\j V6n xa hoi phat trien nganh ngh§ phi nong nghiep 6* khu vwc nong thon Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet Tdm tdi: Bai viet phan tich vai tro cua von xa hpi nhu mot giai phap quan trpng doi vai phat trifin kinh tk d khu vuc nong thon Viet Nam thong qua mpt nghien cuu difin hinh vfi v6n xa hpi phat triln nganh nghfi phi nong nghidp Cac ket qua nghien ciiu da chi rang, von xa hoi da va dang ton tai va dong gop nhat dinh cho sir phat trien nganh nghe phi nong nghiep, chuyen doi co cau nganh nghfi d nong thon thong qua viec huy dpng nguon Iuc (von, tu lieu san xuat ), hpp tac, lien ket san xuat, md rong thi trudng, ca hpi viec lam phi nong nghiep Tren ca sd do, bai viet de xuat cac giai phap v6 khai thac, sii dung hieu qua ngudn vfin xa hpi cung nhu giai phap kiem soat cac tac dgng tieu cyc ciia vfin x5 h^i dfii vdi phat trien nganh nghe phi nong nghiep d nong thon Tukhda: Vfin xd hpi; nganh nghe phi nong nghidp; nong nghiep; nong thon Von xa hoi: mot giai phap h§ trff cho phat trien kinh te nong thfin chinh: von xa hgi va nhan lyc, vfin tai cbinh, vfin sin xuit, vfin ty nhien Vfin xa Cac nghifin ciiu da chi ring, cd loai hpi nhdn manh la cac quan hp dfli tac, cac hinh vfln la co sd dfi xac dinh dugc mflt thfi chfi va raang ludi xa hpi, sy tin tudng nfin kinh tfi dang boat dflng Vfln dupc hifiu xd hfli, mfli trudng difiu phfli, hpp tac la rapt thli cd thfi mang ddu tu, trao dfii nhim hudng dfin lgi Ich chung ciing nhu vd chuyfin dfii cic hinh thiic khac cic mfli quan hp kinh doanh Ddy chinh Id co sd dfi van dung ngufln vfln Quay trd Igi vdi tinh chit cua mot loai xa hpi yong phat trifin kinh tfi d khu vuc "vfln", thi vfln xa bpi cd kha nang chuyen nflng thfin ndi chung vd nganh nghfi phi hda nhiing ngufln lyc hay lpi ich nflng nghiep ndi rifing V i n dfi d day la: Dudi day la mfl hinh v i kfit qua chuyfin hoa lam thfi nao dfi xac dinh dugc vfin xa hfii dang d trgng thai nio va lim thfi nao dfi sii dyng logi hinh vfin xd hfli cho phit trifin mang tfnh mfl phdng kinh tfi? Trudc hfit, dfi xic dinh mpt nfin kinh tfi 4„„„ , ^*i.' J - \ X i dang host dong thi dua vao nguon von 52 ^' ^^^^ ^'' ^ ' ? " *^oa hpc Thiiy lai Vi|t Nam, Nflng nghi?p va Phil triin Nflng thon DT: 0973689689 Email: sno«xhh@gmail.com.j Vdn xa hdi phdt trien ngdnh nghi phi ndng nghiip Bang 1: Cach thuc chuyen bda von xa hpi Logi binh diu tu Vfin Vgt chdt Tifin - Hang - Tifin Vfln Xa hpi Cflng siic, thdi gian Quan he - Quan he Cich thirc chuyfin hda Kfit qua Luu thflng hdng Tifin ldn ban hda Vit chit ldn ban Quan be xa hpi phu hgp Cfl kfit/Gin kfit Tuomg tic xa hpi Lien kfit/Vuan cua cac ca nhin, Kfit nfii/Vuon lfin nhdm, c^ng dflng Cac lpi ich dat dugc Chuin myc, quy udc Sudung Tifip tuc ddu tu Hop tic Phit trifin kinh tfi Giai quyet khd khan/riiiro Hii ldng hon Nguon: Tai lieu tong hgp ve vfln xa hpi Ha Npi, 2009 Trong hogt dpng sin xuit, kinh doanh ndi chung vi nginh nghe ndi rifing, cac khiu/chuoi quan trpng (sin xuit, tifip thi, ban bang) dfiu cd moi lifin he den yeu tfl vfln xa hpi CJ khiu sin xuat, ddi hdi vfln xd hfli giua cac ca nhan phat trifin dfi phfli hgp san xuit hifiu qui, dim bao chit lugng sin phdm O khiu tifip thi, cin phii xiy dyng mflt thuong hipu mgnh Dfli vdi cac sin phdm fruyfin th6ng d nflng thfln cua Vipt Nam ma nghifin cuu de c$p den nhu che, go, tuang, det thi phdn ldn la "thuong hieu tip thfi"'" Theo dd, cac vifin cimg thara gia sin xuit, kinh doanh san pham cd chung thuang hifiu phai cd sy cam kfit, dim bio khflng giy anb huomg dfin thuang hifiu chung Tit ca cic ca nhan, tfl churc vifin dfiu cd chung trich nhiera bio v§ va phat trifin thuang hipu Day chinb li bifiu hipn cua tri va phit huy vfln xa bpi cao cpng dflng CJ khau ban hang, ddi hfli ca sd sdn xuit, kinh doanh phai thifit lap mgng ludi cac bgn hang, dfli tic, thi trudng dfi tieu thy cac san phim Nhu vdy, vdn xd hfli cd the dugc sii dung de chuyfin hda cdc ngufln lyc khac ciing nhu tim kiem dugc cac lpi fch Trong cic khiu quan trpng ciia phit trifin ngdnh nghfi d nflng thon ciing nhu cac yfiu tfl inh huomg den nganh ngh^, yeu tfl vfln xi hfli dfiu cd y nghia nfiu dugc khai thic, sii dyng va pbat buy mot each cd hipu qui Vfin xa hpi la mpt nguon lyc quan trpng phat trifin kinh te, ngufln lyc iy dd vd dang tfin tgi da dang cpng dflng xd hfli nudc ta, nhit li d khu vuc nflng thon nhung chua dugc nhin dipn va khai thdc, phit huy tfli da vai trd cua nd Trong npi dung tifip theo cua bii vifit nay, tac gii dua rapt bdng chiing thuc te trfin co sd van dyng cac ly thuyfit, quan difim nghifin ctiu *'' Thuang hi^u t$p thi (cdn ggi Id thuang hieu nhdm) la thuong hi^u ciia mflt nhom, hay mot so chung lo^i h^ng hoa nao do, cfl the mpt ca sd san xuit, ho$c ckz ca so san xuat khac san xuat va kinh doanh a ciing mot khu v\rc dja ly, gan vdi cdc yeu t6 xudt xii dja ly nhk dinh Thuong hi|u t^p thi dirge xky dyng tr^n co sd chi din xudt xii dia ly 53 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vijt Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 vfi vfln xd hpi vio mpt nghifin ciiu difin hinh vfi ITnh vyc phit trifin nganh nghfi phi nflng nghifip d khu vyc nflng thon*^' Kfit qua nghifin ciiu cho thiy nhiing vai trd, tdc dpng tfch cue va quan trpng cua vfln xd hpi phat trifin kinh tfi d khu vyc nflng thfln nudc ta, qua dd chi nhihig trifin vpng va ggi y cac giai phdp dfi khai thac, phdt huy tfii da nguon lyc quan trpng Von xa hoi pfaat triin kinh tk nong thon: tnrdng hgrp pfaat trien nganfa nghe phi nong nghipp 2.1 Huy dgng cdc ngudn v6n cho phdt triin sdn xuSt, kinh doanh nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep - Huy dgng "vdn khdi nghiep" Kfit qud khdo sat ve ngufln gfic co sd/hogt dpng sin xuit kinh doanh nganh nghfi phi nfing nghipp ciia gia dinh, ngudi trd ldi cho ring "ty diu tu" chiem 93,2%; dugc thira kfi tu gia dinh chifim 5,7%; dugc cbo, sang nhugng tir ngudi khic chifim 1,1% Vfi ngufln vfln cho hogt dpng san xuit kinh doanh phi nflng nghiep, phdn "vfin ty cd" chi chiem 45,9%, sfl cdn lai Id di vay dfi dau tu, vay mpt phan chifim 47,0% va vay toin bp 7,2% Nhu vgy, phdn ddu tu ban diu chu yeu cua CO sd san xuit kinh doanh l i co sd vat chit, nha xuomg; dit dai la "tu diu tu", nhung vfi ngufin tai chinh phuc vy cho hogt dfing san xuit kinh doanh thi phu thuflc chinh vao ngufln vfln vay tir bfin ngoii Difiu ndy it nhifiu dupc thfi hipn d vai trd cua vfin xd hpi huy dflng ngufln "vfln khdi nghipp" cua cdc ho kinh doanh, doanh nghifip d nflng thfln 54 - Vdn cho tri vd phdt trien sdn xu&, kinh doanh: tiep can vdi hi thdng tin dgng chinh thuc co dieu kiin va tdm quan trgng ciia cdc mdi quan he hg hdng, bgn be Cd 58,8% hfl gia dinh dupc hdi co vay cho boat dgng s i n xuit kinh doanh, chi co 41,2% khflng vay Cdc khoan vay cua hp chifim ty lfi cao nhit danh cho raua nguyen vat lipu cho s i n xuit 61,2%, tifip din 15,7% mua sdm may mdc Ngoii cac nguon vfln vay sur dung cho cac boat dpng khic nhu s i n xuat nong, lim, ngu nghiep 7,6%, khdc 6,6% Ngufln vfin chu yfiu m i cic hp gia dinh vay tii he thong c i c Ngan hang Nong nghipp vd Phit trien nflng thfln 45,5% Dieu niy kha bgp ly bdi tren dia ban nflng thon d Viet Nam h i u nhu da phii kin hp thflng co sd giao dicb cua Ngdn hing Nflng nghidp v i Phat trien nong thfln (dfin cic trung tam huyfin v i nhifiu noi dfin dia bin xa) Nguon vay tir bgn be, hp bang 13,9% Ddy la nguon vfln thudng dugc buy dpng ttong trudng hgp dot xuat b o ^ khd tifip can voi cac ngufln khdc vdi uu difira la it ph^ tri ldi Vay tir Ngan hdng Cbinh sach xd hoi 12,9% Ngufln vay chii yfiu gidi quyfit nhu cau cho cac hg gia dinh thii$c dien ngheo, can ngheo v i dien gia dmh chinli sich xd hfli ^' Di t^i "Nghiin cuu gidi phdp huy dgng von xa hgi phdt trien ngdnh nghi phi ndng ngld$p phuc vv xdy dgng ndng thon mdi" (2013) ftu^c Chuong trinh Khoa hpc vd Cflng ngh^ phye vy ) ^ dung nong thfln mdi giai do^n 2011 - 2015 TK Nguyen Thj Anh Tuyet ldm chii nhipm Di tdi khio sdt tren 700 ho gia dmh ldm ngdnh n ^ i phi n&ig nghi?p thufic tinh Thdi Nguyen, Nam Djnh, N ^ An, Quang Nam, Ldm Ddng, Ddng Nai vi Cin Tho Vdn xd hgi phdt trien ngdnh nghi phi ndng nghiep Don vi: % Ngdn hdng ChFnh s&ci\ x a hQi SOD^ — ^ ^ rrn dung phi chinh thiic (hgi hp y^ phLrfrng ) /^-^ / / y< / \ fV- - ^ y C ^ " ^ / /MoV-i Bgn ijft, hg hfing ( — — - / _ _ _ / TwnhflnV"'^ \ / \ ^ C \J / ^''-v.'' uac quy tin dung nhan dan ^ y ^^v-^ \ V -'''""^ \ "^"Q NNBFTMT X, \ ^ \ / Ngan hfing nHnmg m^ _ \ _ _ _ ^ Vig^n hfing Tir nhfin / ^ • ^ ' H NOng dSn H^ Ph^ nCr Hinh 1: Cac nguon huy dong von cho hoat dpng san xuat, kinh doanh phi nong nghiep NguSn: Khao sat thirc te cua De tai - 2013 Vi$c huy d^ng tit quj* tin dimg nhan dan chidm 6,8% Nguon vay tir Hpi Ph\i niJ chiSm 3,9%, tuong duong voi ty le vay tit tu nhan (nhung khong phai ttr nguoi cho vay lai) Nhin chung, co ciu cac ngu6n vay thi ty le cua cac tb chile chinh tri - xS hoi cac dia phucmg khong cao 2.2 Lien ket, hd trgt hoft dong sin xuat, kinh doanh nganh nghS Day la mot nhQng chl bao quan di danh gia nguin v6n xa hoi cung nhu vi?c van dving von xa hpi phat triln san xu4t, kirih doanh cac ho gia dinh d khu vuc nong thon Co khoang 20% s6 hp duprc hoi cho rjng co hpp tac vcri ngudi khac Kk qua cho thay su hprp tac san xuit ngtah nghS phi n6ng nghidp a nong thon van duoc tri nhung chua m?nh so vol hpp tac, ho trp linh v\ic san xuit nong nghipp Day cung phin nao phSn anh tinh "co cvim" cua v6n xi hpi a khu v\rc nong thdn ma nhieu nguoi tam ly e ngai mcr rpng cac quan he x3 hpi, lien kSt, hpp tac san xuat, kinh doanh voi ben ngoai Phan lon cac giao dich, trao d6i, hop tac ph^im vi nho lang xa, dua tren cac moi quan he xa h$i than thiet nhu anh em, hang xom, lang gieng Bang 2: Cac ITnh vuc hpp tac san xuit, kinh doanh LTnh virc hpp tac Chung xucmg, kho bai Chung phucmg ti$n san xuit Chung thi tnrcmg tieu thu san pham NguSn cung cip nguyen li?u Trao d6i thong tin san phim, gia ca Chia se kinh nghiem san xuit Tyle (%) 8,7 19,0 31,0 25,4 57,1 52,4 Ngudn: Khao sat thirc te cua De tai - 2013 55 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viit Nam, sd 6(91)-2015 Cic vh qui phin tich tii phdng van, thao luin vdi cac hfl sin xuit nganh nghe phi nflng nghiep cho thiy, thflng qua cic ho?it dpng hgp tic ndi tren, lpi ich thu nhin dupc cua ngudi dan bieu hien tren nhigu phuong dien Dd la su fln dinh cua ngufln nguyen lieu phuc vu sdn xuat, tbi trudng tieu thu sin phim dupc dim bao, hang hda khflng bi ii dpng, g i ^ thieu dupc nhiing hii ro kinh doanh bufln ban Va, quan trpng ban la ngudi din dupc trao ddi, chia se kinh nghiem, cdc thflng tin ve gia ca, thi trudng 2.3 Tim kiem thj trudng tieu thu Khi tira hieu ve nang tieu thu cac sdn phdm nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep, ket qua khao sat cac hp gia dmh cho thiy, chi cd 14,7% tri Idi cd don vi dung bao tieu san phim, 80,3% cho ring khdng Nhu vay, boat dflng sin xuit phi nfli^ nghiep ph^ doi mat vdi khd khan ve thi trudng tieu liu sin phim De kiem chumg d i ^ nay, duoc hdi "6ng/ba cd dupc thi trudng tieu thu sin phim bang each nio", kh qui cho thiy, cd 41,5% cho rang tu tim kilm Ben canh dd, cd 7,4% duoc anh em hp hang gioi thieu, 12,1% dupc ban be gjdi thieu, 2,5% dupc hpp tac xa, hiep hfli nganh ngh6 gjoi thieu, 15% ban hang truyen thflng, 0,6% thong qua quang ba, quang cio, gidi tiaea sin phim Dang luu y la, cd den 68,1% cho rang tu khich hang tim den Dcmvi:% Anh em h^ B^n be giai H