Vai trò của công tác xã hội trong phát triển nồn thôn việt nam hiện nay

Tap chl Khoa hpc so 28 (10-2017) JCfNG DAI H O C DONG THAP VAI T R O CUA CONG TAC X A HOI TRONG PHAT TRIEN NONG THON a VIET N A M HIEN NAY • Le Thi Hdng Hanh", Pham Hii'u Nghj" Tom tat Bdi viit di cgp din khdi niem, nhu cdu, quan diim vd ung dung eua eong tdc xd hoi phdt n nong thdn Tie gdp phdn cung cdp co sd ly ludn chung ve cdng tdc xd hdi phdt trien ndng 1, ldm can cie khoa hgc eho dinh hudng ddo tao vd van dung cdng tdc xa hgi linh vuc phdt n ndng thdn d Viet Nam then gian tdi Tie khoa: Cdng tdc xd hdi, phdt trien nong thdn, Viet Nam Datvande Ngaynay.vdisyraddivaphattnencuanghe Viet Nam la mdt qudc gia cd nen kinh te chii cdng tdc xd hdi (CTXH), nhung khd khan, thach dya vdo ndng nghiep Theo thong ke den tiiircfrongqud trinh PTNT d Viet Nam da frd 4/2014, ndng thdn Viet Nam ed ty le ddn so van de va doi tugng eua CTXH Ddnh gia mgt each Im 66,92% ddn so cua ed nude [13] Vi vdy, cy tiie thi CTXH cd vai frd quan frong qua t tnen ndng nghiep, ndng ddn vd ndng thdn d trinh thi hda d ndng thdn, nham phoi hgp vdi t Nam cd vai frd bet site quan frgng doi vdi sy eac chuyen gia phdt trien kinh te vd cde nhd lam it trien kinh te xa hdi eua ddt nude ndi chung va cdng tdc quy hogch nong tiidn de ddp iing nhu can z cai thien dieu kien sdng ve kinh te, xd hdi cho ve nha d, viec lam cho ngudi ngheo, ngudi yeu the ing cu dan vimg ndng thon ndi rieng Nhdn bi§t vd gidi quyet eac van de xa hdi frong nen kinh te fctam quan frgng dd Dang va Nhd nude ta da hien dai [17] Tuy nhien, ve mat khoa hoc, CTXH I hdnh nhieu chinh sdch phat tnen ndng nghiep, frong PTNT vdn cdn la mdt ITnh vuc khoa hge kha lg thdn nham "cdi frdi vd thuc day" su phat trien mdi me, he tiidng co sd ly ludn vdn ehua dugc dinh tl te, xa hgi ndng tiidn Chinh sdch "tam ndng" hinh cy the md mdi chi dugc the hien frong mdt so re cu the hda frong Nghi quyet 26-NQ/TU' cua bai gidng cua edc trudng dgi hgc cd dao tao nganh Chap hanh Trung uong Ddng, ban hdnh PTNT Con frong tiiye tien, CTXH cung ehua dugc 8/2008 la nen tdng quan de phdt trien ndng quan tam nghien eitu va vgn dyng hieu qud Tit nhirng trinh bay fren, cd the thay rang, tiiyc dep, ndng thdn Sau rtiiimg doi mdi mgnh me, a "xd ndng thdn mdi" cua Viet Nam da dat tiln ddo tgo vd thuc hdnh CTXH dang dat yeu IC nhirng thdnh tyu to Idn ve mat kinh te ciing cau ve nghien ciiu mdt each cy the, cd he thong J sd tang TLQ' nhien, phdt trien ndng thdn van de CTXH frong PTNT fren co sd tong ket Iy UT) d Viet Nam vdn cdn ton tai nhieu khd khan lugn vd thye te nhdm hd fro eho cdng tdc ddo tao thach thuc, chdng han nhu tinh frang co sd nhan vien CTXH, phoi hgp vdi ehuyen gia PTNT g t h ^ kem; ngheo ddi; khdng day du cac dich tinic day giai quyet cac van de xa hdi tgi cac vimg :ham soc siic khde, gido due, nhieu ndng hg vdn nong thdn Mot so khai niem L chua cd nude sach sinh hoat, nhd tara vd nhd xi 2.1 Nong thon »ve sinh; mdi trudng bi d nhiem; dgo due bi bang Ndng thdn la mdt thugt ngu dugc su dyng de li vd xuat hien nhieu te ngn xd hdi [3], [17] img khd khan, tiidch tinic fren da tdc ddng den phan vung lanhtiiociia cdc quoc gia Hien nay, fren a qud ciia nhieu ehinh sach PTNT, cdn frd viec till gidi thugt ngii ndng tiidn duoc dinh nghTa theo c hien quyen ngudi va kim ham vi the kinh nhieu quan diem vd tieu chl khdc Cd nhieu xet phdt trien d mdt gde hay mdt ITnh vut phdt tnin dd chi la dieu kien can ma chua phi dilu kien du eho sy phdt tnen toan dien cua mc TRUCiNG DAI HOC DONG THAP hgi ndi chung hay mgt ngudi ndi rieng Xet ve mat lieh su, quan ni?m ve phdt trien dugc thay doi theo Ihdi gian Theo tdc gidBui Dinh Thanh, thugt ngir phdt trien ddi d My vdi nghia la "vdn minh" Den nhimg nam 30 cua the ky XX, tiiuat ngu phat trien dugc gdn vdi kinh te vd den nhung nam 70 cua the ky XX, phat trien dugc md rgng them nhieu ITnh vyc khdc nhu phat tnen ndi sinh, phdt trien cdng dong, phdt tnen hdi nhdp, phdt triln ve smh tiiai, phat trien xahdi chii nghia Cho den nhirng nam 80 eua the ky XX, phdt tnen dugc hieu Id sy phdt trien kinh te gdn vdi sy phat trien ngudi [16] Theo nghTa tong quat nhdt, hien tiiudt ngu phdt trien dugc hieu Id su tang trudng, dac bi^t la su tang trudng kinh te cimg vdi sy bien chat xa hgi theo chilu hudng hen bd xa hgi, nghia la theo hirdng diing hon, tot hon vd dep hon Hay ndi edeh khac, phat trien cd the dugc hieu Id mgt qud trinh thay doi lien tyc lam tang trudng miic sdng cua ngudi va phan phoi cdng bdng nhimg thdnh qud tang ttirdng frong xa hgi [1], [16], [10], [3], [11] Cdn theo nghTa hep, thudt ngir phat trien dugc gan vdi timg linh vyc cy the nhu phat tnen ndng nghiep hogc ndng thdn, vdn hda, kinh te Theo dd phdt trien dugc hieu la sy tdng trudng ve kinh tl hoac Id hien dai hda hay sy nang cao chat luong cugc song cua ngudi ddn Du vdi nghTa rgng hay nghia hep, thudt ngir phdt trien khdng chi quan tdm din sy tang trudng kinh te ma cdn cdn phdi ddm bdo ndng cao chat lugng cugc song ciia ngudi, tien bd xd hgi va ben viing ve mdi trudng Neu phat triln ch! chii frgng den tdng trudng kinh te don thuan thi mdi the hien dugc mgt phan, mdt yeu to chua day du cua phat trien [3], [1] Tdm lai, phdt trien la tgo dieu kien thda man nhu cau song cho ngudi, bao gom thda man ve miic tieu thy hdng hda, ve dich vu xa hdi, ve chat lugng cugc song, ve van hda tinh than, ve moi trudng song va cac quyen co ban khdc nhung khdng ldm t6n hai den mdi trudng sinh thai Phdt frien mang tinh tiidi gian vd so sdnh 2.3 Phat trien nong thon Thuat ngir PTNT duge de cgp vdi nhieu quan diem khdc vd thay doi qua cac thdi ky Ngdn hdng the gidi da dua dinh nghTa (1975) "PTNT Tgp chi Khoa hoc so 28 (10-2017) lamgt chiln luge nhdm cdi thien cdc dieu kien song vl kinh tl va xa hdi cua mgt nhom ngudi cu the - ngudi ngheo d vung ndng thdn Nd guip nhiing ngudi ngheo nhat frong nhimg ngudi ddn sdng d cac vimg ndng thdn duoc hudng loi ich tit su phdt trien" [ddn theo 3] Ddy la quan dilm ma nhilu to chirc quoc te dang van dung d cdc nude dang phat trien, frong dd cd Viet Nam, Tuy nhien, mgt so quan (iem khdc lai cho rang PTNT khdng chi tap tnmg vao mgt nhdm ngudi ma la phat trien tat ca cac ITnh vyc cho dan cu vung ndng thdn Theo do, cac tac gid ndy eho rdng, PTNT Id phdt trien tong hgp tat cd cdc van de gan vdi ddi song cua ngudi dan va mdi trudng, khdng gjan song d khu vuc ndng thdn (giao dye, y te, nha ciia, dich vy cdng cdng va co sd vgt chat, nang lyc lanh dgo vd quan ly, phdt huy gia tri cdc di sdn van hda ciing nhu cdc van de ve kinh te ngdnh ndi rieng) Day la mdt qud trinh da chieu hudng tdi hdi nbiqi ben viing frong tat cd cac ITnh vyc (kinh te, van hda, xa hgi vd mdi trudng) D6ng thdi, PTNT eiing la mgt qud trinh cai thi^n cd chii y, on dinh va ben viJng vdi nhiing thay doi kinh tl, xdhdi, vdn hda, mdi tnrdng (hudng tdi hien dai vd su thinh vuong lau dai cua cd cdng dong) [9],[15],[3],[l,frlO] Hien nay, PTNT phdi dam bdo dugc sy phat tnen ben vung Dieu cd nghTa Id qud trinh phdt tnen kmh te - xd hdi ndng thdn phdi phu hop vdi nhu cau ciia ngudi, ddm bdo sy ton tai ben viing vd sy ttln bg lau ddi frong ndng thdn vd cho cd quoe gia, Trong dd, nhan manh den boat ddng phdt trien lay ngudi ddn vd cdng dong lam trung tam [4], [3], [15], [9], [5] Nhu vdy, khac ve each dirtii nghTa, diln dat nhimg cd the nhan thay mdt so dde trung can bdn ve PTNT nhu sau' Thie nhdt, PTNT la nhiing thay doi can thiet d timg khu vyc ndng thdn vd nd la mgt qud trinh, chiln luge cdi thien; Thie hai, PTNT la sy phdt trien tong hop cua cdc van de, edc linh vyc ciia ddi song kinh te - xa hgi d khu vyc ndng thdn (tiep can todn dien); Thuba, PTNT phai ed tinh ben virng; Thu ndm, PTNT phai dya fren lgi ieh vd sy tham gia cua ngudi ddn va cdng dong ndng thdn, su hgp tdc giira ngudi dan, chinh phu vd cac td chiic khdc; Thie sdu, PTNT phdi hudng den hdi nhgp Tir nhiing khai mem vd phdn tieh fren, cd till 33 TRUCiNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tgp chl Khoa hgc so 28 (10-201] nhdntiiay,PTNT la qua trinh tac ddng cd chii y den thdnh phan tdc ngudi, ve van hda, dongtiidinon tat cd cac ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng kinh tl, xa hdi d khu thdn Cling la noi bdo ton, luu giir cdc phong tuc, ta vuc ndng thdn nhdm tgo &eu kien thda man nhu qudn Ciia cdng dong Xet mdt each eu the thi non can vd cdi thien vi tiie cua cu dan ndng thdn thdng thdn Viet Nam ed mdt so dac diem dac thii sau: - NdngtiidnViet Nam cd mgt lugng tai nguye qua viee sit dung hi?u qua cac nguon lyc cd san tgi &a phuong, gdp phan vdo sy bin viing vd hdi nhdp thien nhien phong phu, dieu kien ty nhien va mi cua ca khu vue ndng thdn va ciia dat nude Trong trudng sinh thdi da dang, bao gom tai nguyen da giai doan hien nay, PTNT dugc eu till hda qua cac nude, hgu, rimg, sdng suoi, ao ho, khoang sSi chinh sdch, phong frdo xay dyng ndng thdn mdi he dgng thye vgt - Cu dan chii yeu la ndng dan va lam non 2.4 CTXH PTNT CTXH Id mdt mgt nganh khoa hgc, mgt nghi nghi?p, lam nghidp, ngu nghi?p, eac nganh ngh chuyen mdn dugc cdng nhan d nhieu nude fren san xuat kinh doanh, dich vu phi nong nghi?] till gidi, frong dd ed Vi^ Nam CTXH tiieo duoi Trong cac ldng xa fruyen thong, san xuat non myc tieu vi hanh phuc cho ngudi va tten bg xa nghiep la nguon sinh ke chinh ciia dgi bo pha hdi CTXH d Met Nam g§n lien vdi sy nghiep doi ndng dan, Hien nay, cde viing ndng thon ciia Vii mdi, sy phat trien kinh tl, xa hgi va hgi nhdp quoc Nam duoc phdt trien theo hudng hi$n dai hoi tl CTXH cd ba phuong phap thye hdnh chinh, cdng nghidp hda, do cu ddn cufriitiiuchie la CTXH cd nhan, CTXH nhdm, to ehire va phat nhieu hoat dgng kmh tl khac nhau, gom ca sa triln cgng dong Vdi moi mdt phuong phap thye xuat ndng nghiep, san xuat cong nghidp, thuon hanh, mdt ITnh vyc tiiyc hiSn, CTXH lai cd nhiing mai vd dieh vy ky ndng vd ky thudt dae trung Trong do, phat triln - Cu ddn ndng thdn cd moi quan h^ hp lpc v cgng dong vaPTNT deu dyafrennguyen ly lay phdt gia ^nh chat che vdi nhiing quy dinh cy the Da tnen ngudi vd cgng dong lam trung tdm nham biet d nhieu viing ndng thdn, tinh eo ket cpng don tao cde chiQ'en bien xd hgi frong cgng dong giiip rat ben chdt cdng dong ndng thdn tdng ndng luc, tiln tdi ty lyc - Vimg nong thdn Viet Nam luu giu vdb^ to ciing nhu gdp phan cai thien ddi song vdt chat, ttnh nhieu di sdn van hda cua quoc gia nhu cac phoi) than, tri cdng bdng xa hgi vd bdo ve tai nguyen tuc, tap quan ve ddi song, van hda, lich sii, dao mdi trudng d khu vuc ndng thdn lam thang canh Day chinh la noi ehita dung ldi Tren ca sd nhiing quan mem ve ndng thdn, tang van hda dan tdc, dong thdi Id noi giaitti\ phdt triln vaPTNT, nhdm tdc gid dua khdi lu^m du lich hap ddn CTXH PTNT la viee van dung phuong phdp Hien nay, cimg vdi su phdt triln Idn mgnh\ can thiep ciia CTXH vdo cdc hogt dgngPTNTnhdm kinh te, ndng thdn vandng ddn Vi$tNam dang phi giup cu ddn nong thon gidi quyet cdc vdn di doi mat vdi nhieu van de frong qua trinh phat tna qud trinh phdt triin thong qua viec kit ndi, cung Ty le hg ngheo d khu vyc ndng thdn cua Viet Nai cdp cde dich vu vd sie dung hieu qud edc ngudn chiem khodng 92,29% so vdi tong so hg ngheo c luc sdn cd tgi cong ddng di thoa mdn nhu cdu, cdi nude [2] Ben canh dd, phan Idn cac vung non thien vi thi Trong do, phuang phdp can thiep cua thdn d Vi§t Nam cd hg tiing co sd kem, san xui CTXH PTNT dua tren phuang phdp to chiec ndng nghidp nhieu nii ro, ddi song ndng dan M vdphdt trien cgng ddng khd khan, ngudi ddn nhieu vung ndng thon co I Vai tro cua CTXH PTNT Vifit Nam tudng -^ lai, khdng dya fren ndi lyc va sire mar hien ciia cdng dong, ndng lyc sdn xuAt vdn cdn thap 3.1 Dac diem nong thon va vai tro ciia [7] Sy each biet giua cac vimg ndng thon va that CTXH PTNT Viet Nam thi cang nhieu [15] Su suy tiioai nguon t Vi^t Nam la mgt quoc gia cd khu vuc ndng nguyen va d nhiem mdi ttirdng ciing nhu nguy | thdn rgng Idn va ddng ddn nhat, noi cd ty le dan dartii mat bdn sdc van hda cua cac cgng dong di so chiem 66,92% dan so ciia cd nude (tinh din tdc dang la thdeh tinic cua qua trinh phdtttien[18 1/4/2014) [13] Dacbi^, day ciinglanai da dang vl Tinh frgng fren da khiln cho cu ddn ndngtiionVi ttrcJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP un phdi ganh chm nhilu van de vl ngheo ddi, 3c ldm, di cu, nhilm mdi trudng, thilu dat sdn lat, thilu nude sach, thieu an toan xuat hien c te nan xd hdi vd thieu ea co hgi ttep cgn vdi c dich vy xa hgi so vdi cu dan dd tiii Theo mgt ldo sat ciia Nguyln Thi Thu Hd nam 2013 ve )di mdi CTXH frong dieu kien kinh tl thi trudng , hgi nhap qudc te - ly ludn va tbyc tiln" thi ITnh tc CTXH vdi xda ddi, gidm ngheo, frong dd ed la ddi gidm ngheo d khu vue ndng thdn dugc da cdn bd CTXH cho rdng la ITnh vye dang cd nhu u cao nhat tai Viet Nam hi?n (51,6%) Dong di, neu so sdnh nhu cau vd ITnh vyc dang hoat mg manh rtiiat thi CTXH vdi phdt tn en cdng dong ng frong trudng hgp cung khdng dii cau (35,0% vdi 44,8%) [8] D I gidi quyet cac van de frong xa hgi ndng on ciing nhu tien tdi gidm khoang each phat trien tia vimg ndng thdn vd thi, cac ehuong trinh am ngheo va PTNT da duoe xay dung, triln lai Cd thi ndi, cac chuong ttinh PTNT Id rtiiung uong trinh rdng Idn vd phirc tap, lien quan den inh sdch quoc gia vd cua timg dia phuong Hi^n ,y, cdc chuong trinh PTNT, ma cy the la chuong nh muc tieu quoc gia xay dung ndng thdn mdi roe thiet ke theo hudng dyafrSnnhu cau vd ndng c cua chinh cgng dong ndng thdn Tuy nhien de ng dong ndng thdn khoi day dugc nang iyc ciia inh, tu tim cde gidi phdp de xay dyng ndng thdn yi mdt cdch ben viing lai Id dieu khdng don gidn ] Bdi le, fren tbyc te cd nhieu cgng dong ndng 5n da quen song dua vdo su hd frg cua nha nude gc khdng du kha nang vd co hgi de tiep can vdi c nguon lyc xa hdi frong viec gidi quyet van de a minh Nhiing van de fren chinh la doi tugng n viec ciia ngdnh CTXH Vdi triet ly lay nguon : ben frong eua edng dong lam ddng lyc ciia su dt trien, CTXH vdi cgng dong chinh la phuong dp d ^ img duge yeu cau vl vi?c phat huy hon a vai frd chii the ciia cu dan ndng thdn ma cac chi , nghi quyet eua Chinh phu ve PTNT da de cap Nhu vdy, thuc te fren cho thay Vi et Nam dang nhu cau ve CTXH frong PTNT Dieu ndy cd hTa Id chuong trinh PTNT d Viet Nam rat can It phdi van dung cde phuong phdp can thiep khoa c cua CTXH frong qua trinh giai quylt van dl tiiu vyc ndng thdn nhdm dem lgi hi?u qua ben Tap Chi Khoa hoc s d 28 (10-2017) vung Vd hogt dgng cua CTXHfrongPTNT khdng chi gidi hgn d viee hd frg hieu qua cho viec tbyc hien cac chuong trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn md cdn cung vdi can bd PTNT ho frg eu ddn gidi quyet cac van de xa hgi dang ton tai hodc phdng ngiia nhiing van de cd the xdy ddi vdi cgng dong ndng thdn Vdi vai frd vd vi tri cua minh, CTXH hien dugc coi Id nhan td ndng cdt frong cdc chiln luge giam ngheo vd phdtfrienben viing vimg ndng thdn d Viet Nam 3.2 Quan ffilm ve CTXH PTNT & Viet Nam Thye tiln cho th%^, phuong phap can thiep eiia CTXH frong PTNT d Viet Nam la phuang phdp phdt trien edng dong va thudng dugc tap tnmg ehii yeu tai nhirng khu vuc ndng thdn ngheo, kem phdt ttien Vi vgy, cd the khang dinh CTXH frong PTNT d Viet Nam da dugc du nhdp tir nhung ndm dau thdp nien 50 cua till ky XX, nhung cho den day van la mgt ITnh vyc khd mdi me Dac biet, he thong CO sd ly ludn phdn dnh thye frang cua hoat dgng CTXHfrongPTNT van chua dugc dinh hinh Trong thdi ky trudc ddi mdi ddt nude, ma CTXH chua duge ehinh tiiiie thira nhdn nhu mdt nghe chi^en nghiep tai Viet Nam, boat ddng cua phdt trien edng ddng frong PTNT bien Id theo hudng tir fren xuong, ttic la dya vdo ndng lyc chiQ'en mdn ciia cdc chuyen gja den tir ben ngodi thay vi dya vdo ndi luc cua cgng dong ndng thdn [11], [14] Vdi quan diem tap tmng gjdi quyet cdc van dl khd khan, nhu can va sy thieu hyt ciia cdng dong cu ddn ndng thdn nen cdc nhd nghien ciiu, hogch dinh chinh sach PTNT thudng tim cde gidi p h ^ dl bil day? cho nhiing khd khdn ciia cdng ddng Dac biet, tai cdc vung du an, cac nha tai trg thudng chii y vao viec dieu fra nhu cdu, phdn tich hien frang de phat hien nhiing van de cdn ldm cho cu dan ndng thdn vd tbyc bien su menh hay chii fich cua td chiie minh Chinh fieu ndy dd khien ngudi ddn duoc xem nhu la nhung khdch hdng tieu thu sdn pham ciia cdc chuong trinh phdt trien tir chinh phu hodc cdc to chiic phat trien Va cu ddn ndng thdn ton tai tu tudng xem frong cde ho trg tit ben ngoai hon la nguon lyc san cd tii ben frong Dieu ddn den su tan dan cac moi quan he lien kit cdng dong ciing nhu khdng khai thdc dugc ngi lyc vd kha nang ndi tai cua ngudi dan d ndng thdn [18] 35 rRUCft^G DAI HOC D O N G T H A P /i vgy, nhieu chuong trinh du an phdt trien cdng long ndng thdn frong giai doan dd that bai ly thilu hyt y chl va nd lyc ciia ngudi dan Cdeh hue hi?n ^ dat ti: fren xuong da khien cho cgng tdng ndng tiidn dimg ngoai cde chuong ttinh, dy in va thu dgng tbyc hien cdc hogt dgng da dugc de a Dang chu y Id cdch tbyc hien ndy cdn khien eho inh ben viing cua cac hogt dgng khong duoe ri sau cdc du an kit thiic vd nit khdi cgng dong Sau dii mdi (thap men 80 - 90 cua thi ky XX), ;dc nhd nghien cuu va thuc hanh CTXH cgng dong ihdn thay nhieu diem han ehefrongquan dilm phdt rien dya vao nhu cdu, dong thdi hg cung dugc kl hita nhung kiln thiic mdi tir nhiing nhd nghien ;iiu ly ludn vd thye tiln fren the gidi Liic nay, boat lgng CTXHfrongPTNT d Viet Nam da chu frgng ion den sy tham gia cua ngudi ddn frong tten trinh a quyet dinh ciing nhu frong viec thye hien cac ;huang triitii phdt triln [18], [14] Vdi quan dilm lay, ngudi dan ndng thdn cd khd nang tu to chitc, hdng qua to chirc ciia rieng ho, hg cd kha ndng cac djnh nhu cdu cua minh, chia se thilt ke, thuc uen va lugng gid hdnh ddng ciing tham gia (FAO, 1982) Vd cdc cong cyfrongphuong p h ^ dieu fra ldng thdn cd su tham gia (PRA), hdnh dgng - hgc dp cd sy tiiam gia (PLA) Id cdc cdng eu chinh ciia luan dilm ttip cgn ndy Quan diem tilp can cd sy ham gia ciia CTXH cgng dong phii hop vdi quan Kem cua Dang vd Nhd nude Viet Nam hien nay, td Id Phdp l?nh thuc hien dan chu d xa, phudng, hi fran "ddn biet, dan ban, dan ldm va ddn kilm ra" Tuy nhien,frongqud trinh phdt triln xuat hi§n ihung nhdm ngudi de hi ton thuong, ma frong /an de ngheo ddi Id van de nan gidi d hau hit khu nic ndng thdn Nguyen nhan goc re cua ddi ngheo d cdn cd cac bat edng, ton tai sy phan biet doi tli Vi vdy, CTXH cgng dong da dp dyng quan dilm 'I qi^ln ngudi dl phan tieh cac nguyen nhan ;6c rl cua sy ton thuong vd chi pham vi frdch ihigm eua cdc ben lien quan Vdi quan diem ;ac chuan muc, nguyen tac, tieu chuan ve quyin :on ngudi se dugc long ghep vdo ke hoach va qud rinh cua edng tae phdt triln Trong tdm ciia quan liemttepedn dyafrenquyin ngudi la tgp ttimg 'do nhdm de ton thuong va nguyen nhan goc re ciia 'an de, moi quan h? giua co quan cdng quyen va igudi mang quyin dl tti dd ttao quyen vd ndng eao Tgp chi Khoa hgc so 28 (10-2017) ndng lyc cho nhung nhdm ngudi dl bi ton thuong [18], [14] Din (cuoi nhiing nam 90 cua till ky XX va ddu the ky XXI), CTXH dugc coifrgng,phat trien vd frd thdnh mdt nghe cbinh thitc d Vi^ Nam, quan diem tbyc hien CTXHfrongPTNT ciii^ duoc chuyin dich theo hudng tufrenxuong sang tu duoi len Quan dilm ed nghTa Id frao quyin tii chij cho cgng dong, cde to chirc ben ngoai cgng dcing ehi ddng vai frd hd frg, tinic day hodc cau noi Va trilt ly ciia quan dilm tiep cgn tir dudi len la 1% dan lam goc, khen dgy tat catiem nang, sytiiamgia tieh eye va tang cudng quyin luc cua cgng dong ndng thdn frong qua trinh phat tnin Hien nay, quan diem phdt tnen dua vao nguon lyc va cpng dong ty dieu hanh la hai each tiep can hi^n dgi ciia CTXHcdng dong [14], [18] Trong do, bg cdng cy de nghien ciiu va thuc hanh CTXH cgng dong dya vdo ngi lyc (ABCD: Assets based for communis development) Id cdng cy chinh cua quan tfiem tiep can ndy Quan Aim thudng tilp cgn den nguon luc dang ton tgi frong cac moi quan he xa hpi, cac to chirc hen ket ciing nhiing mgng ludi xa hpi chinh tiiirc vd khdng chinh thuc Dong thdi, quyen luc se dugc trao cho ngudi dan frong cgng dong qua hinh thiic tgo co bdi cho hg tham gia tich cyc vao qud trinh phat triln chung ciia ca cdng dong [18], Vdi quan dilm ttep can dua vdo nguon lyc va cong dong ty &eu hdnh thi mgi khia cgnh cua ddi song xa hgi se duge phat triln dong bg, ngudi dan thaj doi vl nhdn thuc, hanh vi va cdc moi tuong quar frong cgng dong, tit gdp phan phat trien her vung khu vyc ndng thdn Tuy nhien, nhiing hoai ddng PTNT d nude ta vin chua tiiyc sy tiep car theo phuong phdp phdt triln cdng dong Ngudi dar cd tham gia hudng img nhung chua mangtinhchi dgng Cac chuong trinh chi tgp ttimg vao nhi?ii vy vd myc tieu ma it quan tdm den viec xay im va phat huy nang lyc cho cgng dong Ngudi dai frong edng dong chua cd khd nang ty xay d\mg i\ dn phdt tnen fren co sd nhu eau vd tiem lire cui dia phuong [18], Nhu vgy, lich su phat tnen da chiing minh, c( nhieu quan dilm va cdeh tilp cgn ve CTXH cpni dong frong PTNT Cdc quan dilm va eachttepc^ rat phong phii duge hinh tti tinh da dan] eiia tiiuc tien vd sy du nhgp tir he tiiong ly tiiuye t,UONG DAI HOC DONG THAP rXH phat tnen cgng dong d cac nude phat trien leo tien trinh thdi gian, cdc quan diem ludn dugc eu chinh de phu hgp vdi boi cdnh tiiyc te cua xd ii Vd frong mdt ehuong trinh phdt triln cd the dp mg mgt hay nhieu quan diem khde de dem i hieu qua vd su phdt trien ben viing eho timg lu vye dan cu 3.3 Nguyen t3c hoait dong cua CTXH ong PTNT De van dung hieu qud cde cdng cy, ky thugt la phuong p h ^ can thiep CTXH cgng ddng frong fNT, tdc vien PTNT phai tuan ihu cac nguyen c chinh sau: Thie nhdt, thuc hien cdc chuang trinh PTNT ldi bdt ddu tie nhu cdu, tdi nguyen vd khd ndng ta chinh ngudi ddn cdng ddng E)ieu cd jhiala, cac chuong trinh, dy an PTNT phai nhdm ip img duge nhu eau cap thilt vd cdn tiiiet ciia cu in ndng thdn Mdi mdt khu vyc ndng thdn lgi cd liing nhu cau can duoctiidaman khdc vd nhu iu cd the khac vdi nhu cau cua nhd tdi fro hodc linh quyen dia phuong Vi vay, hoat ddng phdt iln tai mdi khu vuc ndng thdn can phdi xuat phdt : yeu to ngi tgi cua ngudi dan, tir nhung nguon tdi rayea va nang luc, kinh n ^ e m mangudi ddn cd hd fro ben ngodi nhu chuyen mdn, ky thudt i tdi chinh rat can thiet nhung chi dugc xem Id lat xiic tac giiip cu ddn ndng tfadn tiiam gia tich re vd cd frach nhiem frong qua trinh phat trien Thie hai, tin tudng vdo ngudi ddn, vdo khd ing thay doi vd phdt triin cua cgng dong ndng on Vdi ngi^en tdc nay, tdc vien PTNT phdi ludn rdng cu ddn ndng tiidn dii cd ngheo, khd khan, inh dg hgn chl thi hg ludn cd kinh nghiem, dc ng tao, tinh gdn bd, khd nang qudn ly va mong uon dugc thay doi cugc song edng dong Nhgn ire duoc nguyen tdcfren,tac vien PTNT vgn dung TXH frong PTNT mdi khdng lam thay, lam hd judi dan ma cimg song, cung ldm vdi ngudi dan i khiQ'en khich hg mgt cdch kip thdi Tit dd, qud inh phat triln mdi huy dgng dugc siic manh vgt lat va tinh than ciia cd cdng dong ndng thdn Thie ba, khuyin khieh ngudi ddn cung tham a, ddnh quyin tu quyet cho cu ddn ndng thdn I tham gia la yiu to co ban cua dudng loi CTXH ing dong Dieu nhan manh rdng, cdc chuong nh dy dn phdt trien muon thdnh cdng vd ben viing Tgp Chl Khoa hgc s6 28 (10-2017) phdi khuyen khieh duoc sy tham gia day du, tich eye eiia ngudi dan vdo cae boat ddng Moi hdnh dgng eiia tac vien PTNT vd lanh dao cdng dong chi duge xuat phdt duafrSnco sd y kien cua ngudi ddn Khi ngudi ddn duoc tham gia thdo ludn, bdn bac, dua qi^'et dinh, lya chgn gidi p h ^ thi hg se la ngirdi lam den ciing va cam thay cd frach nhi$m vdi quylt d^nh ciia ban than vd cdng dong Dong thdi, thdng qua nhiing hoat dgng nay, cu ddn ndng thdn duge tdng cudng ndng lyc vd khd ndng doi phd vdi edc tinh huong cd van de Thie tu, bdt ddu tie nhimg hogt dgng nhd Ddi tugng cua CTXH frong PTNT la nhirng vdn de ciia cu dan ndng thdn noi ma trinh phat trien, kien thirc va ky nang cua ngudi dan cdn ban che so vdi cu dan khu vyc tin Do do, de cu dan ndng thdn cd thi ty tin tham gia vao cac hogt ddng PTNT thi ho can dugc khuyen khich tiiam gia tir nhiing hogt dgng nhd, don gidn Vdi nhung boat dpng nay, ngudi dan se dan dan ty tin frong dilu hanh vd quan ly dl dgt duoc tiianh cdng Ddy ciing Id ngiQ'en tdc nhdm tang nang lyc cho cgng dong Thii: ndm, tgo nhieu ca hoi de ngudi ddn hgp tdc, tuang trg lan nhau, dSc biet Id cdc nhdm cu ddn yiu thi cgng ddng ndng thdn Khoi ggi tinh CO kit va tno'ln thong ttrong frg eua cu dan ndng thdn bdng cac boat ddng chung, mang tinh cgng dong, ldng xa nham gjiip cdc thdnh vien ttong cgng dong tdng kha nang hgp tac, phdi hgp cung dgt myc tieu chung Dac biet, frong viec tiiuc hien cac hogt dgng chung can uu tien nhdm cu ddn yeu thi cgng dong, khi^en khich hg tham gia vdo cdc boat dgng chung ciing nhu khi^en khich nhirng vien manh frong cgng dong budng dan, hd frg nhiing ngudi yiu the Thiir sdu, mdrdng cde hinh thiec lien ket vd ngodi cgng dong ndng thdn Xay dyng mgng ludi lien kit cdc nguon lyc la mgt frong nhung nguyen tdc dem lai hieu qud eho eac chuong trinh PTNT Khi vgn dung dugc ngiQ'en tdc frong qud ttinh khien khai cac hoat ddng tai khu vuc ndng thon se tgo them siic manh vd tiing ndi cua cu dan ndng thdn frong viec frao doi, tdn dyng cac nguon lye ciing nhu dl xuat cac gidi p h ^ hodc thdm chi la cd chinh sdch Thu bdy, ddm bdo nhimg dgc diem ciia mdi khu vue nong thdn (su khde Met vimg, mien) Mdi 37 TOUCfiSlG DAI HOC PONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hgc so 28 (10-20- nhiing cdng cu, ky thugt de to chirc cac hogt d^ frg giup theo mgt tiln trinh cy till nhdm khuj khich sy tiiam gia chu ddng ciia eu ddn ndng tii vdo qua trinh phat triln Tir dd, tdng siie manh t cdng dong ndngtiidnfrongvi$c tu quyet dinh ve phdt trien cila minh va sy dinh hinh ciia tucmg Thie tu, tim kiem va kit noi cdc nguIn tai phdt tiiln kinh te gia (£nh, sinh kl bin vimg va fro giai quylt van de, dap iing nhu cau phat tri Ket noi cu ddn ndng tiidn vdi edc to chitc tgi phuong, chinh quyin va cdc to chitc cung n Thie tdm, ddm bdo tinh eong bdng vd ddn chit nguon lyc tit ben ngodi Dong thdi, hd frg hg j moi hogt dong phdt triin Chl tbyc hien dung mang ludi lien kit dl phdt trien Thie ndm, ho frg gidi quyet ede vdn de vl v dugc nguyen tac thi hoat dgng phdt tnen mdi mang lai lgi ich cho cdc vien cgng dong lam, daiy nghe, gidm ngheo, chuc nang gia di Tir do, sutiiamgia va nang lyc ciia cgng dong cang van nan cd nhan vd dap iing cdc nhu eau co ciia cu ddn ndng thdn nhu co sd tang, dich dugc nang cao Thie chin, tudn thu theo tiin trinh Mgi phuong xd hgi ndng thdn, bdo ve mdi tnrdng Thie sdu, nghien eitu khu vyc ndng thon phap tilp can frong qud trinh PTNT can tuan thu tiln trinh ciia CTXH NIU khong tiiyc hi$n tiieo kham phd va he thong hda tri tinic, cde mo h tien trinh da xdy dung trudc dd tin mgi hogt dgng ehung lien quan din cac van dl cytiievd nhdm; se frd nen lgn xdn, mat phuong hudng va khd dat thi nham van dgng, huy dgng, to chirc, cdi th dugc muc tteu de vd phat triln cdc chirtii sach, chuong trinh va c vu Dieu cd nghia la phat hien nhiing van 3.4 iTng dung CTXH PTNT CTXH ttong PTNT cung c ^ cho cu ddn vung lo hong eiia cdc chuang trinh, dich vu xa hgi ndng tiidn cac dich vu thdng qua hinh tinic tiep can chinh sach dl de xudt nhiing chinh sach phu h tong hgp Tilp can tong hgp d ddy cd nghTa Id cung ddp ung nhu cau ciia cdng dong cap dich vu fren tat cd cac ddi tugng vd cdc ITnh Ket luan vyc mdi quoc gia, ndi dung cua CTXH PTNT va CTXH cd chung quan dilm v l ' PTNT dugc xac dinh khac tiiy vdo dilu ki^n dan lam goc" vacimg van dung cac bg cdng cu nl tbyc tl Trong boi canh hien d Viet Nam, tac huy dgng sy tham gja, huy dgng nguon lyc cua c vien PTNT can cimg nhd hoaeh dinh PTNT tbyc dong Vdi nhung khd khdn vd thdeh thiic cua hien itiiung ngi dung chinh sau ddy: trinh PTNT, dgc biet la vdi nhung myctieu,yeu Thu nhdt, cung cae nha hogch dinh PTNT cua chucmg trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi eho vd cgng dong ndng thdn xac dinh nhu cau, lgp ke CTXH cd vai frd vd ciing quan frgng Bdi le hoach phdt triln, tgo mdi tnrdng thuan lgi cho cu khdng chi giiip cho cu ddn ndng thdn ndng cao i dan ndng thdn phdt triln (van ddng chinh sach) va nang luc vd khd ndng ty luc frong viec giai q danh gia qua trinh PTNT van de cua cgng dong, vuot qua khd khdn ti Thie hai, frang bi kien thiic, ky nang, thai dd thirc dl hgi nhap vdi khu vyc va quoc te ma cho cgng dong ndng thdn de hanh dgng chung thiic day qua trinh PTNT diln nhanh chdng, nham gidi qi^et hoae thuc hien cdc chuong trinh qud va ben virng hon Ndi cdch khdc, CTXH t phdt trien tgi cdng ddng Ndi dung dao tgo cdng PTNT chinh la mgt ITnh vyc can thiep eua Cl dong ndng thdn cd the lien quan den kinh te, chinh chuyen nghiep d khu vuc ndng thdn Do dd tri, van hda, xdhgi, mdi trudng, site khde, sinh ke, Nam can cd ca che, chinh sdch ve phat triln C" xdy dyng co sd hg tang frong PTNT cung nhu ddo tgo bdi bdn, ehuyei Thie ba, td ehire xdy dyng cdng ddng ndng vl ITnh vyc nhdm cung cap nguon nhdi thdn gdn ket vd ben viing Tac vien PTNT sii dung chat luong cho khu vyc ndng thdn Viet Ni khu vyc ndng tiidn cd nhu cau khac nhay cd dac diem van hda, truyin tiidng, dan tgc, tdn giao, vi tri dia ly - kmh tl - xa hdi, ttinh do, tiidi dg vd nguon lyc khac Viec ca biet hda tting khu vyc ndng tiidn se giiip cho tdc vien PTNT cd quan diem vd phuong phap, kytiiudtcantiii?pdgctiiiikhdc Tbyc hi^n nguyen tac chmh la ddm bao lgi ich thilttiiycciia timg nhdm cgng ddng, huy ddng dugc sy tham gia ciia ngudi dan, khdc phuc dugc tinh bao thu, quan ligu vd ciing nhac frong qud trinh hd frg cu dan ndng thdn phdt trien TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tgp chJ Khoa hoc so 28 (10-2017) Tai lieu tham khao [1] Vu Thi Bmh, Nguyen Thj Vdng, Do Van Nha (2006), Gido trinh Quy hogch PTNT, NXB Ndng nghiep, HdNdi [2] Bdo dien tij Dang cgng sdn Viet Nam (10/2015), "Phe duy^t kit qud dieu tra, rd sodt hg ngheo, hg can ngheo nam 2014", http://dangcongsan.vn/chuong-trinh-135-va-cac-chuong-trinh-du-an-giam-ngheo/ phe-duyet-ket-qua-dieu-tra-ra-soat-ho-ngheo-ho-can-ngheo-nam-2014-350670.html [3] Mai Thanh Cue, Quyen Dinh Ha, Nguyen Thj Tuyet Lan, Nguyen Trong Dac (2005), Gido trinh PTNT, Trudng Dgi hgc Ndng nghiep, Hd Npi [4] Hoang Van Cudng (2002), Moi quan he giira cdc bien kinh tivd biin ddn s6 phdt triin cdc viing nong thdn Viet Nam, Luan an tten sT Kinh te, Trudng Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan [5] Do Kim Chung (2009), Vdn de nong ddn, nong nghiep vd nong thdn su nghiep cong nghiip hoa vd hiin dai hda hien nay: Quan diem vd nhirng dinh hu&ng chinh sdch, Hgi thdo cdc Trudng Dai hoc Viet Nam - Tnmg Quoc, Van de Nong ngliiep, ndng dan, ndng thdn, thang 12 nam 2009, Trudng Dgi hgc Nong nghiep H& Ngi [6] Hodng Van Dmh vd Vu Dinh Thdng (2002), Gido trinh Kmh ti PTNT, NXB Thong ke, Hd Ngi [7] Trdn Thanh Giang (9/2015), "Quan diem ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam vl van de "tam ndng" giai doan hien nay", 5do dien tu Ddng cong sdn Viet Nam, http.//dangcongsan.vn/tu-Ueu-van-kien/tu-lieuve-dang/gioi-tiueu-van-kien-dang/doc-09302015 95 0246.html [8] Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2013), Ddi mdi CTXH diiu tain hnh ti thi trudng vd hgi nhdp quoc ti - lj> ludn vd thuc tien, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Ngi [9] Ho Xudn Hung (Vii Van Phiic chii bien) (20\2),Xdy dung ndng thon m&i Id su nghiip cdch mgng Idu ddi cua Ddng vd Nhdn ddn ta, Xdy dung nong thdn mdi - nhOng vdn di If ludn vd thuc tiin, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Ngi [10] Phi Thi Hong Minh (2005), Bdi gidng phdt tnin cong ddng (diing cho sinh vien ngdnh khuyen nong vd PTNT), Dai hgc Ndng ldm Thdi Nguyen [11] Nguyln Hihi Nhdn (2004), Phdt tnin cdng ddng, NXB Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi [12] Dang Kim Son (2008), Nong nghiip, nong ddn, nong thon Viet Nam hom vd mat sau, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hd Ngi [13] Tong cue Thong ke (9/2015), Diiu tra ddn sd vd nhd dgjUa ky thdi diim 1/4/2014, cdc kit qud c/iM^'ew, HdNdi [14].Trinh Vdn Timg, Nguyen Thu Trang (5/1/2016), "Phdt trien cdng dong d Viet Nam: Thye trgng vd dinh hudng cdc each tiep can boi cdnh mdi", Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc Xd hoi Viet Nam, Viin Dia /)i nhdn vdn, http://ihgeo.vass gov vn/noidung/tintucsiikien/Lists/DiaLyDanCu/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=39 [15] Tnrong Van Tuyin (2007), Gido trinh phdt tnin cdng dong - If lugn vd img dung PTNT, NXB Nong nghiep Ha Ngi [16] Biii Dinh Thanh (2015), "Ve khai niem phdt triln", Viin Nghien cint Truyin thdng vd Phdt tnen, http://tadri.oig/vi/news/rin-ttic/VE-KHAI-NIEM-PHAT-TRIEN-199/ [17] Thu tudng Chinh phii (2010), Quyit dinh phe duyit di dn Phdt tnin nghi CTXH giai dogn 20102020, so 32/2010/QD-TTg cua Thu ttrdng Cbinh phu ngdy 25/03/2010 [18] Tran Thi Kun Xuyen (chii bien) (2010), Phdt tnin cdng dong - tie ly thuyit din thuc hdnh, NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ngi SOCIAL WORK ROLE IN VIETNAM'S CURRENT RURAL DEVELOPMENT Summary This article presents the concept, demand, standpoint and application of social work in mral development, Thereby, it helps provide the theoretical background for social work in rural development, forming the fouudatton for social work education and application in Vietnam's mral development in the coming yedrs Keywords' Social work, mral development, Vietnam Ngdynhgnbdi: 13/2/2017; Ngdy nhdn lai 17/4/2017; Ngdy duyit ddng: 26/7/2017 3S ... dd ed Vi^ Nam CTXH tiieo duoi Trong cac ldng xa fruyen thong, san xuat non myc tieu vi hanh phuc cho ngudi va tten bg xa nghiep la nguon sinh ke chinh ciia dgi bo pha hdi CTXH d Met Nam g§n lien... vung ndng thon co I Vai tro cua CTXH PTNT Vifit Nam tudng -^ lai, khdng dya fren ndi lyc va sire mar hien ciia cdng dong, ndng lyc sdn xuAt vdn cdn thap 3.1 Dac diem nong thon va vai tro ciia [7]... Vdi vai frd vd vi tri cua minh, CTXH hien dugc coi Id nhan td ndng cdt frong cdc chiln luge giam ngheo vd phdtfrienben viing vimg ndng thdn d Viet Nam 3.2 Quan ffilm ve CTXH PTNT & Viet Nam Thye