VAN HOA-XA HOI QUAN NIEM CUA NGUOl DAN V£ BlNH DANG GIOll VA VIEC PHAN CONG LAO DpNG THEO GlOfl TRONG GIA OiNH ThS NGUYEN THI HA * / j V Xd-/ kit qud khdo sdt vdi 1300 mduphiiu diiu tra tai Qudn 2, qudn Go Vdp vd §/ huyen Nhd Be thupc Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh (TP.HCM) nhdm phdn tich, ddnh f^ gid thuc trgng nhdn thirc cua ngudi ddn vi binh ddng gidi mpt sd ITnh vuc cita ddi sdng xd hdi Kit qud cita cupc khdo sdt ndy se ddng gdp ca sd ly ludn vd thuc tiin cho cdc cdp lanh dgo, cdc nhd qudn ly cd nhirng dinh huong ve chinh sdch vd chuang trinh di ndng cao nhdn thirc vi binh ddng gidi ciia ngudi ddn tgi TP HCM Tu" khda: Binh dang gidi, phdn cdng lao ddng, gia dinh Hieu biet ciia ngirdi dan ve binh ddng gidi dat miic nhu the ndo ma cdn phai ludng d cdc chi bao khdc De ludng su tiep c$n ciia ngudi dan vdi ludt binh ddng gidi nhu thi nao, khdo sdt da dua mdt sd ludt khde cd lien quan dang hien hdnh de xem xet miic dp nghe den cac luat nhu the ndo thi kit qua cho thdy phdn Idn ngudi dan TP.HCM da nghe ndi din ludt binh dang gidi Sd lieu cho thdy, cd tdi 91,3% y kiln cho biet "thudng xuyen" vd "thinh thoang" da dugc nghe den "Luat binh dang gidi", dd, nghe "thudng xuyen" chiem 43.4 %; vd "thinh thoang" nghe 47.7% Nhu vdy, chi cd 8.9% ngudi ddn hoan todn chua biet gi ve "Ludt binh ddng gidi" Cd thi ndi, TPHCM Id mgt nhiing phd diing dau cd nudc ve phdt trien kinh te- xa hdi, dieu kien kinh te-xa hgi thuan lgi thi ddy la mdt nhiing dau hiSu dang mimg cua cdng tdc giao due, truyin thdng vl nhdn thiic bmh ddng gidi Tuy nhien, chi cdn cii vao dieu thi chua cd ca sd viing chac dl khdng dinh vdn dl nhdn thiic vl binh ddng gidi cua ngudi ddn tai TRHCM Them vao nhdm nghien ciiu dua chi sd de ludng ngudi dan hiiu nhu thi nao ve binh dang gidi vdi cdu hdi "Theo anh/ chi, binh ddng giai la gi?" ddy Id mdt cau hdi md nham thu thdp thyc chat nhiing hieu biet cua ngudi dan ve binh ddng gidi, sau thu nhap dupc nhimg y kien, chiing toi da cum lai nhiing y trimg ciia ngudi trd ldi va cho ket qua kha thu vi Vdi 866 ngudi trd ldi/ 1300 ngudi thi cd 44.6% ngudi dugc hdi hieu khd diing ve cum tir binh dang gidi, hp cho rang binh dang gidi la "nam vd nir cd quyin vd nghia vu nhu cdc linh vuc", 25.4% ngudi ddn cho rdng binh ddng gidi Id "khdngphdn biet nam nie, khdng phdn biet gidi tinh"; chi ed 5.4% sd ngudi tra ldi la khdng biet va 2.9% sd ngudi cd each tra ldi khdc Xem xet hieu biet ve binh dang gidi theo gidi tinh ket qua cho thdy cd sy khdc biet dang ke giiia hai gidi, vdi quan niem cho rdng binh ddng gidi la "nam vd nit co quyin vd nghia vu nhu cdc ITnh vice" nii Nghien ciiu viSn Ph6ng Nghifin cuu Van h6a Xa hoi Vi^n Nghien ciiu ph4t triin Thdnh H6 Chi Mkih 67 TAP CHI NGHIEN d t o PHAT TRIEN SO 10 (4/2014) chilm ty le la 52.6%, dd nam chi cd 36.3% Vdi quan niem cho rdng binh ddng gidi "khdng phdn biet nam nir, khdng phdn biet gidi tinh" nam chilm 29.7%, nii chiem 21.2%, quan dilm binh dang gidi Id "nam nit nhu nhau/gidng " nam la 24.4%, nii 19.1% Sd ngudi trd ldi khdng bilt ddng diu giiia nam va nii Tir so lieu tren cho thdy rdng, hiiu bilt vl binh ddng gidi cua nii tdt hon nam gidi, dilu cihig de nhan thdy cdc budi tuyen truyen ve binh dang gidi nhihig ngudi tdi tham dy da sd Id nii gidi Trinh dp hpc van la bien sd cd anh hudng kha rd din miic dp hieu biet ve binh dang gidi cua ngudi ddn TPHCM Sd lieu khdo sdt cho thdy, ngudi ddn cd trinh hgc van cao thi miic dp hieu biet ve binh dang gidi tdt hon so vdi nhdm cd trinh dp hpc vdn thdp Cu the, vdi quan diSm cho rang binh ddng gidi la "nam vd na cd quyin vd nghia vu nhu cdc ITnh vuc" thi ty le cao nhat roi vao nhdm hgc van tir dai hpc trd len vdi 63.2%, tiep dd la nhdm trung cap/cao ddng vdi 50%, thap nhdt roi vdo nhdm cd trinh dp hgc van tir tieu hpc den trung hpc ca sd (28.6%, 27.4%) Vdi quan diem binh dang gidi la "khdngphdn biet nam nii, khdng phdn biet gidi tinh" thi nhdm trinh dp hpc vdn THCS cd ty le cao nhdt Id 28.6%, nhdm dai hgc trd len chilm 23.6% d quan diem ndy Quan dilm cho rdng nam vd nir nhu nhau/gidng trinh dp tilu hpc chiem ty le cao nhat vdi 26.5%, trinh dp tir dai hgc trd len chi ed 11.3% Vd vdi cau tra ldi khdng biit binh ddng giai Id gi thi roi chu yeu vao nhdm tilu hpc vdi 26.5%, nhdm cd trinh hpc vdn dai hpc trd len khdng ed tra ldi khdng bilt Dilu chi cd thi gidi thich rdng, y l u td trinh dp hgc vdn ddng vai trd quan trgng vdn d l nhdn thiic ve binh dang gidi la "nam vd nii cd quyin vd nghTa vu nhu cdc ITnh vuc" thi nhdm nghe cd ty Ip cao nhat la nhdm cdng chiic/vien chiic Id 60.3%, tilp din la nhdm lanh dao/qudn ly vdi 57.1%; ngugc lai vdi nhdm tren thi nhdm ndng dan chi cd 12.5%, tiep dd nhdm cdng nhdn/thg may/thg thil cdng (dudi bdc 4) vdi 31.1 % Vdi quan dilm cho rdng binh dang gidi la "khdng phdn biet nam nit, khdng phdn bi^t giai tinh" thi nhdm nghi cd ty le tra ldi eao nhat dd la nhdm lye lupng vii trang vdi 40.6%, thdp nhdt la nhdm ndng dan vdi 18.8% Ty le trd ldi khdng bilt binh ddng gidi Id gi roi chu yeu vdo nhdm ndng dan vdi 31.3%, tiep dd la nhdm ndi trg vdi 12.2%, nhdm Idnh dao/qudn ly la 0% vd nhdm cdng chiic/ vien chiic chi cd 0.3% Vdi nhdm tudi khac se cd nhiing each hieu vd binh ddng gidi khdc Khi xem xet ve cdc nhdm tudi thi k8t qua cho thay nhiing ngudi tre tudi (25 - 44 tudi) cd ty le hiiu dung v l binh ddng gidi "nam vd nit cd quyen vd nghTa vu nhu cdc ITnh vuc" hem so vdi nhiing ngudi tnmg nien trd len (tu 45-55 tudi trd len) Vdi quan diSm cho rang binh dang gidi la "khdng phdn biet nam nic, khdng phdn biet gidi tinh " thi nhdm tudi dudi 25 tudi vd tir 45-54 tudi leii cd ty le lya chgn cao nhdt, tiep dd la nhdm 25-34 tudi O quan diem binh ddng gidi la nam vd nic nhu nhau/gidng thi nhdm tudi 5-44 tudi cd ty le trd ldi cao nhdt vdi 26.2%, dd cac nhdm tudi khac chi cd tir 16.6% (55 tudi trd len) tdi 19.8% (25-34 va 45-55 tudi) Dieu dang ndi, vdi cau tra ldi khdng biet thi ty le eao nhdt lai d nhdm tudi tir 2534 tudi vdi 27.7%, nhdm dudi 25 tudi chi ed 14.9% Nhu vdy, tir ket qua ndy cd the cho thdy nhdm tuoi khdng phdi la yeu td chi phdi tdi quan diem diing ve binh ddng gidi ma nd cdn phu thudc nhieu vao cac yeu td khdc nhu trinh hpc vdn, nghe nghipp Xem xet hiiu bilt ve binh ddng gidi theo nhdm nghi nghiep kit qua ciing cho nhiing khdc bipt kha Idn giiia cac nhdm nghi khac Vdi quan diem cho rdng binh ddng gidi Nhin chung, phdn Idn nhdm ngudi dan dugc khao sat d TRHCM budc ddu cd nhiing 68 VAN HOA-XA HOI nhiing quan niem ciia ngudi ddn ve viec phdn cdng lao ddng gia dinh Dugc xem xet dudi cdc mat chia se, phdn cdng cdng viec gia dinh , nhdn thiic cua ngudi ddn ve viec phan cdng cdng viec gia dinh Cdc cdng viec gia dinh bao gdm nhieu ITnh vyc khdc nhu: ndi tra (di chg, ndu an, rua chen, giat du, dpn dep nha ciia), chdm sdc cdi cdc thdnh vien gia dinh (cho an, ngu, dua di khdm benh, chdm sdc 6m ), chdm lo viic hpc hdnh cua tudi di hpc (dua di hpc, day con, phu trdch viec hpc hdnh eiia con, dinh hudng nghe nghiep cho con, phu trdch viec vui choi gidi tri ciia ) vd cdc cdng viec khdc nhu: di dy ma chay, cudi hdi, gid chap, viec mua sdm cac vdt dung gia dinh, hpp phu huynh, td ddn phd, 1dm cac loai gidy td, sira chiia vat dung gia dinh Day la nhung cdng viec thudng xuyen vd tieu tdn khdng ft thdi gian, cdng sue cua ngudi thyc hien nhung dudng nhu khdng dugc coi trpng khdng mang lai thu nhdp Viec vg chdng chia se ganh ndng cdng viec gia dinh Id mdt tieu chi het siic quan trpng cd y nghTa de danh gia binh ddng gidi ITnh vyc gia dinh nhdn thiic kha tdt vl binh ddng gidi Trong thdi gian tdi cdn cd sy quan tdm hon niia viec cung cdp cho ngudi dan nhiing kien thirc v l binh ddng gidi qua nhieu kenh nhu: truyin thdng vd Idng ghep vao nhieu hoat ddng chuyen de cua timg co quan vd nhilu chuang trinh, dy dn kinh te - xa hdi khde d cac cap, cac nganh, cac dia phuang Binh ddng gidi dang la mdt vdn dl dugc ddc biet quan tdm d mgi qudc gia Q Viet Nam ndi chung va TPHCM ndi rieng binh ddng gidi Id mdt nhung muc tieu quan trpng dugc Ddng, Nha nudc ta ddt thdi ky ddi mdi De thyc hien dugc muc tiSu ndy, rat can den su phdi hgp cua nhilu yeu td khde nhau, do, tuyen truyen, giao due ndng cao nhdn thiic vd binh ddng gidi Id het siic can thiet Quan niem ciia ngirdi dan ve viec phan cong cong vifc gia dinh Binh dang gidi gia dmh la ylu td tac ddng tdi bmh dang gidi d hdu het cac ITiih vuc khdc, khao sdt chiing tdi dua Bieu Ngiidi thudng \hm cdc cong vi^c noi trcf gia dinh theo gidi tinh (%} 67.6 68.1 : 1 ^ | ^= ry Niu an Rija chen Qat d6 Don dep nha cira Di chg Nguon: Ket qua khSo sat thang 10/2013 Phan cong cong viec npi trg theo gioi noi trg gia dinh, su tham gia cua nam gia dinh a Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh gioi chijm ty le rjt nho hien dugc the hi$n Itha ro net Voi kk Cac cong viec ngi trg nhu: ndu dn, rica qua thu dugc tir cuoc khao sat cho thiy, phu chen, gidt dd, dgn dep nhd cira, di chg chu nir la ngucri dam nhiem chinh cac cong viec y i u nguoi nii gia dinh thuc hien, sir 69 TAP CHI NGHIEN CUtF PHAT TRIEN SO 10 (4/2014) thiic cua mdi ngudi "cdng viec ndi trg la chia se ciia nam rdt It (nlu cd thi chi chia se cdng viec vdi phu nu" nii ban hoac vdng nhd), dd, nam gidi la ngudi lam chii yeu cac cdng viec nhu: sua chita cdc vdt dung gia dinh Cd sy chenh lech rdt Idn giira nam va mt viec thuc hien cac cdng viec tren vdi cac ty le tuang ling la (4.8%, 4.6%, 5.7%, 6.5%, 3.9%, 73.6% ddi vdi nam vd 67.6%, 68.1%, 62.8%, 55.1%, 74.6%, 8.9% ddi vdi nii) Thuc trang xudt phat tir quan niem truyin thdng dn sdu tilm thien chiic ciia phu tiS", tinh chdt bao thii ciia phdn cdng lao ddng truyin thdng theo gidi d mdt miic nhat dinh van cdn dugc bao luu gia dinh, ngudi phu nfi thudng lam nhilu viec gia dinh hon va danh nhieu thdi gian hon cho nhiing cdng viec nay, nam gidi cung da cimg Idra mdt phan cdng viec ndi trg nhung chi mang tinh chdt hd trg hon Id dam nhiem chinh Bieu d6 NgUdi Idm chinh cac cong vide sau gia dinh theo gidi tinh (%) ua chiia v^td^ngDDng L.!ini cac 10^1 giay lu •HM r 17 ^ _ M M H^HILiM 38.3 40,9 ^'Z HnntnHannhn pH^H 31 1 S3 ' Di flirrrn rin • r rtVi ^ ^ ^ ^ hoi, gio chap [ R ^ ^H B n i - j ^ 26.6 \ 20 40 60 Wguon; Ket qud khdo sat thang 10/2013 Ddi vdi cac viec nhu di du hpp to ddn phd; di du ma chay, cudi hdi, gid chgp; lam cdc logi gidy td nam gidi tham gia nhieu hon nii nhung vdi ty le chenh lech khd thdp, cu thi: di du hpp td ddn phd 35.1% (nam), 29.7% (nir); di du ma chay, cudi hdi, gid chgp 26.6 (nam), 19.7% (nii), Idm cdc logi gidy ta 40.9% (nam), 20.8% (nii) Dilu ndy phdn ndo the hien nam gidi thudng dai dien cho gia dinh cac hoat ddng cdng ddng, giao tilp xa hgi, tiep xiic chinh quyen nhilu han nii cimg vdi su tien bd cua xa hdi quan niem ve gidi, vai trd cua chdng va vg hoat ddng cdng ddng ngdy mdt binh dang hon, vg chdng khdng nhiing san se cdng vipc gia dinh ma cdn san se cd rihilng cdng viec cdng ddng, cong viec ngoai xa hdi, cy thS Id vai trd cua ngudi phu nu: sinh hoat cdng ddng, giao tiep vdi xa hdi da dugc md rgng va tien tdi ngang bang vdi nam gidi va ngudi phu nii khdng cdn bd hep vai trd ndi trg gia dinh nhu trudc Ket qud khao sat cho thdy, viec ngudi phy nii tich cue tham gia hdi hgp chiing td hp dd timg budc hda nhap cimg xd hdi, cdng ddng de nang cao sy hieu bidt ciing nhu vai trd cua minh gia dinh M^c dii nam gidi thuc hien cdc cdng viec cao hon nii nhung ty le lua chpn cd nam vd nir ciing kha cao {viec hpp td ddn phd (35.2%); di du ma chay, cudi hoi, gid chgp (53.7%); lam cdc logi gidy td{'i%.?>Vo)) Hien 70 VAN HOA-XA HOI Tdm lai, tir cdc kit qud tren cho thay, mac dii quan dilm nhdn thiic ciia ngudi ddn v l thi ndo Id binh ddng gidi kha tdt bdng chiing Id sd ngudi dan tra ldi dd nghe thdy luat binh ddng gidi va sd ngudi trd ldi gdn dung ve the ndo la binh ddng gidi chilm ty le khd cao Tuy nhien, tren thyc te quan niem va hanh vi cua ngudi dan van cdn mang ndng tu tudng phong kien, dieu dugc the hien khd rd phan cdng cdng viec gia dinh Qua kit qua khdo sdt cd the nhdn thay rdng, cac cdng viec ndi trg, chdm sdc cdc vien gia dinh, chdm lo viec hgc hdnh cho cdi va cac cdng viec gia dinh khdc thi nam gidi vdn cd xu hudng hudng ngoai han so vdi phu nii Nam gidi thudng tich eye tham gia vdo cac cdng viec nhu: hpp td dan phd, di dy ma chay, cudi hdi, gio chap, lam cdc loai gidy td hay sira chiia nhung vat dung nha hon so vdi nii Ddi vdi cdc cdng viec thuan tiiy mang tinh ndi trg nhu: ndu an, gidt giii vd dgn dep nhd ciia thi phu nii van la ngudi thyc hien chinh, ddm duong phdn Idn ganh ndng viec nhd Them vao do, nhiing cdng viec ndi trg gia dinh van dugc cho la cua phu nii, ngudi vg Ty le chia se cong viec gia dinh cua nam gidi vdn chua cao Dilu ndy lam han che co hdi thdng tien cdng viec vd dao t^o, ciing nhu co hdi tham gia cdc hoat ddng giai tri cua phu nir De giam thdi gian lam viec nha cua phu nii thi thdi gian tdi Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh edn tni trgng han niia cdng tac tuyen truyen cho cac tang Idp xa hdi, dac biet la v l vdn d l binh ding gidi gia dinh, nhdm thay ddi, nang cao nhdn thiic gidi, xda bd tu tudng trgng nam khinh nir vd giiip cho cdng ddng cd cai nhin khach quan, todn dien hon ve vai trd vd nhiing ddng gdp cua phu nii cdc ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hdi Tai lieu tham Idiao Bill T h i Cudng (chu bien), (2012), Phu nic Viet Nam ky nguyen biin ddi xa hdi nhanh, Nxb Tir diln Bdch khoa Cue thdng ke TP Hd Chi Minh, Nien gidm Thdng ki TP Hd Chi Minh ndm 2011; 2012 Ddng Nguyen Anh (2005) "Chiiu cgnh giai cua di ddn lao dpng thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ddt nuac ", Tap chi Xa hdi hpc, sd 2, 2005 Dang Nguyen Anh (2009), Gido trinh xd hdi hpc ddn sd, DHQG Ha Ndi Do Thi Binh (2007) Vdi net vi diiu kiin lao dpng, viec Idm vd thu nhgp cua nic cdng nhdn cdng nghiep, T^p chi nghien cihi Gia dinh vd Gidi sd 14, 2007 Dd Thi Binh (2008) Vdn di gidi qud trinh chuyen ddi kinh ti (Nghien cuu trudng hpp tgi TP.HCM, Hung Yen vd Thica Thiin Hue) Nxb Thanh Nien FAO/UNDP (2002), Khdc biit gioi nen kinh ti chuyen ddi a Viit Nam ~ Cdc phdt hien quan trpng ve gidi: Diiu tra mice sdng d Vtet Nam Idn 2, 1997-1998, Ha Ndi, FAO/UNDP xudt ban HaThi Minh Khuong (2007) Vtecsicdung thai gian rdi cua phu nir vd nam giai, (Tr 20 - 34), Nghien ciiu gidi va gia dinh sd - 2007 ... ndng cdng viec gia dinh Id mdt tieu chi het siic quan trpng cd y nghTa de danh gia binh ddng gidi ITnh vyc gia dinh nhdn thiic kha tdt vl binh ddng gidi Trong thdi gian tdi cdn cd sy quan tdm hon... cdng cdng viec gia dinh , nhdn thiic cua ngudi ddn ve viec phan cdng cdng viec gia dinh Cdc cdng viec gia dinh bao gdm nhieu ITnh vyc khdc nhu: ndi tra (di chg, ndu an, rua chen, giat du, dpn dep... Vdi quan diem cho rdng binh ddng gidi Nhin chung, phdn Idn nhdm ngudi dan dugc khao sat d TRHCM budc ddu cd nhiing 68 VAN HOA-XA HOI nhiing quan niem ciia ngudi ddn ve viec phdn cdng lao ddng gia