Về lý thuyết nghiên cứu nghi lễ chuyển đổi của arnold van gennep

TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 9(157)-2011 68 KHOA HOC XA HQI THE GlOfi V& LY THUYl^T NGHIEN Cl>U NGHI L £ CHUYiN D | CUA ARNOLD VAN GENNEP TRAN HANH MINH PHU'aNG IwgfC thugt hpi, v l d l giam thilu cle t i c hai cua Bai viit IWQC thugt ve ly thuyet nghien cwu nhu-ng thay d l i m l mpt s l nghi l l nghi le chuyen ddi cua nha nhan hoc ngwai chuyin d l i ddi" (Arnold Van Gennep, 1960, tr 13) Hlu hit nhu-ng nghi l l Bl Arnold van Gennep cdng thnh chuyin d l i dygc chia thinh ba giai doan "Nhung nghi le chuyen ddi" (Les rites de passage), xuat ban nam 1909 Theo tie chinh: phan ly (tryde ngygng), chuyen tiip gia nay, nghi le chuyen ddi la nhung nghi (trong ngygng) v l hgi nhgp (sau ngydng) le dinh diu su- chuyen ddi cua ca nhan Giai doan phIn ly bao gIm nhu-ng hinh vi suit vdng d&i, tir tinh trgng sang bio hieu sy tich rdi cua mpt e l nhin hay tinh trgng khac, tir vai trd, dia vi sang mdt nhdm ngydi khoi vj tri c l djnh tryde vai trd, dia vi khac, hqrp nhit nhu'ng kinh dd c l u true xa hpi hoac d e dilu kiOn nghigm cua ngw&i va kinh nghigm van van hda (mpt trang thii); giai dogn hda v&i vdng d&i: d&i, sinh eon, trw&ng giu-a giai dogn ngoli l l , d l i tygng thy l l thanh, kit hon va chit di Day la mgt (ngydi dyge chuyin tilp) d trgng thii rlt hwang tiip cgn ve nghi le da cd & phwang mg h i , khong ed nhu-ng thu0e tinh cua Tiy tir diu the ky XX, nhwng chwa dwqfc trgng thii da qua m l cung chya cd nhu-ng nghien cwu eo /?# thdng a Vigt Nam Muc thuOc tinh cua trgng thii slp din; d giai dich bai nham gi&i thigu den dgc gia mgt dogn culi ngydi thy l§ hoan thinh nghi phwang phap nghien ciru ve nghi le vong thu-c, tai hoa nhgp vdi mOt tam t h i mdi d&i ngw&i (Arnold Van Gennep, 1960, tr VII-VIII) Trong cdng trinh nly, Anorid van Gennep Nghi l l chuyin d l i dygc nhi nhan hpc d l cap den nghi le chuyin dli cua sy ngydi Bf Arnold Van Gennep (1873-1975) chuyen d l i lanh t h i (territorial passage), phIn tich CO he thing tie phlm bang nhu-ng c l nhin gia nh|p nhdm, thy thai v l tilng Phip Les rites de passage, xult ban sinh (pregnancy and childbirth), sy nam 1909^^' Arnold Van Gennep cho rang ehio ddi v l tuli niln thilu, dinh "nhu-ng thay d l i trgng thii (cua ngydi) (initiation rites), dinh hdn v l kit hdn, l l lam khuly dpng cupc sing e l nhan v l xa tang, l l dpng t h i va khanh thinh, d t tic lln diu, mpc eli rang d i u tien, byde di d i u tien, l l n kinh nguylt d i u tien, nhOng TrIn Hanh Minh Phygng Thac sT Trydng Oai nghi l l g i n vdi sy thay d l i cua thing, mCia, hpc Thu Diu MOt TOM TAT TRAN HANH MINH PHU'ONG - VE L Y T H U Y E T NGHIEN CCTU NGHI LE nam, l l ta gn, nghi thCpc giao mua, nghi l l liln quan d i n chu ky mat trang Van Gennep khdng quan t i m d i n chi tilt cac nghi thCpc ma chf phan tich y nghTa chu dao va nhu-ng tinh hulng tygng dli, trinh ty nghi l l , chf cac nghi thCpc phIn ly, ben l l v l sum hpp, sy t i n tai cua cle mep l l , ly cac Idp nghi l l SU" CHUYEN DOI LANH THO {TERRITORIAL PASSAGE) Ll vygt qua dydng bien gidi lanh thi, dydng ranh gidi trCpu tygng cua chinh tri, lu|t phip v l kinh t l , hay ma thuat-tdn giao Bit ky ngydi nIo, tu- vj tri nly vygt qua vj tri khic d i u elm thIy t h i chit v l tinh thin d trgng thii dgc biet thdi gian dli: trgng thai lygng phIn (nu-a vdi) giu-a hai thii eye v l nghi l i chuyin dli giup c l nhin vygt qua tinh trgng lydng phIn dd (Arnold Van Gennep, 1960, tr 18) Arnold van Gennep mo ta nghi l l chuyin dli lanh thi cua vua Sparta tham gia ehiln tranh nhy mpt nghi thCpc clu mong sy ding thuan cua thin Zeus d l byde vIo lanh thi cua d l i phygng Nghi l l chuyin dli lanh t h i khdng chf co lien quan quIc gia, khu vyc m l cdn la ling, thj trIn, mOt phIn cua thj trIn, mdt ngdi din, mpt ngii nhi Dja dilm diln nghi l l gan liln vdi cu-a khIu, cinh cu-a I I ranh gidi giu-a t h i gidi bin v l dilu bin ngoli d l i vdi ddi sing thydng nhgt, giCi-a t h i tyc v l linh thiing mdt ngdi din Vi vay, vygt qua ngydng cu'a I I ban thin ngydi byde vIo t h i gidi mdi Nghi le chuyin dli linh thi lien quan d i n cle nghi l l vygt qua nui, song CA N H A N V A N H O M Cl nhan muln trd thinh thinh viln cua mOt nhIm hay cdng ding phai trai qua 69 nghi l i d l gia nhap nhdm MOt ngydi ylu di, bj Ipt trIn, bj phan bipt dli xu-, tham chi bj gilt nlu khdng trIi qua nghi l l gia nh|p nhdm v i n II ngydi ben l l cua nhom, va ngydi trd nen linh thieng, bit xam phgm, dyge trdi ban cho su-c manh ma thuat trai qua nghi l l gia nhap nhdm Tryde gia nh|p nhdm, ca nhan phai dCpng Igi, chd dgi, vygt qua thdi ky chuyin tilp Nhu-ng nghi thCpc gia nhap nhdm cd t h i bao gIm sy tilp xuc th|t sy (ell v l tay, eli bit tay), trao dli qui I I thu-c an hay nhu-ng vat cd gia tri, an, uIng cung nhau, cung hut mpt t l u thulc, hiln t l nhu-ng vat, ric nydc hay mlu, cung xu-c diu, bupe dinh vIo nhau, de len nhau, ngii len Hinh thCpc tilp xuc giln tilp thing qua viec cung sd vIo v|t thiing, tygng thin dja phygng, hay "linh v|t" (fetish post) Tit ca nhu-ng hinh dOng trln chu-ng t l nghi l l d l e l nhin gia nh|p nhdm II nghi le hgp nhlt (a rite of incorporation), hay dygc gpi I I bi tich kit hgp (sacrament of communion) (Arnold Van Gennep, 1960, tr 29) Viec THIJ THAI VA SINH CON Nhu-ng nghi l l cua vile thy thai v l sinh dyge xem I I mpt Nghi l l dygc bit diu blng viec ngydi phy nO- mang thai d c h ly vdi x l hpi, vdi gia dinh, th|m chi vdi d gidi tinh cua b l ta v l trai qua nhilu nghi l l : giao d m (sympathetic) lly nhilm (contagious), tn^c tilp (direct), giln tilp (indirect), dpng lye (dynamistic), v|t linh (animistic) Myc dich cua nhu-ng nghi thu-c II tao sy thugn Igi cho viec sinh nd, bao ve ngydi me va dCpa be (dli II ca ngydi b l , hp hing thin thuOc, ca gia dinh, ddng hp) khdi nhii-ng dilu khIng linh Nghi l l thy thai v l sinh eon cua ngydi Todas d An 70 TRAN HANH MINH PHU'ONG - VE L Y T H U Y E T NGHIEN CCTU NGHI LE hdn cho d i n cd l y sinh dygc mpt du-a Dp diln theo trinh ty nhy sau: Khi eon v l vi vay viec cd eon chu-ng minh rang ngydi phy nu- co thai, cd l y se bj elm di cd l y cd the sinh nd (capable of vIo ling hay nhu-ng ngi linh thieng VIo reproduction) cd kha nang thyc hien dygc thing thLP nam, co mpt nghi l l gpi II "rdi chLPC nang l l m me Cd nhu-ng din tic, lang" (village we leave), thdi gian ngydi phy nu- phai sing tup llu die xem hdn nhan I I chya thinh nlu nhy chya sinh eon L l thy thai v l sinh eon biet Theo nghi l l , ngydi phy nu- phai each dyge xem la nhu-ng hinh vi culi cung cua ly cupc sing thydng nhgt Sau dd ngydi phu nu- trd v l nha sing d i n thang thCp bay l i cydi Trd ngydi me dao dCpc v l vj tri xa hpi cua ngydi phy nu- dygc nlng Trong thing thCp bay, "c6 mpt nghi l l cung len, thay vi chf dgn thuan la mdt ngydi phy va ten" (the ceremony of the bow and nu- binh thydng, sau cd du-a diu arrow) d l xac djnh ngydi cha xa hpi cho ldng, ngydi phu nu- l y trd thinh mpt mpnh dCra tre s l p ddi Ngydi phy nu- se sinh phy, thay vi I I nd le hay vg le (nlng hlu, tai nha, khong co nghi le dac biet nao Hai hay ba ngly sau do, ngydi phy nu- v l thilp), trd thinh ngydi ty v l II ngydi cua minh d i n sing d mpt tup llu dac vg hgp phip Oil vdi nhu-ng din tpc cho phep ly hon d l dang thi viec ddi cua biet, nhu-ng nghi l l dyge thyc hien cho sy du-a tre cung chinh I I nguyin nhin khiln rdi khoi ngoi nhi cung nhy tup llu, hay sy cho cap vg ching l y kho ly hdn Vi v|y, trd v l ngoi nhi Trong thdi gian sing tai llu, ngydi phy nu-, ching eo l y v l dCra tre nghi l l thy thai v l sinh dygc xem II rlt quan trpng d l i vdi c l nhin v l xa hpi Nghi bj coi I I u l nen dygc thyc hien nhu-ng l l dyge xem I I bao ve v l giup ngydi me nghi thCpc ching Igi nhu-ng linh hIn x l u gpi d l sinh II keirt Culi cung gia dinh hp trd lai cupc sing thydng nhgt vdi viec uIng sQ-a thieng s y CHAO DO"! VA THO^I THa Au TCP viec mo ta ehi tilt tren, chung ta thIy xu hydng eleh ly ngydi phy nii- eo thai v l sinh khoi t h i gidi xung quanh, d l giu- co l y eleh ly giai doan chuyin tilp v l cho phep CO l y t l i hpi nhap trd lai cupc sing thydng nhat sau vygt qua cle giai dogn chuyin tilp Nhy vgy tiln trinh nghi l l II: phIn ly, chuyin tilp vdi viec di chuyin din din d i n nhu-ng chydng nggi vat, v l t l i hpi nhgp Igi cupc sing thydng nhlt Sinh eon lln d i u tien la dilu quan trpng mang tinh xa hpi ding dyge quan tim, dilu nly tgo nen nhilu cam xuc khic dli vdi nhilu ngydi Ching hgn, nhy ngydi Bontok Igorot d Philippines, v l mpt vli ngi khic, ngydi eon g i i khong t h i kit Cd nhu-ng dan tpc xem ngydi phy numang thai I I d u l , v l sy d u l d l se truyin cho du-a tre, v l vi vay ngydi me phai chip hinh nhu-ng dilu d m ky, la giai dogn culi cung de ngydi phy nu- trd v l xa hOi sau sinh Rlt nhilu nghi l l bao vO ching Igi t h i lye x l u , sy nguy hilm, bOnh t|t v l tit ca nhu-ng gi gpi I I linh hIn xlu, diu t it cho me v l eon, die biet I I du-a tre, nhO-ng nghi l l nly khIng chf cd y nghTa thyc hinh m l cdn I I y nghTa cho linh hIn Nhu-ng nghi thCpc cho du-a tre mdi sinh Igi iiSn quan d i n trinh t y cua nhO-ng nghi l l phIn ly, chuyin tilp v l t l i hOi nh|p Bda tre mdi sinh khdng chf dygc xem II "linh thieng" (sacred) m l cdn dygc tin ring chf TRAN HANH MINH PHU'ONG - VE LYTHUYET NGHIEN CLTU NGHI LE CO t h i du-gc sinh dygc nhu-ng ngydi xung quanh quy mIn DCpa be, d i u tien phai each ly vdi moi trydng tryde cua nd, dgn gian la each ly vdi me cua du-a be DCpa tre du-gc d l cho ngydi phy nu- khac cham soe vai ngly Ngydi ta thyc hien vai nghi l l mang tinh truyin d m d l ehuIn bj cho dCpa tre dygc vu-ng chai hgn, manh dan hgn, kheo leo hgn, c6 nhu-ng nghi l l nhy tam lln d i u tien, ep rii-a dCpa tre vi myc dich vO sinh D l i vdi nhu-ng dan too tin cd sy luan hIi, sy d i u thai, myc dich cua nhu-ng nghi l l la phan ly dCra tre mdi sinh vdi thi gidi ngydi chit va cho no hoa nhap vIo thi gidi ngydi sing Nhu-ng nghi thCpc nly lien quan d i n vipe d t bo cai gi tren eg thi dLPa be: nhy cat tdc, cao diu Nhu-ng nghi l l chinh cua thdi thg l u liln quan din sy viec d t cuing rin, t i m lln diu, dgt ten, elt toe lln diu, bu-a an lln diu vdi gia dinh, mpc eli rang diu tien, byde di d i u tien, cupc di chgi diu tien, mgc trang phye d i u tien theo gidi tinh NGHI L £ T H A N H D I N H Sy dly thi v l m|t sinh ly nhlt thilt khac vdi "sy dly thi v l mgt xa hoi" va cd rlt it dilm trung Nghi l l dinh (initiation rites) danh diu sy trydng cua c l nhin v l mgt xa hpi, c l nhan chinh thCpc trd thinh thinh vien cua xa hpi Nghi l l thinh dinh I I nghi thCpc d t bao quy diu cua be trai dygc thyc hipn d nhu-ng dp tuli khic nhau: dilu nly cho thIy dly II hinh vi mang tinh xa hdi chu- khong phai mang y nghTa sinh ly "Myc dich tren hit cua nghi thLPC nly I I d l dinh d i u sy thay dli trpng ylu ddi sing cua dCpa be trai Qui khCp trd nen xa rdi vdi nd, khoang eleh dd 71 rlt Idn, nd khong t h i quay lai Mli day lien he giu-a nd vdi me bj elt dCpt, va tCp v l sau nd gan bd vdi dan ong Tit ca nhu-ng mon t h i thao, tro chgi thdi thg l u bj lang quen cung mli rang bupe gia dinh giu-a nd vdi me, chj gai Bay gid nd la ngydi dan ong, ganh vac nhu-ng trach nhiem cua cpng ding" (Arnold Van Gennep, 1960, tr 75) Cd nhu-ng bd lac, ngydi chju nghi l l dygc xem nhy da chit va dyge sing lai dygc day sing cho khac vdi thdi nien thilu Dd la nhu-ng t l cua nghi l l chuyin dli Nghi l l gia nhap totem giio cua ngu-di Oc, l l gia nhap Cg Die giao, Hii giao, Ph|t giao v l nhu-ng t l ehCpc huyln bi thdi c l dai, nghi l l trd phap sy, nghi l l len ngdi cua Pharaoh diu gilng c l v l chi tilt lin trat ty nghi l l Hanh vi diu tien cua ngydi thy l l I I rdi xa moi trydng tryde do, sing eleh ly vdi t h i gidi thydng nhgt kim theo t i t ca nhu-ng hinh thCpc d m ky, thyc hien an kieng, chju dyng nhu-ng nghi thCpc "tly u l " t it ca nhu-ng gi thuOe v l trgng thii tryde mdi dyge nh|p vao t h i gidi linh thieng Sau nghi thCpc nly, ngydi thy l l da dygc hda ngydi mdi Tuy theo van hda va tin ngu-dng cua tCpng dia phygng ma ehi tilt cac nghi l l thyc hien cho cac ca nhan cd khac nhau, nhu-ng tit ca d i u gIm ba giai dogn: nghi l l phan ly khoi tinh trgng cu, nghi l l chuyen tiip a giai doan ngydng giu-a tinh trang cu v l tinh trang mdi, nghi II sum hgp dya e l nhin gia nhgp vIo tinh trgng mdi LE DiNH HON VA KET H O N Hon nhan clu dilu quan trqng nhlt sy chuyin tilp tCp tinh trang xa hOi nly sang tinh trgng xa hpi khic, bdi vi it 72 TRAN HANH MINH PHU'ONG - VE L Y T H U Y E T NGHIEN CQ-U NGHI LE nhlt mdt cap hdn phli cd lien quan d i n sy thay dli gia dinh, thj tpc, ling v l bp tie, v l doi mdt cap vg ching mdi d i n djnh cy ngoi nhi mdi Sy thay d l i chd d dygc dinh d i u nhu-ng nghi thCpc phan ly, luon dyge d l cap d i u tien nghi l l vygt qua lanh dja Dly II giai doan thydng dygc gpi I I "sy dinh hon" hay "hCpa hdn" (betrothal), d hlu hit cle dan tpc, giai doan dac biet va ddc lap vdi nghi thLPC hon l l Hdn l l bao gIm cle nghi l l phIn ly, chuyin tilp v l sum hpp L l cydi (marriage) bao gIm nghi l l mang tinh bao vg va sinh san, nd co t h i la nghi thu-c giao d m (sympathetic) hay lay truyin (contagious), vgt linh (animistic) hay dpng lye (dynamistic), tryc tilp hay gian tilp, v l tich eye (positive) hay tieu eye (negative) (dilu d m ky) Van Gennep chu ylu mo ta nhii-ng nghi l l phIn ly v l sum hpp trgt ty cua chung Khong k l nhu-ng trydng hgp "hon nhin theo thong lu|t" (common law marriage) (Arnold Van Gennep, 1960, tr 117), luon cd nhilu nhom ngydi quan t i m din CO d i u v l chu r l : ngydi mai mli, phu diu, gia dinh nhi trai, nhi gii, hp hing thin thupe, nhu-ng nhom thj tpc totem (totem clan), nhdm nhu-ng ngydi cung Chung tin ngydng, nhdm tuli, cpng ding cung chung du-c tin, hpi nghl nghiOp, nhIm dja phygng (ling, x l , khu phi ) Hon nhin luon mang khia cgnh kinh t l (economic aspect), hinh vi mang ban chit kinh t l (chang hgn nhy thich cydi (establishing amount), tiln cydi (payment) Dk kit hon, mpt c l nhin da vygt qua nhdm cua nhu-ng du-a tre hoge tuli thilu niln d l byde vIo nhdm trygng thinh, chuyin tCp thj tpc sang thj tpc khac, tugia dinh nly sang gia dinh khic, tCi- ling nly sang lang khic C l nhin se phIn ly khoi nhu-ng nhom nly v l gia nhap vIo nhu-ng nhom khic Nhu-ng nghi l l bilu tryng sy phIn ly l l cydi cua ngydi Bashkirs, ngydi A Rap d Sinai, ngydi Khond d miln nam An DO, ngydi Mabuiag d dao Torres Straitbao II thay quIn l o , 66 binh sii-a, b l ba qua diu, d t , llm vd hoac vCpt bo nhu-ng gi co lien quan d i n thdi thg l u v l cupc sing die than: d t tdc, cao rlu, nham mit Igi, thio nu- trang, ding cho thin linh d l chgi nhy bup be, nu- trang, quIn l o cua ngydi do, cdi trln tCp that lyng trd len, thay dli thdi quen an uIng; phan phit d l chgi, nu- trang hoac q u i "lyu niem" cho nhu-ng ngydi ban thdi nien thilu, dinh hole llm nhye blu ban cua ngydi dd thdi nien thilu, hoge chinh c l nhin thy le bj dinh, bj llm nhye bdi nhu-ng ngydi bgn; ru-a chin ho|c dygc ru-a chan, tam hay ty XLPC d i u thanh, phi huy hoge mang long Id sydi di, nim hai tay, khoanh tay tryde ngyc, trum khin, buOc ngydi vIo rgm, kieu, ginh; bj dly v l bj ngygc dai, ndn mCi-a, d l i ten v l dli nhin than Ngoli rieng cd dau cdn trai qua nghi l l phIn thyc (fertility rite) Ngydi thy le phai vygt qua chydng nggi v|t, nghTa II chuyin d l i tCp t h i gidi sang thi gidi khic, tu- gia dinh nly sang gia dinh khic Se I I nghi l l chuyin d l i nlu ngydi thy l l vygt qua dygc chydng nggi v|t nhy mOt sgi dly giang ngang cu-a, phi bd dygc hing rio, thIo gd canh cira Cle nghi thCpc mang y nghTa "sum hpp" (corporation) I I mpt bu-a an chung sau nhi trai mang tiln cydi d i n n h i g i i v l c l d i u da mang cua hIi mdn v l n h i ching Mpt bu-a an chung khdng liln quan din dilu kiOn kinh t l , hay sy tham gia t|p thi TRAN HANH MINH PHU'ONG - VE LY THUYET NGHIEN CCTU NGHI LE mpt nghi thCpc mang tinh ton giao Trong nghi l l sum hpp, cd nhu-ng hanh vi mang y nghTa c l nhan v l nhu-ng heinh vi mang y nghTa kit hgp ngydi vg va ngydi ching; dya hoac trao d l i that lyng, vong tay, nhin hoac quIn l o , bupe ngydi vdi ngydi bang sgi dly, ggi nen long ylu thygng blng nhu-ng hinh dpng (thIt chat tay nhau, dan tay vao nhau, hon, dm, cyng d i u nhau, ngii len nhau, nim len nhau), ngydi su- dyng vai thCp cua ngydi (su-a, trIu, thulc la, dyng cy lam viOc); ngydi nly tang ngydi d l an hoge thu-c uIng, an cung nhau; gdi mpt mlu vai hay khIn trum diu; ngii cung mOt ehl, uIng mau cua nhau, cung an mpt loai thu-c In hay I n chung m|t dTa, uIng chung mpt thu-c uIng, xoa bdp nhau, cung XLPC diu thinh, tam cho nhau, v l di vIo nhi mdi Giai doan chuyen tiip co t h i co hole khIng cd y nghTa gidi tinh Trong thdi gian d l dinh hdn, ddi nam nii- vin chya dygc phep quan he tinh giao, eli dygc sinh thdi gian nly se khong dygc x l hOi thCpa nh|n, cho du chic chin II doi nam nu- se cydi V l eg ban, le cydi d nhu-ng d i n tie khic c6 nhO-ng net tygng ding nhau, chf khic d chi tilt, v l dilu nly d l hilu nlu Chung ta bilt ring myc dich cua nghi l l II sy hoa nh|p cua ngydi "Ig" (stranger) vIo cOng ding Sau l l cydi, ngydi ching din sing d gia dinh n h i vg hoge ngydi vg din sing d gia dinh n h i ching, mli topdng hgp doi hdn phli nly phai tham gia vIp nhO-ng hinh vi nghi l l linh thieng 6k trg thinh thinh viln gia dinh TANG L £ Tang l l dygc xem I I nghi l l thiln v l sy #ito ly Tang l l bao gIm nhii-ng nghi thCpc 73 dya ngydi chit gia nh|p vIo t h i gidi ngydi chit Tang l l thydng khac theo cac dan tpc Mat khac tang l l vao gidi tinh, tuli, dja vj xa hpi cua ngydi chit Tang l l clng phCpc tap hgn nlu nhy ngydi cd nhu-ng quan niem khac nhau, hay trIi ngygc v l t h i gidi sau chit t it ca nhu-ng dilu dygc phan anh nghi l l L l tang bao gIm nhu-ng nghi thu-c mang tinh tieu eye (dilu d m ky) vdi myc dich each ly ngydi chit khoi xa hpi ngydi sing, than t h i ngydi chit dygc dgt trgng thii linh thieng v l tinh khilt Trong suit thdi gian ngydi sing d l tang, ngydi chit d tinh trgng giu-a t h i gidi ngydi sing v l ngydi chit Ngydi chit se trd v l t h i gidi ben sdm hay khdng thupe mCpc dp quyln luyin cua ngydi thin, ngydi thin cang it t h i hiOn sy quyln luyin, ngydi chit cang sdm siOu tholt Vipc d l tang dygc dya tren d p b|c dong hp, thein tpc (hp cha, hp me hai hp) Nhu-ng din ong goa vg, d i n b l gia ching ed t h i thupe v l t h i gidi dgc bipt thdi gian dli, v l hp chf tholt khoi tinh trgng nly thong qua nghi thCpc thich hgp Phy ndchit dang mang thai thi linh hIn hp se kho sieu tholt Trong thdi gian chju tang, phai trinh mac nhu-ng trang phye sac sd Nhu-ng dilu d m doln thdi gian d l tang dygc xem I I nghi le tai hoa nh|p vIo cupc sing xa hpi, tygng ty nhy nghi l l t l i hda nhgp dli vdi ngydi nhgp dgo CII chit cua ngydi co dja vj du-ng diu x l hdi se llm ngyng tre cle hogt ding x l hOi Nlu ngydi I I lanh dgo quIc gia (tu trydng, thu tydng, chu tjch ) qua ddi thi se c l quIc tang (public mourning), ed nhu-ng ngly nghf Vi dy: Trung Hoa, hoing d l blng h i se giy nen sy xlo trdn xa h|i, dit nydc se c l xu hydng h^nh chinh, kinh t l 74 TRAN HANH MINH PHU'ONG - VE L Y T H U Y E T NGHIEN CLTU NGHI LE chinh tri mdi Trong gia dinh co ngydi than qua ddi, nhu-ng hoat dpng thydng nhat cung bj ngyng tre Cupc hinh trinh vao t h i gidi ben v l sy gia nhap vIo t h i gidi bao gIm nhilu nghi l l chuyin doi m l chi tilt cua nhu-ng nghi l l tCrng ngi khic nhau, phan Inh bin sic van hda cua tO-ng dan too nhy Ai Cap, Hy Lap, Ue hay ton giio nhy Phat giao, Cong giio, Hii Gilo NHU'NG LOAI NGHI L E C H U Y E N D O I KHAC Cd t h i chu-ng minh ring nghi l l chuyin d l i II nghi le phan ly, chuyin tilp hoac sum hpp Bit ky mpt nghi le nao cung cd t h i giai thich bang nhilu eleh, thupe nghi l l dd diln he thing holn ehfnh hay mpt nghi thCpc rieng le, nghi l l chf dygc thyc hinh mpt lln hay nhilu lln Nghi le lien quan din toe bao gIm: elt toe, hiln ding, thinh hoa toe Cit toe I I chia d t ban thin ngydi dd vdi t h i gidi tryde Hiln ding toe II bupe c l nhin vIo t h i gidi linh thiing dat biet II vdi thin linh v l t i j i e n d l khult Nghi l l d t toe hoge ego d i u cung mang y nghTa khie: D i u be trai bj ego eon II d i u chf be trai byde vIo giai dogn khic culc ddi; d i u cd g i i bj ego thdi dilm kit hon cho thIy sy thay d l i tCp dp tuli nly sang dp tuli khic Nhu-ng ngydi goa phy elt toe 6k d t dCpt sgi dly ring bupe bdi hon nhin Nghi l l trd nen hieu nghiem bang viec chon tdc xulng m l ; doi cung y nghTa nly ngydi ta elt toe ngydi chit Nhung nghi le cho diiu diu tien (rites of the first time): L§ dgng thd, khanh thanh: Nghi l l chuyin d l i khdng xult hien vdi dly du hinh thCpc cua nd Dd I I nhu-ng nghi le dygc thyc hien bit d i u xay dyng [founding], hay khanh (inauguration) mpt cdng trinh: nhy ngdi nha, d i n thd, ngoi lang hay thj trln Mang thai va sinh lin diu tien diu la nhu-ng djp tiln hinh nghi l l quan trpng mac du giii-a lln sinh d i u v l lln sinh sau khong co sy khac nhilu xet v l mat cham sdc y t l va ve sinh Viec sinh du-a eon d i u long, dac biet la trai thi quan trpng hgn nhCi-ng lln sinh sau quan niem vai trd trydng nam Cat tdc lin dau, mgc cai rang dau tiin, lin dau an thirc an ran, bw&c di diu tien, lin kinh nguygt dau tien - nhu-ng nghi thCpc cho nhu-ng djp nly phong phu v l hinh thCpc, nhyng eg ban thi gilng Ldi hCpa hIn d i u tiln quan trpng hgn nhu-ng lln sau, v l Chung ta co t h i hinh dung dygc mpt co gii se dau khi, ho then nhy t h i nIo bj phan bpi Idi dinh ydc diu tien Hon nhin d i u tien I I quan trpng nhlt Viec sinh dCpa d i u tien thydng I I dilm kit thue cua hdn l l Nhung nghi le gin lien v&i su" thay ddi cOa nam, mua hoge thing cung dygc xem II nghi le chuyin d l i L l "tha thu'' (forgiving): Ngly culi cCing cua mdt nam, t i t ca elc thinh viln gia dinh doln tu mpt bu-a tiee, mpi ngydi cung chuIn bj l l vat 6k cung t l tiln tinh than l i T i t ca (dilu khong hay) d l Igi d nam cu v l mpi ngydi quy tryde bin thd t l tien, ngydi Idn tryde ngydi nhd sau Nghi le chuyen ddi dwgtc tim thiy nhCrng nghi thirc giao mua m|t trdi d xa dydng xich dgo v l phia bic hay phia nam vIo mua he hoge mua ddng Thing TRAN HANH MINH PHU'ONG - VE LYTHUYET thydng sy ting tiln mua ddng la nghi l l phIn ly, mang mua he vIo ling I I nghi l l sum hpp, trydng hgp khac mua ddng chit di, mua he v l mua xuan tai sinh Sy chuyin d l i mua mang cd t h i tim thIy sy dam chii lpc sau giai doan chuyin tilp cua thdi ky ngu ddng Myc dich cua t i t ca nhu-ng nghi le tren lam dOng thyc vlt sinh sdi nly nd, dit dai mlu md, cly trIi dgm hoa kit trai Ngoli cdn cd mpt s l nghi l l khic nhy nghi l l dygc t l chCpc d l ehuIn bj cho mpt cupc di san hay dinh bit e l , nghi thCpc md rpng totem, v l mpt v l i phygng dien nghi l l cho ehiln tranh, hdn l l KET LUAN Clng trinh nly cua Arnold van Gennep II phic hpa byde d i u v l nhu-ng nghi l l m l nhO-ng c l nhin trai qua vIo nhu-ng djp quan trpng cudc ddi Mli e l nhin diu c l nhii-ng vai trd khic x l hpi, d l chuyin tCp vai trd nly sang vai trd khic, c l nhin buOc phai trai nghi l l chuyin dli vin rlt da dgng v l hinh thCpc nhyng gilng v l chCpc nang Cf giai doan chuyen tilp, c l nhin thydng phai bj c l Igp, holn toln tich biOt vdi ca nhom, v l dli II thinh vien cua mdt nhom d|c biet Myc dich cua quyln sich nly khong nhIm ml ta chi tilt tCpng nghi l l cy t h i m l nham din nhO-ng y nghTa thilt ylu v l trgt ty cua chOng: 1^ t i n tgi cle nghi thCpc tiin ngwdng, ngw&ng v l h$u ngw&ng Vj tri cua nhO-ng nghi l l khic theo d l II sy kien sinh hay chit di, thinh dinh hay kit hdn, khic v l chi tilt nhyng sy slp xlp ben dydi ludn gilng Bilu trpng tam thu- hai m l Arnold van NGHIEN CCTU NGHI LE 75 Gennep quan tam la sy t i n tai vin cd cua nhu-ng giai doan ngydng Khai niem ngygng cho phep chung ta hilu dygc sy phu-c tap va trat ty cua nhu-ng nghi l l V i n d l thCp ba la sy chuyin dli tCp vj tri xa hpi sang vj tri xa hpi khac dygc xac djnh blng sy chuyin dli lanh t h i (territorial passage), chang han nhy di vao mpt lang hay mdt ngoi nhi, di chuyin tCp phong nly sang phdng khic, hole bang qua dydng hay qua khu phi Cupc sing I I mpt chuoi nli tilp cua nhu-ng sy kien dac biet v l tam thdi nhy mang thai, benh tat, nhu-ng hilm nguy, nhu-ng chuyin di dli Myc dich gilng din din hinh thLPC hoat dpng gilng Dli vdi t|p t h i cung nhy c l nhan, bin than cupc sing co nghTa II d l phSn ly v l hpi ty, d l thay dli hinh thu-c v l dilu kipn, d l chit v l dygc t l i sinh No II d l hinh dpng v l dCpng Igi, d l chd dgi v l nghf nggi, v l sau d l bit diu hinh dpng Igi nhyng theo eleh khic Luin c l nhu-ng ngydng mdi phai vygt qua: ngygng cua mua he v l mua ding, cua mpt mua hay mpt nam, cua mpt thing hay mpt dim, ngygng cua sy chio ddi, thdi nien thilu, tuli trydng thinh v l tuli v l gii, ngygng cua eli chit v l ngydng cua cu$c sing vj lai • CHO THiCH '^^ Tac gii bai vilt ting thu|t bin djch tilng Anh "The Rite of Passage" 1960 Nxb Routledge & Kegan Paul TAI Lieu THAM KHAQ Arnold van Gennep 1960 7778 Rite of Passage London: Nxb Routledge&Kegan Paul  ... (nu-a vdi) giu-a hai thii eye v l nghi l i chuyin dli giup c l nhin vygt qua tinh trgng lydng phIn dd (Arnold Van Gennep, 1960, tr 18) Arnold van Gennep mo ta nghi l l chuyin dli lanh thi cua... PHU'ONG - VE L Y T H U Y E T NGHIEN CCTU NGHI LE nam, l l ta gn, nghi thCpc giao mua, nghi l l liln quan d i n chu ky mat trang Van Gennep khdng quan t i m d i n chi tilt cac nghi thCpc ma chf phan... (dilu d m ky) Van Gennep chu ylu mo ta nhii-ng nghi l l phIn ly v l sum hpp trgt ty cua chung Khong k l nhu-ng trydng hgp "hon nhin theo thong lu|t" (common law marriage) (Arnold Van Gennep, 1960,