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Nguyin Thi Van Nhiing nhdn tSdnh hudngdin NHUlSG NHAN T ANH H I / O N G DEN QUA TRINH PHAT TRifiN CUA HE T H O N G AN SINH XA Hpi TAI HAN QUOC Nguyin Thi Van'' r rgng xu thi loan edu hda vd hgi nhgp kinh te qude ti ngdy cdng sdu rgng nhu hiin An sinh xd hgi (ASXH) dang Id vdn di thu hiit rdt nhiiu sif quan tdm eiia ede nuoc tren thi gidi Mdi qudc gia cd mgt hi thdng an sinh xa hgi khae phu thuge vdo hi thdng kinh ti, chinh tri, nin tdng vdn hda, lich sir cua qudc gia dd Do do, nghien eiiu hi thdng ASXH cita mdt qude gia, ehiing ta phdi dgt bdi ednh Mnh ti, ehinh tri, xd hdi eif thi Bdi viit ndy se di sdu phdn tich dnh hudng eua ede nhdn td kinh te, ehinh tri, xd hdi den he thdng ASXH tgi Hdn QuSc Ti khda: Han Quoc, hS thing an sinh xa hdi T^ Hdn Qulc, Djo ludt ASXH dupe ban hanh lin diu tiSn vdo ngdy 5/11/1963 vd Ludt An sinh xa hpi co bdn dS dupe sua dli todn di?n vao nam 1995 Theo ludt ndy "An sinh xd hpi" Id su bdo ve cia xa hpi dli vdi ngudi bSnh tdt, khuylt tat, ngudi gid, thit nghiSp, hoac t i tuit hTidc nhihig rii ro xa hdi, vd hd trp ngudi ddn xda ddi gidm ngSo, cai thien chit lupng cudc sing thdng qua cdc djch vu bdo hilm xa hdi, trp giip xa hdi vd phic Ipi xd hpi * Khoa Ngoai ngO , Dai hpc Tai chinh Quin trj Kinh doanh 34 Tir gidnh dupe ddc Idp (1945) din nay, he thing ASXH cia Hdn Quoc dupe chia lam hai thdi ky chinh: thdi ky dpc tdi qudn svr (tir ndm 1945 - 1996) h | thing ASXH cd pham vi bao phi hep; thilu su chdm lo cua nha nude va cdc h ^ g muc bdo hilm chua diy d i va thdi ky cdi cdch (sau khing hodng tai chinh 1997 din nay), he thing ASXH dupe cdi cdch toan dien dl thich ing vdi nhihig thay dli cia xa hdi Khdng chi Hdn Qudc, ma nhilu nude khac trSn thi gidi dd cd Viet Nam cung phdi doi mdt vdi dp lire dieu chmh hS hing NghiSn ciu An Dp vd Chau A Sd - 2017 an sinh xa hdi dl thich ing vdi boi cdnh mdi Do do, vi^c nghidn ciu hp thdng an smh xd hdi cia Han Qulc, djc biSt la nhOng nhdn t l dnh hudng din qud trinh phat trien cua hS thing an sinh xa hpi Hdn Qulc, t i dd rut bai hpc kinh nghiSm cho Vi?t Nam Id hit sic cin thilt Do dd, bdi vilt ndy se di sau phdn tich nhing nhdn tl klnh tS, chinh tri, xd hdi cd dnh hudng nhu the ndo den qua trinh phat triln cia hS thing ASXH tai Hdn Qulc Nhin t6 kinh te biln Han Qulc t i mdt nSn kinh tS nong nghiep nghdo thdnh mdt nin kinh tl cdng nghidp hda cao T i nam 1964 den ndm 1989, vifn trp nude ngodi dudi dang trp cip giam dang kl Din ndm 1980, vifn trp dd gidm xuong 0,6% GNP (tir 9,3% hong ndm 1960, mpt nhihig mic cao nhit the gidi tai thdi dilm do) Trong khodng thdi gian 1960 1980, Hdn Qudc da dat dupe tang trudng kinh tl vupt bdc, GDP bhih qudn diu ngudi tang trung bhih khodng 7,2% mdt ndm T6C dp tang trudng GDP cao da ldm gia tang nhanh chdng thu nhap cia ngudi ddn Hdn Qulc Ban ddu, ndm 1963, thu nhdp binh qudn diu ngudi cia Hdn Qudc chi la 100 USD Nam 1989, sd ndy da tSng ISn 5.210,4 USD^ Thu nhft) bmh qudn diu ngudi gia tang bdt chap su gia tang manh ddn sd Han Qudc tu 27,3 trieu ngudi ndm 1963 len 44,2 trieu ngudi nam 1993 Han Quoc da vupt qua hau hSt cac mrdc thu nhdp tnmg binh Han Qudc da cd nhijng budc phdt triln kinh te than k^' suot 50 ndm qua Trudc nhihig ndm 1960, Hdn Qudc vin Id •BBnude nong nghiSp ngheo Khi ban dao Trilu TiSn duac gidi phdng khdi dch cai trj cia thvrc dan Nhdt Ban vdo ndm 1945, nSn kinh te nude da gdn nhu bi tdn phd hodn todn Han nOa, chiSn tranh Trilu TiSn da phd hiy khodng hai phan ba ndng luc sdn xudt cia dit nude, tiSu chuin sing bj Trong tdng trudng kinh tl nhanh thip, din din su phu thudc manh md vdo viSn trp nude ngodi vd ciu trp khdn chdng nhQng ndm 1960 - 1980 mang cdp Trong thdi k^ hdu chiln tranh Hdn 1^ su giau cd vd nilm tu hdo ddi vdi nhiSu Qulc (1953 - 1962), t^ Id GNP (ting san ngudi Hdn Qulc, nd cimg tao mdt lojt phim qudc gia) tdng trudng tucmg dli thip cdc vin dl kmh tl xi hdi nhu he thing (3,8%/nam), m ^ d i ddng von vien trp chinh trj ludng ddng (cdnh td va cdnh hOu), nude ngoai ldn Hoa Ky la qulc gia viSn quyln luc chmh trj tdp trung vdo ting trp chinh luang thuc vd phdn bdn cho Han thing Hem nOa, f thic he kinh tl nhQng nam 1960 vd 1980 ddt uu tiSn hdng Qulc t i ndm 1945 din ndm 1964' dau dli vdi tdng trudng kinh tS da cdn trd Kinh tl Hdn Quoc thuc su phdt triln bit phdn phdi lai thu nh|p, viec thuc hien chinh diu t i nhiing nam 1960 Cong nghifp hda sdeh xd hdi cung nhdm muc tieu phdt triln thdnh cdng kl tir diu nhihig nam 1960 da kmh tl vd chmh sach cdng nghiSp Trong ' Ilho Yoo (2008), Public Finance in Korea since the Economic Crisis ^ Bong-min Yang (2001), The National Scheme of the Republic of Korea Pension 35 Nguyen Thj Van Nhiing nhdn to dnh hudng den nhimg nam 1960 -1980, chi tiSu cho an smh Khing hodng kinh tl keo theo chuyin dj xa hdi vdn ndm dudi 3% - 5% ting chi tiSu ca ciu sau rpng nin kinh tl, din d cia Chmh phi vd luc lupng lao dpng ldm sa thdi hdng loat, thit nghiSp gia tdng, til vide horn 50 gid mpt tuin Hon nila, nin Idp trung luu tan ra, bit bmh ddng thu nhi kinh tl theo djnh hudng phdt triln tdp trung ngdy cdng tli td va xd hdi phdn cue nghie tdi sdn qudc gia tay mdt sd lupng nhd trpng He thing phic Ipi dira vao khu vi cdc tdp dodn kinh tl (dupe gpi Id chaebol)^ tu nhdn khdng d i dl hd trp ngudi dan Hi Budc vdo nhiing ndm 1990, Chinh phi Quoc h-ong cudc khing hodng Chmh pli Han Qulc da md cia thj trudng thucmg khdng thi nhdm mdt lam ngo vdi nhu cd mji vd tu hda thj trudng ngoai hii dl phic Ipi cia cdng chdng Kit qud Id, Kii doi phd vdi cdc dp hfz canh tranh t i cdc Dae Jung dd chi truong phdt triln "phi nude tiSn tiln khde NhQng nam 1990 cung lpi hiSu qua cao"'', md rpng cdc djch v Id thdi kj hdn loan chua tiing cd Mdc du phic lpi vd cdi tjo cdc chinh sdeh y tl/si Hdn Qulc vin dat dupe tdng trudng kinh khde, nhdn manh vao viec gidm phic Ipi I te, nhiSn mic tdng trudng diip han hai vdi xu hudng todn cdu va dnh hudnj ihilu so vdi nhihig ndm trudc, ddng thdi tiSu cue dSn ndng suit va khd nang canl 3at on kmh tl gia tdng nhu mic luong cao tranh cia qulc gia Trong suit thdi kj- cit ik thdm h\it thuong mai Vdo diu ndm Chinh phi Kim Dae Jung, chinh sdeh 1997, nin kinh tl Han Qulc bit diu cd ddu smh xa hdi dupe xay dimg vd phdt frili liSu mat khd nang todn Cdc tap dodn mOt cdch khd nghiSm tic tai Hdn Qulc ihu Hanbo, Kia Motors dd phd sdn vd tinh Mdc d i cudc khing hoang kmh tl chinh rang qudn Iy ylu kem cia thj hudng ngoji thiic kit thuc vdi viSc khodn vay cia ldi da ddn din can ki$t du trQ ngoai tS cua IMF vdo ndm 1999 - 2000, tay nhien kl ti lit nude Vdo thang 11/1997, Chinh phi dd ASXH da hd mpt chmh sdeh lau Idn Qudc da chinh thic dl nghi mdt khodn ddi tai Hdn Qulc ay ciu hp cia IMF Gdi ciu trp cia IMF Nhan t6 chinh tr| ndm 1997 da hodn toan tai co ciu todn 2.1 Hi thdng ehinh tri dudi ehi dgc S xd hpi Hdn Qulc, ddt Han Qulc dudi tdi (1948 -1988) liS dp tu hda todn ciu Cupc khing odng 1997 - 1998 Id mdt hong nhQng Kl tu Hdn Quoc gidnh dupe ddc 3ng lire manh mS thic diy su phdt hiln Idp vdo ndm 1948 cho din nam 1988, he ia hS thing ASXH Hdn Quoc thong chmh trj cia nude ludn bit In va Cu§c khing hodng dd ldm thay dli bien dpng Dilu dupe mmh chimg lan dilm huyIn thing cia Hdn Qulc vl bdng viSc Hiln phap qulc gia thudng mg cip cdc djch vu phic Ipi xd hdi xuySn dupe sua dli, ciing nhu sir thay dli lyoung-Sun leong (2011), Korea's National Health durance - Lessons From The Past Three Decades " Jean-Jacques Dethier (2006), Social Security: What Can Developing Countries Learn from Developed Countries? N ^ e n cdu An Dp va Chdu A Sd - 2017 thudng xuydn cac thi hf lanh d ^ chinh tri Tuy nhign, nhung bi&i ddi chinh tri xudt phat tu phia cdc nha Ianh dao mong mudn mudn tri qayea lyc nhieu hon la tir y mu6n cua ngudi dan Hdn Qudc Tii nam 1948 d&i nam 1988, Han Qudc da cd lan sda doi hien phap, bdn lan tnmg clu ddn y, va da cd nha lanh dao khde Trong sudt tiidi ky nay, cac tdng thdng da tuySn the nham chuc 19 ldn Trong giai doan 1%1 - 1988, hf thong chinh tri cua Han Qudc bi chi phdi bdi hai nha Ianh dao quyin luc Id Tong thdng Park Chung Hee (1963 - 1979) va Tdng th6ng Chun Doo-hwan (1980 - 1988), ca hai ciing ^anh dugc chinh qi^en Ihdng qua cac cudc ddo chinh qudn su Mac du Tdng thdng Park vd Tdng thdng Chun Ien nam quyen hai khodng ihin gian khac nhau, nhien h^ nhd lanh dao deu cd cung myc dich la di^ tri tinh phi ddn chd di gia tdng dnh hudng chinh tri cua hp, hp sd dung chiin lupc phat triin kinh ti di ndng cao tfnh hpp p h ^ chinh tri Tdt cd ngu6n lyc qudc gia diu t ^ tnmg vdo vifc phdt triin kmh ii, vi Iy tdt cac chinh sadi, b^) gdm ca chinh sdeh phuc Ipi deu Ididng dupe chu trpng Chinh sach xa hpi phu thupc vao uu tien phat triln kinh th cua nha nude va chinh sach xS hdi duoc gidi thieu cung la de gdp phdn vdo phdt trien kinh ti Trong gi^ doan ddc tM, hdu het ngudi dan Hdn Qudc ch^ nhdn mpt cdch thu ddng, nhd nude ty nhien ddng vai trd chu dao mdi quan hf vdi xa hdi ddn su 2.2 Thay doi mo hinh chinh tri tir dpc tdi sang ddn ehu Sy thay ddi chinh tri - xa hdi bat dau m$t cdch nghidm tuc sau Tuy€n bd cdi each dan chu vao 29/6/1987 Sy khdi dau cua qua trinh ddn chd hda da ddn dgn nhting thay ddi rit Ion ddi sdng xa hdi va thi chi chinh tri cda Han Qu6c Sau che dan chd ldn ndm quyin vao nam 1987, Tdng thdng va Nhd Xanh da phat huy sue manh cua minh viec ho^h dinh cac chinh sach xa hfi Tuy nhien, Tdng tiidng Roh Tae-woo (19881992) va Kun Young -sam (1993-1997) khd CO the dupe coi Id nhiing ngudi dng hd chinh sdeh phuc lpi Chinh phu ciia T^ng thdng Roh mdc dii dupe bau dan chu, n h i ^ nd vdn bit ngudn tu che dp dpc tai qudn sy trudc dd Kim Young -sam ddi thd xua ciia che dpc tdi qiidn sy, da trd Tdng thong ddn sy ddu tiSn ki tir cupc dao chinh quan sy nam 1961, nhiSn quyin lyc cda chinh phd dya tren 'TLi&i minh bao thu ldn" cua nam 1990, tiic la sy hpp nhdt ci^ ba dang bdo thu Trong bdi canh nay, cd Tdng tiidng Roh va Kim sin sang ddng y vdi cac quan chdc (kinh ti) bdo thd va cdc li&i minh cd thu khde vi cdc van de phuc Ipi xa hpi Vi du, mdi quan tam chinh ciia Chinh phu Kim Young -sam dya trgn cac uu tiSn thi trudng nham tang cudng nang luc canh tranh bdi cdnh toan cau hda kinh ti Kit qua Id, chinh quyen Tdng thdng Roh va Kim khdng cd cam tinh vdi cac cai each ung hd phuc lpi Khi Tong thdng Kim Dea Jung nham chdc vdo nam 1998, lln diu tien lich sd Han Qudc phe ddi lap trd thdnh ddng elm quyin thdng qua blu cu canh tranh Su 37 Nguyen Thj Van Nhiing nhdn td dnh hudng din thay dii ndy hodn todn vupt trdi va ddng chi y qua trinh cing cl chl d$ ddn chi cia Han Qulc Dudi dp luc cia ddng dli lap, ting thing Kim Dae Jung da ludn hqp tdc vdi cdc nhdm xd hdi dan su viSc phdii doi chl dp ddc tai Chinh phi cia ting thing Kun Dae Jung (1998 - 2002) da CV thi hda cdc j tadng hudc ddy cia h$ thing ASXH, md rpng pham vi bdo hilm huu tri vd hp cip thit nghiSp cho todn ddn Sau do, ting Rho Moo Hyun (2003 - 2007) da tilp tuc cdc nd luc cdi each ndy Kim vd Rho Id hai ting thing diu tiSn thuc hi^n nS luc cdi each ASXH mot cdch friSt dl nhithong bii cdnh he thdng chinh trj bdo dli suy gidm, vd cdc nhdm ddi Idp ing hp cdi cdch gia tang Hai tdng thong dd gidi thiSu cdc chinh sdeh cai cdch ASXH khde nhdm ndng cao tinh bSn vQng tdi chfah cia cdc chuang hinh ASXH truyin thing (chi ylu Id bdo hilm xa hdi), hp giip nhieu ban cho cdc nhdm ylu thi hong xa hdi' MS hinh nhd nude khdng chi cdn Id dinh hudng tang hudng Nhd nude dd hd thdnh mdt nhdn td tich cue hong vipc ctmg cip m?ng ludi an toan xd hpi Nhan to xa hpi va nh|n thi!rc xa h$i (van hda va ljch su truyen thing) 3.1 Cde biiu Men vd gid tri cua Van hda - Nho gido xd hdi Hdn Qudc Ti lau cac nhd khoa hpc dd nghiSn ciu vS moi quan he giQa van hda vd phdt hiln xd hdi Tai Hdn Qudc, vdn hda vd di sdn Nho gido Id nhQng ylu tl tich cite dnh Eun Ae Lee, Young-Silc Kim (2013), Social Economy and Public Policy DevelopmenI: A South Korean Case 38 hudng din svr phat triln cia xa hpi Hdn Qulc Nho gido da thilt Idp nin tang cho h$ thing gia tri vd ciu true xa hdi cia Hdn Qudc hi ngdn nSm trudc day Tir cudc sing hdng ngdy din hp thing chinh hj tsii Hdn Qulc, dl ddng nhin thay su hidn dien cia cdc ylu t l Nho gido, su dnh hudng m^nh mS vd tinh thing hj cia nd hong xd hdi hidn dai cia Hdn Quoc hdm Cdc khdi niem cia Khdng T i tap tnmg vdo cdc gid trj d^o dire va khdng quan tam nhilu den khoa hpc tdn giao va tvr nhien, hong dd nhin manh din gid trj hdi hda hong moi quan he giua cdc cd nhdn Gidng day chinh cia Khing T i Id nhan dao Khing T i ndi: "Neu bpi thuc sir cam kit nhdn dao, se khdng cd cdi ac hong ngudi ban" Nhdn dao cua Khdng T i cd mdt s6 ^ nghia Id tinh yeu, su hdi hda, su t i tl vd Idng nhdn t i Nhan dao cung Id Idng hilu thdo, ndng cao nhjn thic vl quyln vd quan tdm din nhdn die Khdi nidm Nhdn d£io cia Khing Ti da dnh hudng din mli quan hS ngudi cia nhQng ngudi dan Han Qulc vi nd nhin manh vdo gia hi cia su hda hpp vd tinh ySu ddnh cho Dl t^o mpt xa hpi hdi hda vd mpt quoc gia thinh vupng, Khing T i dd chia cac mdi quan he ngudi vdo mli quan he: cha me va cdi, ngudi cai hj va dli tuptng cai hj, ching vd vp, ngudi gid va ngudi he, ban be vd b?n bt MSi mli quan he cd quy chuin djo die vd nguySn tic riSng Cha me nSn chdm sdc trai vd ngudi hai cin phdi cd Idng hilu thdo ddi vdi cha me, mpt nhd lanh dao phdi dli x i vdi cip dudi cia minh cdng NghiSn ciu An Dd vd Chdu A Sl - 2017 bdng, binh ddng cip dudi nSn Hdn Quoc Bat binh ddng gidi khdng chi trung thdnh vdi nhd Idnh d$o ciia minh Cd tdn t ^ hong gia dinh md cdn tai cdc noi su phdn biet giua vp vd chdng, mdt ngudi ldm vide vd tham chl trudng hpc vp phdi ludn ludn vdng Idi vd trung thdnh 3.2 Cde yeu td lich sir vdi chong, ngudi tre tuli phdi vdng Idi M$c du cac gid hi vdn hda - nho gido nhfing ngudi ldn tuli vd nhfing ngudi ban phdi tin tudng Tat cd cdc tiSu chudn cd tac ddng chu yeu den nhdn thic xd hdi Nho gido da thim nhuan nhilu khia cpih cia ngudi ddn Han Qudc, tay nhien vin dl hong cupc sing hdng cia ngudi ddn chua d i dl gidi thich su phdt triln cia Hdn Qulc Do do, hd thing gid trj cia Hdn xa hdi Hdn Quoc hong mpt thdi diSra ljch Qulc nhin manh rit nhiSu vdo tim quan su cu thi De cd thS hilu dupe bilu hi$n hpng cia Idng trung thanh, long hieu thdo, cia cdc gia trj Nho gido hong tien hinh van vd su khac biet gidi tinh Tit cd mpi ngudi ddng cia xa hpi Han Qulc, ching ta cung sd hdnh x i theo nhfing nguySn tie ndy, nlu phdi phdn tich hodn cinh ljch s i timg khdng se dupe coi Id mdt cd nhan vd gid hi thdi gian cu thi Cdc ylu t l lich s i cung fid.5c~ khdng van minh, ddng b| xa hpi trimgddng mdt vai hd quan hpng hong sir phdt hi nghiSm Kit qud id tu ngon ludn, tu trien cua xa hdi Hdn Qudc Mdng vd bit k^ su tiln bp nao vupt ngodi phpn vi tieu chuin Nho gido diu bj ngdn chdn xd hdi Hdn Quoc Giai doan Bdc My chilm ddng (1950 1953) da giup Han Qulc to chic lyc lupng ddn quan, ddnh dupe cdng nghe vd cdch Dja vj xS h$i, vai hd cia mSi cd nhdn qudn Iy qudn sy Tdi ndm 1961, cac nhd va gidi tmh dupe nhin m?nh hong Nho Ianh d£io qudn dpi Hdn QuSc ISn ndm gido, su thiSn vj da hd thdnh mdt ylu t l quyln, phong cdch t l chic quan sy ciing bd quan hpng bat nguIn t i Nho gido Ndi mdy chinh quyln quan liSu da thing hj xd ehung, ddn dng vd cap hSn nhdn dupe uu hpi Hdn Qulc Cdc ting Idp qudn dpi Hdn ddi hem hong xa hdi Nho gido Vi dvi, dia vj Qudc chilm hQu quyln t l chic vd ky ludt vd quyln cia ngudi cha (d cip hSn) khdng troBg cdc tap dodn Idn Khong cd gi ng£ic thi bj thdeh thic bdi hai (d cip kdm nhiSn mdt si quan qudn dpi da nghi huu hon) mac d i ngudi cha cd thi sai Vl gidi dupe vao Idm viec tai mdt cdng ty ta nhdn tinh, vai hd ca bdn cia phii nfi la tudn thi vdi vai hd la qudn trj vien Qud hinh ndy nhQng ngudi ddn dng Phu nQ phdi tudn thi dd hd thdnh co sd cho su phat ttiln cia cdc theo cha cua hp trudc kit hdn, vang ldi chaebol chong sau kit hdn va tudn thi theo Gia do^n chiln hanh Trilu TiSn da lam hai cd cia hp sau chong qua ddi Tinh thay dli hodn todn xa hdi Hdn Qulc Nghia trjing thip kem cia phu nQ hong xd hdi, sir vu qudn sy bdt bupe dd lien kit nhQng thiSn vj giQa ddn dng va phy nQ Id mdt dJc ngudi he tali ta nhQng vung dja ly va tmh quan hpng hong nin van hda vd xd hpi ngudn gdc xa hpi khac nhau, Idm suy ylu 39 Nguyin Thi Van Nhiing nhdn td dnh hudng den cdc rdo cdn xd hpi Tinh nang dpng va luih hojt xd h0i tao dilu kien cho cdng nghiep phdt triln, dJn din qua trinh dd thi hda nhanh chdng Phdt triln cdng nghiSp tjo tinh luu ddng hong lyc lupng lao ddng tay nghS cao T;^ Id trung binh cua tinh Iim ddng hong cdc cdng ty Hdn Quoc vdo nam 1979 Id 5%, cao hon so vdi Hoa Ky (4%) va Nhdt Bdn (2%)' Tmh luu dpng hong lyc lupng lao ddng cao ndy dan dSn mpt su khuech tdn cdng nghe nhanh chdng giQa cdc cdng ty Mdt ySu td ljch s i nQa cd tac dpng din jua huih phdt hiln cia xa hdi Han Qudc 14 ;hi nghia ddn tdc bit nguIn tCt sy chilm ldng cia Nhdt Ban Cudc xam lupc vd ;hilm ddng cia Nhdt Bdn hong 36 ndm da Sn cho ngudi Han Qudc mdt j thuc ddn dc rit manh md Chdng han, hong hoat tdng thi thao, Hdn Qulc vd Bdc Trilu TiSn [a quSn mit sy khde biet cia hp vdi muc iSu nhit id ddnh bai Nhat Bdn Chi ighia ddn tdc cung bilu hien hong vide dm, khdng phdi cong ty nude ngodi nao ung ndm hong danh sdeh nhttag nhd tayin ung tot nhit tai Hdn Qulc Hon nQa, hong S cdc smh viSn Hdn Qulc theo hpc tdi cac •udng dai hpc My, 67,5% mong muln hd S Hdn Qulc Idm viec tai mot cdng ty qudc ia, hong chi cd 15,7% mong muln im viSc hong mpt cdng ty nude ngodi Tdm Iai, cd thi thiy he thing an smh i hdi cia Hdn Qulc phu thupc phin ldn io hS thing kmh tl, chmh tri, nSn tdng m hda, ljch s i cia dit nude Bdi cdnh chuyen doi ca cau x3 hdi hiSn dang c nhQng thach thic mdi dli vdi he thSi an smh xa hdi cia Hdn Qudc, chdng hi nhu ty IS lao ddng ntt ttog, Ido hda ddn s ldi song thay doi se dat rit nhieu dp lyc li nhd nude phic Ipi Nlu Chinh phi Hi Qudc khong cd phdn img chinh sdeh ph hpp, cd the din din mdt cudc khing hodn hong taong Iai khdng xa Tai lifu tham khdo Bcng-min Yang (2001), The Nationa Pension Scheme of the Republic of Korea Hyoung-Sun Jeong (2011), Korea' National Health Insurance - Lessons From Th( Past Three Decades Jean-Jacques Defliier (2006), Soda Security: What Can Developing Countries LeamfromDeveloped Counhies? Soonman Kwon, Michael R Reich (2005), The Changing Process and Politics oj Health Policy in Korea Seong Sook Kim (2011), Pension Reform Options in Korea Ilho Yoo (2008), Public Finance in Korea since the Economic Crisis Eun Ae Lee, Young-Sik Kim (2013), Socio/ Economy and Public Policy DevelopmenI: A South Korean Case Gyu-Jin Hwang (2003), Path Dependency and the Role of Ideas In Shaping Social Policy: The Case of South Korea Chung H Lee (2005), The Political Economy ofInstitutional Reform in Korea 10 OECD (2011), A frameworkfor growth anng H Lee (2005) The Polilical Economy and of social cohesion in Korea miutional Reform in Korea ... khodng thdi gian 1960 1980, Hdn Qudc da dat dupe tang trudng kinh tl vupt bdc, GDP bhih qudn diu ngudi tang trung bhih khodng 7,2% mdt ndm T6C dp tang trudng GDP cao da ldm gia tang nhanh chdng thu... ba dang bdo thu Trong bdi canh nay, cd Tdng tiidng Roh va Kim sin sang ddng y vdi cac quan chdc (kinh ti) bdo thd va cdc li&i minh cd thu khde vi cdc van de phuc Ipi xa hpi Vi du, mdi quan tam... Ban ddu, ndm 1963, thu nhdp binh qudn diu ngudi cia Hdn Qudc chi la 100 USD Nam 1989, sd ndy da tSng ISn 5.210,4 USD^ Thu nhft) bmh qudn diu ngudi gia tang bdt chap su gia tang manh ddn sd Han
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