va nhu'ng nguofi 6m dau benh tat Mac dii ty le nguoi co viec lam khu vuc B4C AU hien cao hon so voi cac nuoc EU khac (bang 1), nhung tang tuoi thp, cpng them ty le sinh de thap dan a khu vuc dang din den tinh trang gia hoa dan so va su thieu hut nguon nhan luc tre cho thj trucmg lao dpng tuang lai Dieu dat thach thirc doi vai viec ma rpng ASXH nhiiu ITnh vuc nhu an sinh thu nhap (tien luong huu), cham soc siic khoe cho nguoi gia No cung dan den tinh trang luc luong dan so tham gia thi truang lao dpng cang it hon, khien nang su^t lao dpng suy giam va dat nhirng thach thiic v6 ngu6n thu tai chinh cho he th6ng ASXH Thu hai: Chinh sach ASXH dang dat nhijng thach thiic cho thi truang lao dong o khu vuc Bac Au Dac trung co ban ciia he thong ASXH Bic Au la dam bao dky du viec lam cho nguoi lao dpng va tren thuc t^ sg ^dnk gid luiSc itau tde: itmtg nuoc EU khac Su tham gia d4y du ciia nguai dan Bac Au tren thi truomg lao dpng gop phin tich cue thiic diy cac hoat d6ng kinh tS, mat khac tao co so dk nha nuoc danli thue thu nh$p phuc vu muc tieu tai chinh cua he th6ng ASXH Tuy nhien, tinh trang lam viec ban thoi gian hay gpi la lam viec mia (part-time) a khu vyc Bac Au cang bien va o ty le cao hem cac nuoc EU khac Nhimg nguofi lam viec ban thoi gian chii yeu la phu niJ, nguai gia v^ nguofi 6m dau benh tat Nhimg ly khien mo hinh lam viec ban thai gian cac nuoc Bic Au co rat nhieu, d6 co nhiing ly thuoc v6 giai chu va nhimg Iy thuoc ve he thong ASXH va chinh sach gia dinh ciia cac nha nuoc phiic Igi Bac Au Theo quy dinh ciia EU, s6 gia lam viec t6i da tuan la 48 gio (2003/88/EC), nhung o Phan Lan, Thuy Dien va Na Uy, so gib lam viec toi da theo lu^t ph^p chi 1^ 40 gifif, tham chi giam manh m6t s6 ng^nh nghe Ngoai nhung ly nguoi lao dpng dua nhu nghi 6m, cham soc tre em, ly gia dinh, di hpe de dupc huong ASXH ttr chinh phii, lam viec nira tiem an nhitng nguyen nhan thieu viec lam va nguyen nhan bi ep buoc khong tu nguyen tir phia nguai lao dpng Theo bao cdo ciia OECD (2010), lam viec nira co nghTa la nguoi lao dpng khong co kha nang tim kiem mpt viec lam day dii, vi vay ty le that nghiep tiem an a khu vuc Bac Au la rat cao Thong ke ciia EU va OECD cho thay, vao nam 2010 so nguai lam viec niia kh6ng tu nguyen a Thuy Dien va Phan Lan cao hon nhieu so vai khu vuc EU-15 Bdng 2: Ty If viec lam nva khong tu nguyen tong so vice lam ban thoi gian a cac nv^c Bac Au so vol EUlS Lam viec nira khong tir Dan Mach nguyen Th6ng ke ciia EU (15-74 tu8i) 2000 13,7 2010 14,8 Thong ke cua OECD (15-74 tu6i) 2000 11,0 2010 10,6 Phan Lan NaUy Thuy DiCn EUlS 34,8 26,1 11,1 16,9 23,3 26,1 16,3 25,2 34,2 27,0 6,1 5,8 24.5 21.8 12,8 20,2 Ngudn: OECD.Stat.http://stals.oecd.org/index.aspx?dataselCode=IMVPTJ D§ hinh nen mot thi truong lao khong tu nguyen dugc danh gia la that dong tich cue, chi phi ASXH o BSc Au nghiep mot phan, no day ty le that nghiep cang mil rpng cho luc luong lao dong lam cua cac nuoc Bac Au cao hon rat nhieu so mia nhSm han chS that nghiep Tinh voi ty le that nghiep chinh thuc duoc cong trang thiSu viec lam va lam viec nua b6 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N''9 (1441.2012 Hinh It Ty II that nghiep thuc te fr Bac Au nam 2008 (%) DenRiark Finland ELEJ^JI ^1,g^ Dl_Qn Nguon: Anita Haataja, Meria Kauhanen and Jouko Natti (2011), Underemployment and part-time work in the Nordic Countries, Kela Research Department, Working Papers 31 Ghi chu: unemployment: thdt nghiep: Partial imempl: thdt nghiep mot piidn; Total unempl: tong thdt nghiep Co che lai ich cho that nghiep va cac co dupc danh gia la khu vuc co sir phat trien che ASXH khac cho nguai lam viec nira nguon nhan luc dat trinh dp cao tren the gioi, o cac nuoc Bac Au dang tiep tuc dupc nhien day cung la mpt siic ep do! voi mot cai each nham khuyen khich nguofi dan tham bp phan nguai dan khong co trinh dp giao gia thi truong lao dpng Tuy nhien, cac hinh due cao, khien hp co nguy ca rai vao tinh thiic lam viec nira Bac Au cho thSy trang bi gat ngoai le xa hpi Phin Lan la nhung van de nghiem trpng cua thi truong nuoc dang gap van de Ion v€ viec the he lao dpng Bac Au hien va tuong lai nien dang rai vao tinli trang "ben le hoa" khong dat duoc trinh dp giao due Thic ba: Do su gan ket chat che giiia cao d cac nuoc khac nhu Thuy Dign, Na giao due va viec lam, cac nuoc Bac Au dang Uy, nhung nguori co trinh dp giao due thdp phai doi mat vai nhiing thach thiic vh giao nhat ciing la nhung nguai bi roi vao tinh due De dam bao dan chiing tham gia day dii trang "ben \h hoa" Nhirng s6 lieu th6ng ke vao thi truang lao dpng, giao due la yeu t6 ciia OECD nam 2007 cho thky cac nuac quan trpng de giup nguoi dan tranh duac Bac Au nhung nguai dat trinh dp giao due tinh trang bi gat ngoai le xa hpi va thoat dai hoc tra len co co hpi kiim viec lam tot ngheo, Trong nhieu thap ky qua, Bac Au hon nhiing nguoi co trinh dp giao due thap ^dtih qta tM£0e ttau tan a^ig hon Nhiing nguoi co trinh dp giao due dai Cupc khiing hoang kinh te toan cau co hoc tham gia vao thi truong lao dpng mpt nhiing anh huong manh den cac nen kinh te each on dinh va kh6ng phai d6i mat vai tinh Bac Au khien khu vuc chiu riii ro trang that nghiep nhu nhiing ngucri thuoc nhieu ITnh vuc khac La nhiing nen kinh nh6m nguoi khac Vai nhiing nguai bi liet ke te mo eira, co quy mo nlio, cac nuoc Bac Au vao danh sach ben le hoa, nhijng rui ro ve duoc huong lpi manh me tir tang truong ngheo kh6 tai chinh (thu nhap chi bang 60% thuong mai va dau lu toan cau, vay thu nhap trung binh ciia ca nuac), phai chiu b6i cdnh thuong mai va dau tu qu6c te giam nhirng bat binh dang ve giao due va cham chua timg co ba nam qua, cac nen kinh soc sire khoe, tao ap lire gia tang chi phi te Bac Au chiu nhieu tac dpng nang ne Toe ASXH cho chinh phii cang ldn dp tang truong GDP ciia khu vyc Bac Au giam tir 2,9% nam 2007 xuong 0,4% nam Bvoc dau danh gia tac dpng ciia cuoc khung hoang kinh te toan cau den he 2008, 6- mirc -4,4% nam 2009 va phuc h6i a miic 1,7% nam 2010 va 2,5% vao nam 2011 thong ASXH o cac niro^c Bac Au Bdng 3: Tac dong cua khiing hoang kinh te toan cau toi tang truong GDP, that nghiep, ngan sach & cac nu'O'c Bac Au Nu-o^c Dan Mach Phan Lan NaUy Thuy Dien Bac Au EU Dan Mach Phan Lan NaUy Thuy Dien Bac Au EU 2006 200 200 Tang tru-oTig GDP (%) -0,9 3,4 1,7 4,4 4,8 1,2 1,8 2,3 2,7 4,5 2,7 -0,5 2,9 0,4 3,7 0,7 2,8 3,2 That nghiep (%) 2,8 1,8 3,8 6,4 7,7 6,9 2,6 3,5 2,5 6,2 6,1 7,1 5,5 4,6 4,3 7,2 7,4 8,5 Ngan sach chinh phii (%) 4,4 5,0 3,4 4,5 4,0 5,2 17,7 18,8 18,5 2,2 3,4 3,1 7,6 7,8 7,5 -2,0 -0,6 -1,4 200 20 010 11* -5,1 -7,8 -1,5 -4,4 -4,4 -4,2 1,2 1,5 0,7 2,3 1,7 0,8 1,1 2,4 1,4 4,0 2,5 3,5 8,2 3,2 8,3 6,0 9,3 5,2 10,0 3,7 9,7 7,3 10,5 6,2 7,8 3,3 7,5 6,2 - - -3,0 -5,8 Dan Mach -2,2 -4,0 Phan Lan 9,3 9,7 NaUy -1,6 -3,0 Thuy Dien 0,9 -0,5 Bac Au -7,3 -8,1 EU Ngudn: BSc Au Council of Ministers (2011), Global Pressure - Bac Au Solutions va (*)• Bdc Au Outlook 2012- Danske Bank - NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (144).2Q]2 Ty le thSt nghiep cac nuoc B4C AU nhiing nam khung hodng kinh te toan c4u ciing tang manh, tir miic 4,3% nam 2008 len mirc 6% nam 2009, 7,3% ndm 2010 vd 6,2% nam 2011' Theo bao cao cua T6ng cue Th6ng ke Dan Mach, nam 2010 co 164,5 nghin nguoi Dan Mach lam vao tinh trang thdt nghiep Ngay cang nhieu nguai phai rifi khoi thi trucmg lao d^ng khong co viec lam Rieng quy nam 2012, Dan Mach mat 9.000 viec lam, 4.000 viec lam a khu vuc cong cpng vd 5.000 viec lam tai khu vuc tu nhan^, khien thi trucmg lao dpng chiu ap luc ghe gom Tai Thuy Dien, ty le that nghiep tang manh, tir miic 6,2% nSm 2008 len mirc 8,3% nam 2009, 9,7% nam 2010 va 7,5% nam 2011 Phan Lan la nuoc co ty le that nghiep cao nhat khu vuc Bac Au, o miic 8,2% nam 2009 so voi mirc 6,4% nam 2008, tang len mure 10% vdo nam 2010 Khiing hoang kinh te toan cau vd np cong EU cung tac dpng tieu cue den nguon thu ngan sach cua chinh phii va no cong cua cac nuac Bac Au Tir mpt khu vuc Iuon co thang du ngan sach 1cm EU, o mirc 7,6% GDP vao nam 2008, cac nuoc Bdc Au da phai chiu miic tham hyt ngan sach 0,9% GDP vao nam 2009 va -0,5% GDP vao nam 2010 Nuoc CO tham hut ngan sach lan nhat Bac Au la Dan Mach va Phan Lan, vai muc tham hut ngan sach nam 2009 Id -3% GDP vd nam 2010 la -5,8% GDP d6i voi Dan M?ch, va -2,2% GDP vd -4% GDP d6i voi Phdn Lan Cac ngdnh cong nghiep tdi chinh cung chiu siic ep rat Ion tir thi trucmg My va chinh sach tiln t? ciia khu vyc Bac Au (dJic bi?t la Dan Mach vd Phan Lan la vien cua Khu vyc dong Euro) bupc phai tuan thu nghiem ngdt c4c chi tieu de gi& cho sy 6n dinh ciia dong euro Lam phdt cung gia tang Of cac nuac viing Scandinavia nhimg yeu kem hoat dpng kinh doanh nucrc No c6ng ciia cac nuac Hy Lap, Tay Ban Nha, 36 Ddo Nha nhanh chong lan rpng todn EU vd dnh hucmg den cac nuac Bac Au Mac dii kh6ng phai chiu nhGng tac dpng ciia cupc khiing hodng no c6ng khu vyc EU, nhung no c6ng ciia cac nuac Bac Au ciing tang nhanh giai doan 2009-2011 Vao nam 2009, no cong ciia Phan Lan chiem 43,5% GDP, nam 2010 da tang len 48,4% GDP va nam 2011 la 48,6% GDP No cong cua Dan Mach ciing tang tir miic 42,9% GDP nam 2010 len miic 46,5% GDP nam 201ll Nhin chung, np c6ng ciia cac nuac Bic Au thap hem nhieu so vai cac nuoc EU khac, khong a miic dang bao dpng, nhung cung gay nhimg kho khan kinh X% nhdt dinh cho cac nuac Bac Au Nordic Council of Ministers (2011), Global Pressure - Nordic Solutions ^ Nordic Outloojk 2012, Danske Bank ^ Nordic Outlook 2012, sdd 'HoMh gia huSR Hau lae itSng Hinh Nff cong b cac nudc Bic Au va khu vu-c dong Euro (% GDP) ••-VS" i § i S§ n c^ n a fi ?i —• — Dwinwik ^ Ngudn: Peter Birch Sorensen (2011), Long term fiscal sustainability: a Danish and Nordic Successs Story? Nyfcredit Capital Markets Day, Copenhagen Cupc khiing hoang kinh te todn cau co gia ciia nguoi dan trfen thi truong lao dpng nhiing tac dpng tieu cue den he thong ASXH giam, miic lucmg cho nguai lao dpng bi Bdc Au tren nhieu phuang dien Cupc khung thap, da dan den tinh trang nha nuac khong hoang tac dpng den thi trucmg lao dpng, siic CO khd nang thu thue tir nguoi lao dpng de bii khoe, thu nhap, nhd 6, viec lam, khien nguoi dap cho viec mo rpng chi tieu ASXH Trong dan phdi chiu nhieu ton thuang nen kinh khung hoang, hdu h6t cac nuoc chau Au te lam vao suy thoai, dong thoi dan den chi c6 cd ede nuoc Bdc Au deu phdi tieu cho ASXH khimg hoang gap nhiSu tung cac goi tdi chinh kich cdu de phan thach thiic hem nhdm dam bdo su on dinh xa ling voi khiing hoang, dan den thdm hut ngan hpi Voi chiic nang dem Iai lpi ich ASXH sdch nhd nuoc vd thu hep cac quy ASXH cho tat ca mpi nguoi, tir tre em, cha me, Neu khiing hodng dupc khac phuc sam vd nguoi gia, nguoi mat viec lam, cham soc siic nen kinh te tang truong tro lai, chinh phii cdc khoe vat chdt va tinh than, cac nha nuac nuoc chau Au se khong lam vao khimg phiic Ipi Bic Au gap ganh nang rdt lan ve hodng no nang ne So voi cdc nen kinh te EU kinh phi va ngu6n lye boi hai ly sau; Thic khac, cac nuoc vung Bac Au chiu nhiing tac dpng khong qua nang ne tir khimg hoang, nhdt, ty le thdt nghiep gia tang thoi ky ngan sach bi thu hep, no c6ng tang nhanh khiing hoang 2008-2012 ddn d^n cac ngu6n nhung cd hai chi so deu khong den miic quy ddm bdo ASXH va chi tieu nha nuoc nguy hiem Tang truong kinh te nhanh chong cho bdo tra xa hoi tang len nhanh chong; phuc hoi, nhien cupc khung hoang kinh Ihu hai, tang truong kinh t^ thdp, sy tham 10 NGHIEN CL/U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 n44).2012 te toan cdu vdn dem lai nhiSu kho khdn cho cdc nuac Bac Au boi chi tieu vd Ipi ich cua nguoi dan bi c5t giam nhanh chdng Tai Dan Mach, hai nam 2008-2009, s6 nguofi bi mat viee lam da len t6i 93.000 nguoi vd tiep tuc a mirc 78.000 nguoi vao nam 2010 Thang du ngdn sdch c6ng cpng giam manh lir 59,8 ty DKK nam 2008 xu6ng mire tham hut 47 ty DKK nam 2009, 80,1 ty DKK vdo nam 2010 vd 78,7 ty DKK ndm 2011** Sy sut giam nguon thu ngan sach den mirc tham hut da khien nguoi that nghiep va nhirng nhom nguoi dang dupc hucmg ASXH Dan Mach bi cat gidm rdt lan ngu6n ASXH, eu the la nguofi thdt nghiep chi dupc huong tra cap that nghiep vong ndm thay vi nam nhu truac day ke tir 1/7/2010 Cac khoan trp cap cho gia dinh vd tre em cung gidm rat manh tai Dan Mach nhirng kho khdn kinh te nuoc Vao nam 2009, Dan Mach da phai chi tieu 539 ty kroner (95,7 ty USD), chigm 33% GDP eho cac dich vu ASXH vd siic kh6e de khac phuc nhung kh6 khan ve viec lam, thdt nghiep, siic khoe cho nguofi ddn thoi ky khiing hodng Tai Phdn Lan, nhung kho khan kinh te da tac dpng nang ne vao nguoi lao dpng, khien nhu cdu ASXH tdng cao cd ve kinh phi va dich vu De dam bao sy on djnh xa hpi, chinh phii Phdn Lan da phai tang chi tieu ASXH len mirc 29% GDP vdo nam 2009 thay vi miic 25,4-26,3% nam 2006-2008^ Mirc tang ndy khiSn thdm hut ngdn sach cua Phan Lan ndm 2009 a mirc -2,2% GDP so voi miic thang du 4,5% GDP ciia nSm 2008 va mirc 5,2% GDP cua ndm 2007, tiep tuc a miic tham hut n|ng nc han vao ndm 2010 id -4% GDP^ Tai Thuy Di^n, ty le that nghiep tang rat eao da lao dp lye cho nguon thu tir thue ciia chinh phu Vdo nam 2007, l6ng doanh Ihu tir thue ciia chinh phii Thuy Dien la 40 ly SEK, nam 2008 giam 10 ty SEK, ndm 2009 giam 15 ty SEK vd ndm 2010 gidm 10 ty SEK Trong do, that nghiep tiep tuc tang va nhimg chi tieu ASXH cho nguoi gia, nguoi 6m ciing tiep tuc tang cao vd tao ap lye rat Ion cho he thong ASXH Thuy Dien Trong khung hoang, cac nuac Bac Au da no lye tim kiem cdc giai phap de bao ve nen kinh te cua hp Hang loat cdc chien lupc cdi each da dupfc de bao gom cdc chuang trinh that lung bupc bung de cit gidm cac co che ASXH, tim kiem cac thi trucmg xuat khdu moi nhu thi truong cac nuoc BRIC, giam phu thuoc vao thi trucmg EU vd Bac My, thuc hien chinh sach ti8n le cho vay vai chi phi re Nhiing thang ddu nam 2012, xuat khdu ciia Dan Mach da phuc hoi o miic ngang bang vai thoi diem truoc khiing hoang 2008 Theo Uy ban Th6ng ke Dan Mach (thang nam 2012), thang du thuong mai cua ddt nuac dat 14,3 ty USD vao nam 2011 Hon nu-a, ngan hdng lan nhdt cua ^' Nordic Social Statistical Committee, 2010, Social Protection in the Nordic Countries Nordic Council of Ministers (2011), Global Pressure - Nordic Solutions ^ Nordic Social Statistical Committee, sdd ' Nordic Social Statistical Committee, sdd ^fuUi qid hUe(& itdu tde ttdttg., 11 Dan Mach da vugt qua cac dpt kiSm tra giai doan khung hoang da giiip dat nghiem ngat cua ngan hdng EU de dap iing nuac khac phuc dupc nhung hdu qud dii cdc nhu cau huy dpng v6n cho ngan hdng, kinh te - xa hpi, gop phdn gidi quyet ASXH dam bao an todn hoat dong b6i cdnh cho nguoi lao dpng Thuy Dien hy vpng, cdc khimg hodng np c6ng lan rpng EU Tuy doanh nghiep ndy co the giiip nen kinh te nhien, cac ngan hang nho cua Dan Mach van thodt khoi suy thodi va nang cao kha ndng ly gap nhieu kh6 khdn khiing hoang De ve, neu xay mpt cupc khiing hodng kich thich kinh te tang truang tro lai, Dan nam 2012 Na Uy timg dau tu mpt niia Mach cung tung mpt goi kich cdu khiem nguon tdi chinh tir Quy Xudt khdu dau mo t6n tri gia 10 ty kroner (khodng ty USD)^ vdo EU, Ngan hdng Trung uong nuoc nam 2012-2013 de ho trp ddu tu co so cho biet se ngirng dau tu vd han che cac tang, y te vd giao dye, khuyen khich dau giao dich tai chinh vol khu vyc tu vao cac nganh cong nghe xanh Tai Phan Lan, chinh phii da thyc hien rat nhieu chinh sach tien te va kinh te de khdc phuc khung Nhin chung, a Bdc Au, phiic loi xa hpi vira Id ganh nang, vira Id nguon lye, boi la nguon chi co bdn cho phdt trien ca so hoang tai chinh, 6n dinh kinh te Cac bien tang, giao due, tra cap that nghiep va tao sire phap dupc chinh phii Phan Lan sir dung canh tranh cho nen kinh te Nhung khiing thai gian qua la thuc hien goi kich cau hodng np cong o chau Au dang lam cham lai kinh te, dieu tiet manh me nganh ldi chinh va su lang truong kinh te a Bac Au, ciing vai su ngan hdng Con lai Thuy Dien, chinh phii da gia hoa dan so khien ngan sach chi cho phiic thyc hien nhirng chinh sach h6 tro rat Ion lpi xa hpi cang tang, tao ap luc cho nen cho doanh nghiep vira vd nho de tao viec lam kinh te Cac nuoc Bae Au dang thyc thi cho nguoi lao dpng Theo s6 lieu thong ke nhieu bien phap de gidi quyet bdi toan ganh Thuy Diln, ddt nuofC ndy vao ndm 2009 co nang phuc loi xa hpi va thach thirc tang 70.000 doanh nghiep vira vd nho, chiem 90% truong kinh te Phan Lan tang tuoi nghi huu t6ng s6 doanh nghiep Thuy Diln, thu de tdng nguon cung lao dpng, dau tu vao nen hiit toi 60% viec ldm cd nuac Doanh nghiep kinh te xanh va cai thien hieu qud khu vuc vira va nho dong gop toi 55% tang truong cong Tai Thuy Dien, luoi nghi huu da bi day kinh t l ciia ca nuac vd 65% t6ng ddu lili den 63 tu6i vd thai gian dong gop vdo tu xa hpi^ Vi vay, khuyen khich cac doanh quy huu b6ng dupc keo dai them Ngay nay, nghiep vira va nho Thuy Diln phdt trien Thyy Diln Id nuac so mpt tren the gioi ITnh vuc lao cong an viec lam cho nguai cao tu6i Khu vyc Nha nuoc 6f Thuy Dien cung * Mu Xuequan (2012), Nordic states weatiier EV phai chiu mpt s6 bien phap that lung bupc economic crisis, mull reforms lo secure future grovDlh byng qua nhiing Iuat le nghiem ngat hon ve Xinhua, 27/2 'Mu Xuequan (2012), sdd NGHIEN CI^U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°9 (144).2012 12 ngdn sdch Dan Mach tien hanh cai cdch che dp phiic loi, tdng thue vd ddu tu phdt trien nguon nang Iupng thay the Viec khong tham gia khu vyc Eurozone da ldm gidm nguy co Idy lan khung hodng behind? Paper presented at XV NOPSA Conference, Troms0, 6-9 Aug 2008 Brekke, K A and Kverndokk, S (2009), Health inequality in Bdc Au welfare states more inequality or the wrong measures'? Hero skrifter nr Oslo: Hero cho Dan Mach, Na Uy vd Thyy Dien Hien nay, ba nuoc ndy dupc xem Id "thien duong an todn" doi vol cac nhd dau tu trdi phieu chinh phli chau Au, neu so sanh gid tri trdi phieu khong cao nhung on dinh o Bdc Au voi s6 Iupng trdi phieu "de bay hoi" a cdc thi Christensen, Arma Meier (2009) Tfje effect of institutions on the unemploymeni gap between immigrants and natives in ii European countries Aalborg: Department of Economics, Politics & Public Administration truong Nam Au Trong cdc quoc gia chdu Au dang phdi dau tranh cat giam ngan sdch vd linh trang ldng truong chdm thi phuc h6i tdng truong kinh te cua cac nuoc Bdc Au cho thay nhiing uu diem ciia mo hinh Bdc Au khiing hodng He thong ASXH todn dien o Bac Au thoi gian qua la mpt nhung nhan to giiip khu vyc ndy khdc phuc duoc nhirng kho khdn ciia nhung dpft khiing hoang kinh te nang ne TAI LIEU THAM KHAO A TIENG ANH Bili Xuan Dy (2012), ASXH: mo h'lnii nha nudc xa hoi hay nha nirdc phuc lai? Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh vd Xa hpi Bao Mai (2011), Dieu chinh dir todn thu chi nam 2011 cita Bdo hiem xd hoi Viet Nam, hllp://\v\vvv.baomoi.com/Dieu-chinhdu-toan-lhu-chi-nam-201 l-ciia-Bao-hiemxa-hoi-Viel-Nam/47/761 ll24.epi Anita Haataja, Meria Kauhanen and Jouko Natti (2011), Underemployment and part-time work in the Bdc Au Countries, Kela Research Department, Working Papers 31 Asisp (2010), Report 2010, Denmark B TIENG VIET DVT (2012) 10 mrac co thui thu nhgp cao nhat the giai, hllp://vef.\n/201205-13-10-nuoc-co-thue-lhu-nhap-cao-nhalthe-gioi Annual National Breidahl, Karen Nielsen (2008) Labour market integration policies in the Bdc Au Welfare States: Has the policy changed and what are the driving forces Dinh C6ng Tudn (2008), He thdng ASXH cita EU va bai hoc kinh nghiem ciio Viet Nam, NXB Khoa hpe xa hpi, HdNpi 10 Dinh Cong Tudn (2011), Mo hinh phat trien Bdc Au NXH Tir diln Bach khoa, HdNpi 11 Linh Huong (2012), Kinh ti loan cdu vdn tinh trqng toi ie, http://www.toquoc.gov.vn/Sites/vivn/details/4/kinh-te-the-gioi/109704/kinh-te^ loan-cau-van-trong-tinh-tiang-toi-te-aspx ... Tac dong cua khiing hoang kinh te toan cau toi tang truong GDP, that nghiep, ngan sach & cac nu'O'c Bac Au Nu-o^c Dan Mach Phan Lan NaUy Thuy Dien Bac Au EU Dan Mach Phan Lan NaUy Thuy Dien Bac... cac ngan hang nho cua Dan Mach van thodt khoi suy thodi va nang cao kha ndng ly gap nhieu kh6 khdn khiing hoang De ve, neu xay mpt cupc khiing hodng kich thich kinh te tang truang tro lai, Dan nam... EU khac (bang 1), nhung tang tuoi thp, cpng them ty le sinh de thap dan a khu vuc dang din den tinh trang gia hoa dan so va su thieu hut nguon nhan luc tre cho thj trucmg lao dpng tuang lai Dieu