Nghien culi ve ly thuyet "keo - day" anh hu'dng quyet djnh khdi si/ kinh doanh cua phu nu' MAI TH! ANH DAO* Tom tat Md hinh ly thuyet "keo - day" (pull push theory) duac nhieu nhd nghien cdu sd dung de gidi thich ddng lUc thuc day phu nit trd thdnh doanh nhdn Md hinh ly thuyet "keo - day " chia yeu td dong lUc ldm hai nhdm: Yeu td"keo" xudt phdt tdnhu cdu ndi tgi cua phu nit mong mudn khdi sU kinh doanh (KSKD) xudt phdt td nhUng ddc diem tinh cdch cua ho; Yeu td "day " xudt phdt tdhodn cdnh ben ngodi budc phu nU KSKD duac ly gidi sUthay ddi ve mdi trUdng sdng vd ldm viec cua ngUdi phu nit Cdc nghien cdu cho thdy rang, d cdc vung, qudc gia khdc nhau, thi tdc ddng td cdc yeu td "keo - day " tdi hdnh vi KSKD cua phu nit cung khdc Tuy nhien, cdc yeu tdndy chua gidi thich mot cdch rd rdng sU thdnh cdng cua ho hogt ddng KSKD Tft khoa: ly thuyet "keo day'', khdi sukinh doanh, ni^doanh nhdn Summary The pull-push theory model is used by many researchers to explain the motivation for women to become entrepreneurs This model divides the motivation into two groups: The "pull "factor comes from the intemal needs of women who want to start a business based on their characteristics; The "push" factor comes from the extemal situation that forces women to start a business which can be explained by changes in their living and working environment Studies show that, in different regions and countries, the impact ofthe pull and push factors on women's start-up behaviors is different However, these factors not clearly explain their success in business Keywords: pull-push theory, start-up, business women G\(3\ THIEU Ngay 30/06/2017, Thu tffdng Chinh phu Nguydn Xuan Phue da ky ban hanh Quye't dinh sd' 939/QD-TTg phe duyet De an "Hd trd phu nff khdi nghiep giai doan 2017-2025" Muc tieu eua De an la nang eao nhan thffc eua phu nff ve ehu trffdng, ehinh sach phap luat cua Dang, Nha nffdc ve khdi nghiep, thuc day hien thffc hda cac y tffdng kinh doanh, gdp phan thffc hien muc tieu qud'c gia ve phat trie'n doanh nghiep va Chie'n Iffdc Qud'c gia ve binh dang gidi Phan da'u de'n nam 2025, cd 70% hdi vien phu nff dffdc tuyen truyen, nang eao nhan thffe ve viec lam, khdi nghiep; hd trd 20.000 phu nff KSKD va khdi nghiep Dd'i tffdng eua De an la phu nff, dd, quan tam hd trd phu nff cd y tffdng, cd nhu cau khdi nghiep, cac td hdp tac/hdp tac xa, doanh nghiep mdi lap phu nff lam ehu Uu tien phu -6 nff thudc hd ngheo, khd khan, phu nff la ngffdi dan tdc thieu so', phu nff khuyet tat, phu nff sd'ng tai dia ban khd khan, dia ban chuye'n ddi da't ndng nghiep De' thffc hien muc tieu de ra, viec nghien cffu cac ddng Iffc thuc day phu nff trd doanh nhan, lap doanh nghiep la rat can thie't , MO HINH LY THjUYET "KEO - DAY" TRONG NGHIEN CLfU QUYET DjNH KSKD CUA PHU NCT Thffe te', tren the' gidi, Moore va Buttner (1997), Buame (2000) da xay dffng ly thuye't hda ly tai phu nff tham gia vao qua trinh hinh doanh nghiep, da tim tha'y md hinh hffu ich de' giai thich cae ddng cd dffdi cac ye'u td' "day" va "keo" Nhffng phat hien dffa tren gia thuye't rang, hoan canh ca nhan va ben ngoai, ea tieh cffc va tieu cffc, ed the' anh hffdng de'n quye't dinh eiia mdt ngffdi phu nff de' tao lap doanh nghiep eua chinh minh Theo eac nha nghien cffu, cae ye'u td' "day" tieu cffc thiic day phu nff can nhac de'n KSKD, cac ye'u to' "keo" lai tich effe thu hiit hg *TS., Tru'dng Dai hoc Lao dong X a h o i I Email: maitanhdao@gmail.com Ngdy nhan bdi: 05/09/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 06/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 24/10/2018 Economy and Forecast Review 39 HINH: MO HINH LY DO PHG Nfl T R T H A N H DOANH NHAN TONG QUAN CAC NGHIEN C(J\}\ DONG LU'C KSKD CUA PHU NC/BANC MO HINH LY THUYET "KEO - DAY" Phan loai yeu to dong Iv'c kinh doanh theo truyen thong Nen tang cua ph\i nOr tnioc kinh doanh Gan v6i truyin th6ng ciia phu nO* cao GSn v6i truyen th6ng cua phu nCr th^p Nguon: Orhan va Scott (2001) Ye'u to "day" dffdc nghien cffu nhff la cac ye'u td'tac ddng tieu cffc tff ben ngoai de'n KSKD cua doanh nhan Ye'u to "day" dffdc nhan bie't nhff sff thay ddi ve mdi trffdng tac ddng de'n KSKD Ye'u to "day" cd the' dffdc phan cac loai, nhff: that nghiep va cat giam nhan edng, cdng viec cd thu nhap tha'p va it dffdc cai thien, mong mud'n thoat dffdc sff giam sat tff ngffdi sff dung lao ddng (Curran va Blackburn, 2001) Dgng Iffe de trd mdt doanh nhan cd lien quan de'n edng viee thffdng dffdc coi la cac ye'u td "day" va thffdng la ye'u to quan trgng cd the' ehuan hi cho mdt sff nghiep kinh doanh (Dobrev va BarnetL 2005) Danh muc bao gdm cae van de, nhff: that nghiep, dff phdng, thie'u viee lam hoac trie'n vgng sff nghiep Ye^u to "keo " dffdc nghien cffu nhff la cac ye'u td' ndi tai tac dgng de'n KSKD ciia doanh nhan Cac ye'u td' keo lien quan de'n nhu eau ddc lap, nhu eau tffu, ly tai chinh (mong mud'n sff giau ed - ldi nhuan) phat trie'n ca nhan, tff hoan thanh, dia vi xa hdi va quyen Iffc (Hansemark, 1998) Hoac cac yeu td "keo", nhff: mong mud'n trd mdt dng chii cua chinh minh, tang sff giau cd, thay dd'i ldi sd'ng hoac sff dung kinh nghiem va kie'n thffc cua minh, cd the' thu hiit mdt ca nhan tdi KSKD Trong eac ye'u td "keo" dffdc nghien cffu, ye'u td nhu cau ddc lap dffdc mdt sd nghien effu coi nhff ddng cd sd mdt cho nhieu ngffdi viec trd mdt doanh nhan Cac ly tai chinh (tien bac) khdng phai liic nao cung la ddng cd de' bat dau kinh doanh (DeMartino va Barbato, 2003) Mdt sd nghien cffu cho rang dgng cd thiie day KSKD ciia phu nff la ye'u td "day" ye'u td thiic day ciia nam gidi la ye'u td "keo" Tuy nhien, cung cd nghien cffu eho rang, ea phu nff va dan dng deu bi thiic day KSKD bdi ca ye'u td "day" va "keo" Theo nghien cffu cua Kirkwood ya Walton (2010), dffdc thffe hien d New Zealand, quye't dinh ciia ca nam gidi va phu nff de' lap doanh nghiep hi anh hffdng bdi md'i lien he giffa cac ye'u td "day" va "keo" _ Cae ly kinh te, nhff hdi nhap thi trffdng lao ddng, hd trd thu nhap gia dinh, ddc lap edng viee, mat viec lam cd Iffdng, mua tai san ca nhan da dffdc xac dinh la ye'u td "day" Tuy nhien, nhffng ly ca nhan 40 va tam ly, nhff: sff khdng hai long vdi noi lam viec trffdc day, sff danh gia cua xa hpi ve mdt doanh nhan edng, cam giac sang tao, long tff trgng cung khuygj khich mgi ngffdi thffc hien KSKD Md hinh ly thuye't "keo day" cua Orhan va Scott (2001) giai tiiieh sffhinli cae yeu to "keo" va "day" anli hffdng de'n quyet dinh KSKD eua phu nii (Hinh) Tac gia da phat trien md hinh difa tren nghien effu ve ddng Iffe cua phu nil quye't dinh KSKD va nghien effu dinh tini gdm 25 doanh nhan nff cua Phap dffcJc i dung nhff kham pha tinh hud'ng nghien cihi Nghien cffu chi rang, ed nhieu ly khie'n nff gidi lam ehu doanh nghiep, Sff phan loai cac ly phu nff trd thanli doanh nhan bat ngudn tff dac diem var' hda truyen thd'ng dan de'n nhan thiJc m phu nff ve KSKD Kirkwood (2009) nghien cffu cac yen to thue day kinh doanh bang md hinh ly thuye't keo day Nghien effu yeu to' "keo", nhff: Sif dgc lap; Tien hac; W thaeh/thanh dat; va Tim kie'm cd hpi vaJ ye'u td "day", nhff: Cdng viee khdng deu lai sff thda man; Thay ddi edng viec; Difdc giup dd; va Gia dinh Nghien effu cho thay rang, dgng Iffe quan trgng eua phu nCkinl doanh la gia dinh Phu nff danh gia tai ddng cua quye't dinh trd mpt doai nhan dffa tren gia dinh eua hg Nghien cil da xem xet md'i quan he gia dinh cuapto nff vdi nhffng ngffdi khac quyet di kinh doanh ne'u md'i quan he gap ngiij hiem, hg ed the' khdng tie'p tue vdi quy^i dinh trd doanh nhan Dieu thu vi la nghien cffu cho tha] md'i quan he giffa eac ye'u td "day" hiift tdi muc dich kinh doanh va mdi quant khdng ed y nghia thd'ng ke Dieu na cho tha'y, dgng lufc thuc day khdng i quan trffc tie'p de'n nhu eau vat chat vapi hdp vdi nhffng phat hien eua Hisrich* Brush (1987) Han che'ciia nghien ciJuni la gidi han bdi mlu nhd va khao sattro» pham vi phd nhd cua Malaysia Nghien cffu ddng lire KSKD theoi thuye't "keo" va "day" cho thay, si/0 ddng tff hoan canh mdi tru'dng va nti thffe ca nhan tao cac ye'u to thiic ^' phu nff trd doanh nhan xet tren dien tieh cifc va tieu cifc fcfi Thdng qua cae ke't qua nghien cffu ;ho tha'y, d eac qud'c gia khac nhau, ed len van hda khac cac ly khie'n Dhu nff trd doanh nhan eung khac ihau theo xu hffdng: Xu hffdng 1: Cac ye'u td "day" tac long phu nff trd doanh nhan; Xu hffdng 2: Cac yeu td "keo" tac tdng phu nff trd doanh nhan; Xu hffdng 3: Ye'u td tae ddng phu iff trd doanh nhan gdm ca ye'u to 'keo" va ye'u to "day" Cae nffdc cd nen kinh te phat trien va If tien bd phu nff, thi ye'u td "keo" tac long nhieu hdn Cac nffdc ed nen kinh te' ham phat trien va truyen thd'ng gan vdi ihu nff nhieu, thi chiu tae ddng tff ye'u to 'day" nhieu hdn KET LUAN Cd sff khac biet ve ly khdi sff eua phu nff eac nghien cffu dffdc cae nha nghien cffu nhan dinh ye'u td' mdi trffdng va van hda d mdi nffdc khae tao sff nhan thffe va hoan canh khac cua mdi ea nhan thuc day ho trd doanh nhan Md hinh ly thuye't "keo"-"day" la md hinh giai thieh kha day du va nhieu nha nghien cffu sff dung de' tim cae ye'u td'tac ddng de'n KSKD ciia phu nff Tuy nhien, md hinh chffa phan tieh dffdc cac ye'u to' tac ddng nao ed tao sff edng eho doanh nhan nff? Bdi, mdt doanh nghiep dffdc tao chffa chae da boat ddng edng kinh doanh Do vay, de nghien effu cac ye'u to' tac ddng de'n KSKD cdng can ed sff nghien cffu tie'p ve ly thuye't va md hinh de giai thieh cho hien tffdng khdi nghiep edng • TAI LIEUJTHAMJQIAO • Thu tffdng Chinh phu (2017) Quyet dinh sd 939/QD-TTg, ngdy 30/06/2017 phe duyet De dn ' Hd tra phu nU khdi nghiep giai dogn 2017-2025" Bennet, RJ & Dann, S (2000) The Changing Experience of Australian Female Entrepreneurs, iender Work Organization, 7(2), 75-83 Buame, S (2000) Advanced Entrepreneurship: Enterprise Culture, Venture Creation, romotion & Management of SMEs in Ghana, University of Ghana Press, Accra Curran, J and Blackburn, R (2001) Older people and the enterprise society: age and selftnployment propensities Work, Employment and Society, 15(4), 889-902 Dobrev, S.D., & Barnett, W.P (2005) Organizational roles and transition to entrepreneurship, cademy of Management Journal, 48(3), 433-449 : DeMartino, R., and R J Barbato (2003) Differences Among Women and Men MBA ntrepreneurs: Exploring Family Flexibility and Wealth Creation as Career Motivators, Journal of usiness Venturing, 18(6), 815-832 Fielden, S & Davidson, M (2005) International Handbook of Women and Small Business ntrepreneurship, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Northampton, Massachusetts Hansemark, O.C (1998) The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on need for hievement and locus of control of reinforcement International Journal of Entrepreneurial ^haviour & Research, 4(1), 28-50 ; Hisrich, R.D and Brush, C G (1987) Women entrepreneurs: a longitudinal study In N C hurchill, J A Hornaday, B A Kirchhoff, O J Krasner, K H Vesper (Eds.), Frontiers of iitrepreneurial research, 187-199, Boston: MA Babson College ;, 10 Kirkwood, J., (2009) Motivational factor in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship Gender f Management: An International Journal, 24(5) (11 Kirkwood and Walton (2010) What motivates ecopreneurs to start businesses?,#/nfemar/on 13 Moore, D (2000) Careerpreneurs: Lessons from Leading Women Entrepreneurs on Building ^^areer Without Boundaries, Davies-Black Publishing, Palo Alto, Cahfornia jf 14 Orhan, M va Scott, D (2001) Why women enter into entrepreneurship: an explanatory n)del Women in Management Review L15 Schumpeter, JA (1954) History of Economics Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York ,' 16 Schumpeter, JA (1961) The Theory of Economic DevelopmenL Harvard University Press, ||mbridge, Massachusetts '117 Schumpeter, JA (1979) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Counterpoint edn, Unwin oerbaeks, London / lomy and Forecast Review 41 ... H DOANH NHAN TONG QUAN CAC NGHIEN C(J} DONG LU'C KSKD CUA PHU NC/BANC MO HINH LY THUYET "KEO - DAY" Phan loai yeu to dong Iv'c kinh doanh theo truyen thong Nen tang cua phi nOr tnioc kinh doanh. .. trd doanh nhan; Xu hffdng 2: Cac yeu td "keo" tac tdng phu nff trd doanh nhan; Xu hffdng 3: Ye'u td tae ddng phu iff trd doanh nhan gdm ca ye'u to 'keo" va ye'u to "day" Cae nffdc cd nen kinh. .. tieh dffdc cac ye'u to' tac ddng nao ed tao sff edng eho doanh nhan nff? Bdi, mdt doanh nghiep dffdc tao chffa chae da boat ddng edng kinh doanh Do vay, de nghien effu cac ye'u to' tac ddng de'n