CHAU MY NGAY NAY CHINH SACH KIEM SOAT MA TUY CUA HOA KY TRONG GIAI DOAN 1960-1990 Hoang Anh Tuyen* B aac sang thdp ky 1960 vd cho din thgp ky 1980, co nhilu yiu tfl tdc dflng den chinh sach hpp tac quoc te ve phong, chfing ma tiiy ciia Hoa Ky Vl chinh tri Id thoi ky the gioi hinh hai hfl thfing chinh tri dfii diu Trong he thflng nay, vin de ma hiy mang them mdu sac ehinh tri va nhiing uu tien ve chinh tri nhieu cao hon yeu ciu ve kiem soat ma Ben canh la nhiing dien bien moi cua te ngn ma tiiy va nhung hfl luy no mang lgi cho xa hfli, bufle Hea Ky phai CO dieu chinh thich hpp Trong xu huong ddng chu y nhit Id vin de ma da dupc an ninh hfla vd quan su hoa chinh sach kilm soat ma biy Dieu tac dpng mgnh me den chinh sdch hop tdc quflc tl chflng ma tiiy cua Hoa Ky giai dogn 1960-1990 Thirc trgng sir dyng ma tiiy & My nhirng nam 1960-1990 Giai dogn 1960-1990 chiing kien sy bimg nfl cua viflc sir dung ma tiiy tai Hoa Ky vai su xuat hifln nhieu logi ma tiiy moi Khoi dau tir nhiing nam 1960, nien da trang thuflc tang \6p tiung luu bit dau CO trai nghiflm voi ma tuy, bao gflm ein sa va heroin, gay su lo nggi rpng rdi efing chiing vd doi hoi cc nhitng each tilp can dilu tri rflng rai hon cung nhu tang cuong cdc hoat dflng thyc thi phdp lugt c i n sa chua bao gio dupc sii dyng rpng rai truoc ddy, nhimg dupc gio'i trfl su dyng nhieu hon nhirng nam 1960 Viflc gia tang su dung ma tiiy CO nguyfln nhan tir phong trdo phan doi Chiln tranh Viet Nam tir thdp ky 1960 keo ddi sang thdp ky 1970, su thay doi nhanh chong xa hfli Hoa Ky xdy thoi ky va tinh trang linh My phyc vy tai khu vyc Dong Nam A bi nhiem tfl ngn ngufln heroin va can sa re.' Tir giira nhung nam 1960 den cufii nam 1970, phin nguoi su dyng ma niy da co sy thay dfli ddng ke Trong sir dyng ma van gin chu yiu voi nguai thieu sfl vd tdng lop duofi, viflc sii dyng ma tiiy ting lap da tring trung luu tro' nfln lan rpng va mpt hien tupng dupe chip nhdn ban Tir Udi nghiflm ma ciia edc nhom nguo'i nay, efing luan vao cufii thgp ky 1970 da nhgn biflt tflt han vfl tac dflng ciia ma tiiy, vd sy phdn doi su dyng ma biy lai mflt lin niia gia tang Tuy nhien, sit dyng ma tiy, nhat la eocain va cin sa vin cao Trong thgp ky 1980 Hog Ky ehiing kiln su thay dfii vl tinh frang sii dyng cocaine Tdc hgi tieu cyc cug viflc sii dyng cocaine, nhat la voi nguai sir dung (•) Phd Chanh Vdn phdng Phdng Chdng lot pham va Ma luy Bd Cong an CHAU MY NGAY NAY lau dai, vfln truac ddy chua bfle Ip, fro' nen ro rang hon Cpng dfing thu nhgp thdp vd nguoi thieu sfl bit diu frdi qua nhung van dl nghiflm frpng ve ma tiiy, ddu tien voi cocaine dgng bflt, sau den giita thdp ky 1980 la crack, mflt dang cpcaine tinh che.^ Tinh hinh sir dyng ma lan rpng da ldm chp du lugn xa hfii quan tam den vin de ban vd ma tiiy frp' mpt uu tien ciia cdc chinh quyen tteng giai doan nay, nhit Id tit eufli nhiing nam 1960 Tflng thong Nixon die cii vao nam 1968 dua trfln cuong ITnh ludt phap vd ttat tu Sau die cit, ngdy 17/6/1971, Tflng thflng Nixon ehinh thuc tuyen bo coi ma biy Id kfl thu sfl mpt "America's Pubhc enemy number one"^ Nam 1974, Tflng thong Nixon tii chiic sau vy Water Gate, Pho Tflng thflng Ford len thay tilp tyc tgp trung vao cdc logi ma md chinh quyen cho rang, co mfli nguy hiflm cao nhdt: heroine, amphetamine, barbiturate Chinh quyin cua Tong thong Carter (1977-1981), vfln cfl thai dfl mim mflng dfli voi vin dl ma ttong giai dogn diu dg chuyin sang thdi dfl eimg rin truo'c sue ep cua du ludn frong nuoc.'' Trong hai nhiflm ky (1981-1989) Chinh quyen Reagan thuc thi chinh sach ciing rin dfli voi viflc sii dyng ma va tang cuang kinh phi theo huang uu tifln ITnh vyc thuc thi phap luat.' Nam 1986, Reagan cflng bfl eupe "thdnh chien chflng ma tuy", ban hanh lugt chfing sir dyng ma tuy, frpng dp gia tang dn tii hinh, khflng phdn biflt Ipgi ma tuy, hpgc muc dieh su dyng Khi die cu nam 1989, Tfing thflng Bush tilp tuc thuc hien chinh sdch eiing rin nliu Chinh quyfln cua Tfing thong Reagan, chinh sdch vfln flng dupc phan cflng thue hifln ldm Phfl Tfing thfing frong nhipm ky truae do.^ vi mat to chitc, frong giai dogn cdc ca quan kiem soat ma tiiy ciia Hoa Ky cfl nhiing thay dfii \em theo huong dupc cung cfi vd CO nhieu quyen luc hon Nam 1965 Lugt kiem sodt ma tiiy doi, da ddn din viflc thdnh lap Van phong kiem sodt lgm dung ma biy (Bureau of Drag Abuse Confrol), dflng thai thay dfii chiic nang hogt dpng kilm sodt ma tiiy lifln bang chuyen tit quyfln danh thul sang thyc thi phdp ludt ve thuang mai vd giita cdc bang Nam 1968 Van phong ma tiiy Lien bang (Federal Bureau of Narcotics - FBN) dupc dfli tfln thdnh Van phong kiem sodt ma tiiy va cac chdt nguy hilm (Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs BDAC) Nam 1973 Ca quan bdi ttii ma tiiy (DEA) dupc thaivh ldp frfln ca so ke thvta FBN va bfl xung them mpt sfl don vi cua Bfl Tu phap, Hdi quan, de tang cuang thuc thi phap ludt O' frong nufl'c Bp Ngpgi giap ciing dupc giao nhiem vy nhiflu hon dfln ITnh vyc ndy, va thdnh lap chiie danh Tra ly Bfl traong Ngogi giao vfl cac vin de ma quflc tl dl qudn ly cac khodn vifln frp vd thyc hipn cdc bdo cap theo yeu cdu ciia Quflc hfli vao nam 1978 Nam 1988, Van phong ehinh sach 12 CHAU MY NGAY NAY diep truo'c Qufic hfli, Tong thong Nixon, sau xdc dinh herom la ioai ma tiiy nguy hiem nhit dfli voi Hoa Ky, da tuyfln bfi: "De tien hanh cuoc chifln chfing heroin cfl hieu qud, chimg ta can ce sy hpp tdc quflc te" vd "Toi se lam ro rang rang tfli coi viflc sii dyng heroin Hqrp tac quoc te ve phong chong cua cac cflng dan Hoa Ky la van de quflc ma te CO mfli quan nggi dgc biet dfli vdi ddt Xuat phat tii thyc te phan lan ma tiiy nuflfc ndy chiing ta khfing the hy sinh dupc sit dyng ttong nuorc Id dupe sdn van de de dfli lay mfli quan hfl hiru xudt vd van chuyen tit nufl'c ngoai vdo, hdo vai cdc quflc gia khdc".' Thang Hoa Ky da thyc hifln chinh sdch hpp tdc 9/1971, Tflng thflng Nixon ldp Uy qufic te ve phflng chflng ma biy khd da ban ve kiem soat ma biy quflc te dfl thiic dgng Mflt mgt, Hoa Ky tiep tuc tham ddy nhiing nfi luc Idem soat ma biy qufic gia cdc hpp tde da phuong ttong viec te Uy ban ndy Bp trupng Ngpai giao xdy dung the cbl kiflm sodt ma tiiy quflc Iam truang ban, da chi dgo ede Dgi sir te, dge biflt la viec dam phdn va thflng qudn cua Hoa Ky a 59 nufl'c chudn bi ke qua ba Cfing uo'C kilm sodt ma cua hogch hdnh dflng kiflm sodt mg tiiy Idm Lien Hiflp quflc (1961, 1971 vd 1988).' CO SO' cho viec dam phdn cdc thfla thudn Mdt khdc, Hoa Ky cung day mgnh edc song phucmg voi nuorc ngoai, de thuc hpp tde song phucmg voi cac nufl'c ddy edc chucmg trinh kiem sodt ma tiiy ngufln sdn xuat va da thdnh cflng ttong quflc tl eua Hoa Ky viflc thuyet phuc ede nufl'c chim ditt Trong khflng "chien tianh" ay, viflc ttflng cdy thuoc phifln, qua hgn viec sit dung lue Iuong quan su vdo che dupc mflt ngufln cung heroin chu cuflc chifln chflng ma biy da dupe nflu yeu vdo ttong n u a c ' vd chinh thiic quan sy hoa cdc hoat dpng kilm sodt ma niy quflc gia (Office of National Dmg Conttol Policy ONDCP) dupc lap dl tang cuong cae boat dflng dieu phfii ttong Idem soat ma tiiy vd xdy dyng chifln lupc kiflm spat ma niy qufic gia Trong thoi ky nay, xu huong chflng ma niy ttong nuac da dnh hucmg mgnh me dfln edc hogt dpng hop tdc quoc phong cug Hoa Ky Trong "cuflc chien chong ma tuy" Hoa Ky tiln hanh, "mgt ttgn quflc te" dupc coi la mflt uu tifln cao Tfing thflng Nixon tuyfln bfi "ddy se Id mflt cufic tan efing tpan ciu dfl gidi quylt vin dl tit ngufln eung cip (ma tiiy)"' Thang 6/1971, ttong Thflng phflng chfing ma Nam 1981, dilu 10 cua Lugt Lien bang (United States Code) duoc sua dfli nham lam ro ban tham quyen cua quan dfli ttong viflc tham gia hfl frp cac ca quan thuc thi lifln bang chflng ma Hiy Thep dfl quan dfli CO the cho mupn ttang thiet bi, co sflr vdt chdt, nguai; vgn hdnh thiet bi quan su de gidm sdt hogt dflng tten khflng, tten bifln; nhgn vien quflc phong c6 the CHAU MY NGAY NAY van hanh thiflt bi quan su dfl hfl frp cho viflc chgn bit ma biy o nuac ngoai neu CO sy dflng thuan eiia Bfl traong Tu phdp va Bp traong Quflc phong Nam 1986, bing Chi thi an ninh quoc gia 221 (National Security Decision Dttective), Tflng thflng Reagan da bgt den xanh cho chiln dieh Blast Furnace dien tit thdng dfln thang 10/1986, theo luc lupng quan dfli Hoa Ky lan diu tien dupc bp tri vd cflng khai tien hanh hpgt dflng chong ma tai Bolivia Din nam 1989, bing Lugt nggn sdch qufic phong, (Ngtional Defence Authorization Act) Bfl Quoc phong chinh tiiitc dupc giao nhiem vu gidm sat, phat hifln vd chgn bat viflc vgn chuyfln mg biy frfln cac tuyfln bifln vd 6f nuoc ngodi Tai Nam My, quan dfli Hoa Ky tiln hanh huan luyfln cho lye lupng cdnh sdt chflng ma tuy, may bay true thang eiia qudn dfli dupe huy dflng cho lye lypng dgc nhiflm chong mg tiiy tdn cflng cdc tfi chitc tfli phgm, triflt phd cdc ca so' dieu chfl cocgine d cdc nuac vimg Andes.'' Dinh dilm eiia qudn su hfla cuflc chien ehflng ma la vao thdng 12/1989 Hoa Ky dimg Iyc lupng quan sy chiflm dflng Pangmg lgt dfl Tuong Noriega vfli ly Panama la trung tam trung chuyin ma biy vdo Hoa Ky vo'i sy hfi frp cua chinh quyen nufl'c Vdo thang 6/1987, quan hp giiia Panama vd Hoa Ky fro nfln tfli tfl, Noriega cao bupc Hoa Ky can thiep vdo nfli bfl nham giu quyen kilm sodt kenh dao Panama Ve phia Hoa Ky, Chinh quyin Reagan kflu gpi Tuong Noriega tit chuc Thdng 4/1988, tfla dn Miami da kit tpi Noriega cimg mflt sfl thdnh vifln cua Tgp dodn tfli pham ma tiiy Medellin ve tfli nia tifln, phan phfli ma tiiy, cimg cip cdc hfla chat dl sdn xuit ma biy Ngdy 19/12/1989, nhan sy kifln qudn nhdn Hoa Ky bi thuang va chgm voi binh sy Panama, Hoa Ky thyc hien chien djch can thiflp vdo Panama Sang 20/12/1989, fren kenh fruyen hinh quoc gia, Tflng thflng Bush da cdo bufle Panama da ttfl' thdnh trung tdm trang chuyen vd rua tien cho tfli phgm ma biy, va cpi ddy Id mpt ttong nhiing ly bifln minh cho hdnh dong cua Hoa Ky.'^ Nhiing tdc dpng nguy hiflm cua ma biy dfli voi nufl'c My ttong nhiing nam 1980 da bufle Chinh phii My xem dp nhu Id mpt mfli de dpa din Ipi ich vd an ninh quflc gia cua My Trong bfli cdnh dy, vdn dfl ma tiiy da dupc dua vao ttong cdc Chien lupc an ninh quflc gia ciia My thai ky Lan diu tifln, vdn de ma tiiy duoc neu ttong Chifln lupe An ninh Quflc gia Id vao nam 1987, Chinh phii My khang dinh: "Trong rit chii y din mfli de doa tit Lien Xfl, chung ta khflng dupc xem nhe cdc mfii de dpa vd cac van dfl quflc tl khdc cp the gdy thiflt hgi nghiem ttpng cho Iai ich Hoa Ky neu khfing dupc xii Iy mpt each thich hpp, va mflt ttpng nhiing mfii de dpa iy la mua bdn, van chuyen ma tuy"." Trpng cdc Chiln lupc An ninh Quoc gia tiflp theo cua Hoa Ky, tpi pham mua bdn, van chuyen ma bit hpp phdp 14 CHAU MY NGAY NAY dupc cpi Id mfli de doa an ninh qufic gia, dupc xep vdo nhflm cac de dog todn cau va thuflc nhflm efl uu tien cao Nam 1988 xem xet ve vdn de ma biy vd ehinh sdch dfli ngogi, Uy ban dfli ngogi Thupng vien My dg nhgn dinh: "Tfl ngn mg tiiy Id vdn dfl an ninh quflc gia vd anh hucmg nghiem ttpng den chinh sdeh dfli ngogi Cdc tap dodn ma tiiy co quy mfl Ian vd ddy site mgnh da lam suy yeu mflt sfl chinh phu Muc tiflu cua chiing phuong hai nghiflm ttpng din lpi ich vd myc tieu ciia cbinh sdch dfli ngogi ciia Hpa Ky tgi My Latinh vd khu vuc Caribbean"''*; vd "Mfii de dpa ciia cde tgp dean ma phdi duoc uu tien cao ttong cac chuang trinh nghi su song phuong giua Hoa Ky voi cdc nufl'c"." Ket luan Co thi nfli, giai dogn 1960-1990 chinh sdch hpp tac qufic te ve phong chfing ma eiia Hoa Ky cfl nhiing biln dfing Ion tdc dflng tit sy gia tang phiic tgp cua te nan ma tiiy ttong nuoc vd bufln bdn ma tiiy quflc tl vd cua chinh tri thi gioi ttong thpi ky Chien tranh Lgnh Tinh ttang ndy da de dpa den an ninh quflc gia ciia My Tit gflc dfl Iy ludn, "An ninh qucc gia" dupc xdc dinh la nhiing yflu cau cip thiet dfl bdo ve chii quyfln quflc gia, chong lai mfli nguy hiflm tir bfln ngodi, vd nhiing yeu cdu cap thiet ndy phdi duac uu tifln ttong viflc xdy dyng chinh sdch ciia quoc gia Tuy nhien, mpt vin dl duoc "an ninh hfla" se tiem dn nguy co chuyin tit viflc giai quylt bing giai phap phi quan sy sang cdc giai phap qudn sy Tren thye tfl, tit nhiing nam 1970, Chinh quyfln Nixon lan ddu tifln tuyfln bfl cuflc chien chong ma tiiy, cac nhd hoaeh dinh chinh sdch da xdc dinh ma tiiy, nhdt Id bufln bdn ma tiiy Id moi de doa dfli vfli an ninh qufic gia vd tit an ninh qufic gia bi de dpa, vai tto cua qudn dpi da dupc gia tang tiong suflt thai ky Mac dii co duac nhiing thdnh cflng nhdt dinh frong phong chflng ma biy bang cdc gidi phap qudn sy, nhung nfl gdy khfing it khfl khan eho nuac My frfln binh dien ngoai giao Trong chien dich Furnace tgi Bolivia nam 1986, su tham gia cua quan dfii Hoa Ky da gay nfln nhitng ric roi chinh tri vo'i Colombia Quan hfl My - Bolivia ciing CO nhiing rgn nirt Tflng thflng Bolivia bi tfl cdo vi pham hien phdp va dfl mdt chu quyen quflc gia dl quan dfli Hoa Ky vao hogt dpng ttong nuoc Ben cgnh dfl, cuflc can thiflp vdo Panama ciing lam cho Hoa Ky bi nhilu nuoc Ifln an Nhin chung, cdc chinh quyin ttong giai dogn thuc hifln chinh sdeh kilm sodt ma tiy ttong va ngoai nufl'c hiong dfii thfing nhat, day cflng la giai dogn "cupc chiln chfing ma biy" dupe phdt dfing, tii va diy Ifln mite cao, thi hifln bang viec ban hanh cde che tdi nghiem khac dfli vai tfli pham ma Dae biet la nam 1986 Quoe hpi Hpa Ky thflng qua Lugt chflng ma biy 1986 vd sau cupc biu cu, Tflng thfing Reagan chinh thiic ky ban hdnh dgp ludt CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 04-2015 Co the gpi day la Bp Ltiat ciia cuoc chien chong ma tiiy vi Luat da cung cap ngu6n lire kinh t8, tang kinh phi, mi tien cho cac boat dpng thuc thi phap lu$t, dong thoi cung co cac ca quan chuyen traeh thuc hi$n nhiem vu nay, ap dat khtmg hinh phat t6i thieu dfii vcri tpi pham ma tiiy, quy dinh viec tich thu tai san ma ma co Tuy nhien, tinh hinh su dung ma tiiy, nhat la su dung cocaine, vln tiSp tuc gia tang, gay nhi6u lo ng?ii xa hpi Hoa Ky Ben c ^ do, an sau van &k la sir phuc t^p ciia cac t6 chiic tpi phgm ve ma tuy, von khong phu thuoc vao the che chinh tri nao va co sir thich ling nhanh chong truac cac chinh sach chong ma ciia My Vi vay, Hoa Ky van can ph^i co nhung chinh sach mai va tang cuang hpp tac qu6c te han nixa vai cac nuac, khdng chi dcm thuan dung cac giai phap can thiep quan s\i, d^ co th^ chong lai cac to chuc tpi pham ma cang tinh vi va co nhieu hanh dpng phuc tgp boi canh hien • Chu thich: l/dc tinh cd den % quan nhan phuc vu tgi Bong Nam A sit dung heroin The American Disease; Origine of Narcotic Control, p.252 Kindle Edition T^i th6i diem 1988: 60% tong so ma tiiy bat h(;p phdp s ^ xuSt tren the gidi ducrc tieu thu t^i Hoa Ky K h o ^ g 20 lii^u nguoi My hiit cin sa, gan 60 tri^u thudng xuyen sii dung eocain, va nua t r i ^ ngudi nghien heroin, Vien Nghign cmi Lgm dung Ma Quoc gia bAo cio cac tmdng hgp cap cuu (81 benh vign cd liSn quan den cocain tiing g ^ 600% khoing thdi gian tii 1983 den 1987 Cic vu chit ngudi c6 lien quan den cocain ting tu 400 vy n i m 1983 d i n g ^ 1.400 vu n i m 1987, udc tinh khoing 70% tpi phgm bgo Iyc d Hoa Ky c6 hgn quan d i n ma tiiy Nguon: B i o cio tgi Drugs, Law enforcement and Foreign Policy, 15 Report prepared by the sub Committee on Terrensm, Narcotics and International Operations Of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Umted States Senate - December, 1988, p 11 Richard Nixon: "Remarics About an Intensified Program for Drag Abuse Prevention and Control", June 17, 1971 Online by Gerhard Peteis and John T WooUey, The American Presidency Project http /Avww.presidency ucsb.edu/ws/^id=3047 Musto David F (1999) The Amencan Diseas- Ihe Origins of Narcotic Contrail, Oxford Universi^ Press, p 263 Tii nim 1981 tir 1,5 ty USD len 4,2 ty USD vao nam cuoi ciia nhi^m ky thii hai, nhung c6 su dieu chinh ve CO cau, ty 1§ dinh cho nghien cuu v i dieu trj bi giim xu6ng, 2/3 kinh phi ducc dinh cho thuc thi p h i ^ lu^t, phan cdn lgi dinh cho giim cau Nguon sdd, trang 268 Chten luge kiem soit ma toy quoc gia n ^ 1989 khing djnh tg n^n ma tiiy li "cupc khiing khoing CO tam voc qu6c gia" v i Hoa Ky c ^ "cung iin van d^ ma tiiy, hon nhieu so vdi miic dd hign na)'' Trang 2, 7 Xem McAllister, William B (1999/ Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, Routlede, London and New York V i o thdi diem thing 1/1969, udc tinh 80% \\i(jn% heroin sij dung tai Hoa Ky dupc cho ring co xuai xii tu Tho NhT Ky dupc trung chuyen qua Phip, xem Peter Goldlierg, The Facts About Drag Abuse., The Federal Government's Response to Illicit Drags, 1969-1978, The Drag Abuse Council, 1980 http://www.draglibrajy org/ schaffer/Libraiy/studies/fada/fadal.htm Richard Nixon: Special Message to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control, Jime 17, 1971, www.presidency ucsb.edu/ws/?pid-3048 lO.Richard Nixon: "Special Message to the Congress on Drag Abuse Prevention and Control.", June 17, 1971 Online by Gerhard Peters and John T WooUey, The American Presidency Project http7/www presidency, ucsb edu/ws/?pid=3048 11 Xem Marcy William L (2010), The Politics of Cocaine: How US Foreign Policy Has Created a Thriving Drug Industry in Central and South America, Lawrence Hill Books, Chicago 12.George W Bush, Panama Invasion Adress, https:// youtube.coin/watch?v=GIaewpvuEAY 13.The White House, National Security Strategy of the United States 1987, ti 8, M.Drugs, Law enforcement and Foreign Policy, Report prepared by the sub Committee on Terrerism, Narcotics and Intemational Operations Of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United , States Senate - December, 1988, p.2 15,Sdd,tr 8-9 ... kiflm spat ma niy qufic gia Trong thoi ky nay, xu huong chflng ma niy ttong nuac da dnh hucmg mgnh me dfln edc hogt dpng hop tdc quoc phong cug Hoa Ky Trong "cuflc chien chong ma tuy" Hoa Ky tiln... pham ma tiiy Medellin ve tfli nia tifln, phan phfli ma tiiy, cimg cip cdc hfla chat dl sdn xuit ma biy Ngdy 19/12/1989, nhan sy kifln qudn nhdn Hoa Ky bi thuang va chgm voi binh sy Panama, Hoa. .. dean ma phdi duoc uu tien cao ttong cac chuang trinh nghi su song phuong giua Hoa Ky voi cdc nufl'c"." Ket luan Co thi nfli, giai dogn 1960- 1990 chinh sdch hpp tac qufic te ve phong chfing ma eiia