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r.ChiAU PHI-TRUtslG e C N d ? -A DAO GEBEL E L ARAK: KIET TAC CUA NGHE THUAT DIEU K H A C PREDYNASTIC AI CAP Biii Thf Anh Van* TOM TAT Du khdch den v&i phong trung bay cua bdo tdng Louvre (Phdp) thucmg di mot cdch nhanh chong den phong 20 - cdn phong danh de trung bdy cdc c6 vgt Ai Cap thuoc thdi hy Nagada Tgi day, dao Gebel el Arak (ky hieu E 11.517) bdng cdch trang tri dgc biet cua no v&i nhiing hinh dnh mang tinh tuang trung, dd mang lgi cho khdch thdm quan cdm gidc thuc su nggc nhien vd thu vi Ddy Id tdc phdm ldm tic ngd vd dd lira dgt den su hodn hdo tuy$t vai, ddnh ddu thai ky dinh cao cua viec ldm chii duac cdc ky thugt chgm khdc th&i Predynastio, Co thi noi, Gebel el Arak Id dao bdng da lua th&i co xua v&i tay cdm ldm bdng ngd dep nhdt Gidi thieu ve dao Gebel el Arak Dao Gebel el Arak dugc mua lai thj tran Trung Ai Cap Gebel el Arak vao nam 1894 va sau no thupc quyen sa huu cfla bao tang Louvre boi nha Ai Cap hpc Georges Aaron Benedite mua lai tii mpt dai ly co tu nhan M Nahman tai Cairo vao thang nam 1914 Ngay lap tiic, Benedite nh^n trang thai la thucmg mang day tinh thhn vat ciing nhu tinh co xua ciia no Sau do, 16 thang nam 1914,* Benedite da vi^t thu cho Charles Boreux - ngudi I3nh dao Cue Co vat Ai Cap tai Louvre, nhan manh: "Mpt dao bang dd lira thai co xua v&i tay cdm ldm bang ngd dep nhdt ( ) Chiing ta se sa him mot nhicng tuang ddi thai tien sic quan trgng nhdt, neu khong nhieu hem Tom lgi, Id vgt the him hinh vd duac phuc hoi lgi hlnh trgng, noi dung chinh ddu tien ciia ljch suAi Cap " ' * Ti4n Sl, Trudmg Dai hoc Npi v\i H4 N^i Gebel el Arak la mpt dao lam bang nga (can dao) va d^ liia (luSi dao) Chat Heu tao nen can dao dang nhiSu y kien khac Nhieu nha nghien cuu cho rang, nga cua can dao la tu rang nanh cua ma {canine d'hippopotame) Tac gia L'art de I'Ancien Empire Egyptien thi neu quan diem chung chung, khdng ro rang vi^t: Con dao Gebel el-Arak lam bSng nga va da lua^ Tuy nhien cac nghien cuu cua nhiSu hpc gia nguoi Phap, nhu Elisabeth Delange, Winifred Needier va Francois Poplin^, thi khang dinh, can dao Gebel el Arak dupc lam tu nga Clia voi (the ivory of an elephant tusk) chu khong phai rang nanh cua ma Dieu gpi y cho mpt cupc hpi thao tuong lai ve chat lieu cua dao Gebel el Arak voi su tham gia cua nhieu chuyen gia, nhi^u nha khao co hoc quan t ^ Trong tac pham Le couteau de Gebel elArak, G Benedite cho biet: Vao thofi digm Tgp chi nghiSn ctru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thing 6/2015 6tL lf4 Bill Thj Anh Van Dao Gebel el Arak dao dugrc mua, luK dao va tay c ^ cua no da duoc tach ra; va duong nhu la nguoi ban da khong nhan rang ca hai gjn kk voi Sau do, nha nghien ciiu Ai Cap hoc Charles Boreux da dua ik xuk, cin khoi phuc de dao Gebel el Arak tro v6 nguyen dang cua no bang viec gin kSt luoi dao va tay cjm lai voi NhOng thao tac da diln vao thang nam 1933 va dSn nam 1997, cac nha khoa hpc Phap tiep tuc cong viec mgt \hn nOa de hoan chinh lai dao cho ring, dao Gebel el Arak la "Mot vdt thi CO thi din til Abydos"^- Vay, co phai no thuc su la mgt dao din tit Abydos? Cac cuoc khai quat cua Allemand Dreyer tai Umm el Qaab truoc day da tilt 16 vl mgt s6 manh v& ciJa cac dao tuong tu Tuy nhien, day chi la nhiing cir lieu mang tinh chat ggi y va chua thi coi day la ca so de khing dinh dia diem xuit phat cua dao Gebel el Arak Xac dinh thoi gian dai cua dao da lira ciing la mgt van de kha nan giai, boi nien Nam 1914, ban dao Gebel el Arak cho dai rit kho xac dinh Hiu hit cac nghien ciu dai dien Bao tang Louvre, nguai buon d6 c6 cho rang, no duac che tao vao giua thien Ai Cap khang dinh ring dao da dugc tim niSn ky IV truac CN, khoang nam 3400 thdy tai dia diem Gebel el Arak fevJ 3450 truac CN Ben canh do, mpt so lai co l(-)£j^) (mgt vung cao nguyen gan ngoi quan diem khac khing dinh, Gebel el lang Nag Hammadi, each 25 - 40 km ve phia Arak dpi khoang cu6i thien nien ky IV nam Abydos) Trong noi dimg biic thu gijri trudc CN (khoang 3300 - 3200 truoc CN) cho nguoi diing diu Bao tang Louvre, G Th^m chi, tac gia cua bai viet Le poignard Benedite co viet: "Nguai bdn khong nghi Egyptien dit du Gebel el-Arak, l^i manh 6sa nga rang nhimg vien dd lira [ludi dao] thuoc dua nhan dinh, dao da liia dugc ve v&i tay cdm vd tang no cho toi nhu mQt che tap truoc co sir xuat hien cua chii nhdn chung nhiing phdt hien a gdn viSt a Ai Cap^ The nhung, xet o giac Abydos" Tuy nhien, hoan toan khong co thupc tinh Clia dao Gebel el Arak, cac nha phat hien khao c6 tCr Gebel el Arak Tren khoa hgc lai thfing nhit quan dilm dua thuc t^, truoc tai Abydos, nhimg cugc n h ^ dinh, dao da lira Ai C^p thuoc giai khai quat khao co hgc voi cucmg cao doan dugc gpi la Nagada {periods predynastique ou periode de Nagada)' Do Emile Amelineau, Flinders Petrie, Edouard do, pham vi 3300 - 3100 trudc CN nhin Naville va Thomas Eric Peet tien hanh da chung dupc chip nhan Mac dii vay, cac dugc diln tai Umm el Qaab - mo dia cua tuu cua nhtrng kham pha mdi nhit cimg cac vua thuoc cac trieu dai Predynastic dau nhilu cai tiln khoa hpc hien dai h§ trg clio tien (hoac lien quan den mgt giai doan truoc cong tac khao cfi hgc, dang huong cac nha Ai cac trilu dai doi, tuc la khoang Cap hgc tim hilu vl dao Gebel el Arak quay 3000 truoc CN) Abydos Tren tinh thin tro Iai vdi thoi ky Nagada 2, khoang thiri gian do, cac nha nghien curu hi?n cho rang, 3400 - 3450 truac CN, ho?c tai mgt then dilm CO nhilu kha nang la dao Gebel el Arak cac tang lap bit diu phat triln, dang cin da dugc tim thiy tai Abydos tai Thugng Ai tap hgp xung quanh mgt nha lanh d?o C?p {Abydos en Haute-Egypte) Gin day, nguoi dat nln mong cho chl dp vuong quyen Elisabeth Delange vvta xuit ban cu6n sach Le sau Pharaonic keo dai sau poignard Egyptien dit du Gebel el-Arak va Tap chi nghien cuv CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015 Dao Gebel el Arak Bui Thi Anh Van Ky thuat tgo hinh cua Gebel el Arak duoc triet xuat tir chiec nga, can dao da duoc Dao Gebel el Arak dai 25,50 cm va bao danh bong hai ben va lam rong de tiep gfim hai phSn: luoi cat blng da luta (tdng nhan luoi dao Dp day cua tay cam bao chieu dai la: 18,8 cm, do: luoi dao quanh ludi dao la - mm (0,12' in), dilu ngoai can: 16 cm; phan chieu dai cua luoi giai thich la nga voi bj nurt o do, voi mpt dao ben frong tay cam 2,8 cm) va can dao so phan bi mdt Ci dudi cung cua can dao, lam bang nga (dai 9,5 cm) Con dao cho thiy cac canh da dupc cat vat va co the duoc khong CO dau hieu ciia syr hao mon Day la gia CO them kim loai quy duoc uon quan, tao CO s6 hinh losii y kiSn cho ring, dao nen mpt td hop giiJa can va lu&i dao Tai thoi Gebel el Arak da khSng bao gio dupc svt diem mua, Benedite cho biet, ong ta co the nhin thay ddu vh ciia mieng vang la mau dung vang a phan duoi cung ciia can ma bay gio 2.1 Phil dieu tren cdn dao Gebel el Arak da bi gay Cung vai sir qua ngan cua tang Can dao dup'c khac dpc theo true cua lu5i, dp day ciia can dao (qua mong va chua chiec nga, bang chiing la mpt diem den nam dat chuan cho cho dao thuong dung), da phia fren chiec num cua tay cam va khien cac nha nghien cuu cung co gia thuyet dupc xac dinh la dau mut cua nga Khi ring dao Gebel el Arak khdng co chiic nang Ngudn: - The Gebel el Arak knife, htlp://ww reshaftm org, il/ad/e^pt - Le Couteau du Dj'ebel el Arak - Musee du Louvre, http://www.kriblogs.com/caro line/2008/11/29 •M Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015 -Ts Biji Thi Anh Van Dao Gebel el Arak Ca hai mat ciia can dao Gebel el Arak co nhung hinh anh cham noi nho len {images in raised relief) Do la cac nhan vat dupfc thuc thi tinh xao va dupc cau tgo tai s6 nam ghi theo chieu ngang Cac trang tri tren gan sat ca hai ben can dao voi mpt canh chiSn dau dupc thay mat truoc va su phat trien ciia cac chu de truyen thuyet mat sau Nghien cuu cua Barbara Watterson cho biet, nhung hinh cham khic da duoc thirc hien tren be mat dugc danh bong ciia chiec nga la bang microburin SILEX t\i tren xuong dudi Nhihig nghe nhan dau tien cham khac cac nhan vat chinh va sau cham khac nhiing cho ma nhan vat hpi ngp, chlng han nhu canh tay cua cac chien binh Dp sau ciia nhung hinh khac khong vupt qua mm (0,079 in)* Day la phong each bieu dat cua phin ldn cac tac pham nghe thuat Ai Cap duong thdi, nhung hinh anh tren can dao Gebel el Arak duoc danh gia la n6i bat va tinh tl hon D6ng thai, day cung chinh la nhiing hinh anh ma cac sir gia quan tam den ke tir dao dugrc phat hien net phu dieu cho thay, cac nghe nhan duong thdi hln phai cd dupc su am hilu nao dd tren mpt sd khia canh ciia van hda chau A Ddng thdi, tim hieu ve nghe thuat Ai Cap va vung Can Ddng, hinh anh cilng rat gan vdi kilu mhx ma ngudi ta thudng gap nghe thuat d vung Mesopotamie (Ludtig Ha) Cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve ngh§ thuat khu vuc cho biet, chii de thudng gap d viing Luang Ha vao thdi diem dd nhung hilm gap d Ai Cap (thdi Nagada) Vi vay, cd the khlng dinh ring, si^ hien dien m0t canh ddi thudng cua ngudi Sumer - mdt ngudi dan dng diing giua hai su tii tren can dao Gebel el Arak rd rang la mot nhihig minh chiing cho anh hudng vSn hda Clia Sumer din Ai Cap vao thdi tiln sii Xet d gdc dp truyen thuyet, Robert du Mesnil du Buisson - tac gia cudn Le decor Asiatique du couteau de Gebel el Arak neu y kien, ngudi dan dng chinh la vi than ciia xii Ludng Ha than El (ngudi "ldm cuoc hdnh trinh tren bien vd troi dgt vao viing ba a mien niii" // "journeyed upon the sea and came ashore at the mountains'''); Hai su tii diing dung * Mgt trdi ciia cdn dao thing tren hai chan sau la tupng trung cho Mat trai cua can dao dupc xac djnh la ben Sao Mai va Sao Hdm' Cdn J P Allen phin CO chiec niim nga nho len vdi cac hinh tac phim cua minh lai cho ring, cu gi^ dd la anh truyen thuyet Phia tren dinh can ngudi da tao than El hoac mpt vi than dao la mpt nhan vat cd rau dang doi mat vdi chau A tuong tu vdi de ciia minh la hai hai su tii Do la ngudi dan ong chii su tOr ben canh Khai thac truyen thuyet trang phuc ciia dan tpc Sumer Priest, dupc Ludng Ha, hpc gia khlng djnh, hai mieu ta dang nam giu hai su tii ben su tli chinh la dai dien cdc hanh tinh d vd canh Trong quan ni&m cua cac dan tdc khu ngoai Clia Kim (Venus), dd la: Sao Mai vuc Can Ddng, su tu thudng bieu tuong {Morning Star = Ashtar, Egyptian Shu) va cho mOt vi vua Do dd, theo mdt s6 nha Sao Hdm {Evening Star = Ashtar, Egyptian nghien ciiu, canh cd the dai difn cho Tefnut)^^ mdt vua Sumer dang cd hanh ddng nhu mpt trung gian hda giai giQa hai vuong qudc Nhimg y kiln ciia cac hpc gia tren gpi cho tham chien An y dd dugc khac hpa qua cac chiing ta lien tudng den nhimg cau chuyen Tgp chi nghien cd-u CHAU PHI & TRUNG D6NG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015 Dao Gebel el Arak truyen thuyet Ai Cap Theo do, than Atem xay dung nha, da dat ddi su tii len nen mdng tai noi cu tni ciia minh nhu nhihig ngudi b^o ve Ddng thdi, motif hai su tu da xuat hien nhiing truyen thuyet khac d Ai Cap dudi cac hinh thiic cua Aker - vi than bao ve Trai dat d chan trdi phia Ddng va phia Tay, cac ldi vao the gidi ben (dia nguc) Sau nay, thdi dai Kim Tu Thap, hinh tugng Spinx (Nhan su) la rat phd bien d ldi di vao cac lang mp Pharaon Bdn canh do, ciing cd nhieu hpc gia da tranh ne dS cap den lai lich Clia ngudi dan dng phii dieu Theo hg, day la mdt nhan vat rat mo hd cho mpi sir suy doan va nhieu ngudi da ggi dd la mpt chien binh ("wornor")"Ben dudi ddng phu dieu dau tien la mpt "chiec niim" {"knob") Day la he thdng chia I Nhung linh ducmg dai dien cho sir tUCTi mat Clia d8m M0t ngurdi dan ong tre tuoi, dirdng nhu Shu - than cua Sao Mai, biy linh ducmg luc binh minh de gilt chit no Thin Shu duoi theo bo dgrc nong vdl cho cua minh Con su tOr - Than Sao Horn nuot chimg bo Bill Thj Anh Van va dupc due Id ma cd the da dugc hd trg cho can dao, hoac ciing cd the dugc sii dung cho mpt sgi day treo nd nhu de trang tri Hai ben Clia niia phia tren mim dao la canh tugng hai chd deo vdng cd {wearing collars) ddi mat vdi Hinh anh da ggi y rSng, chiing la dai dien cho cac chdm Dai c l u {Big Dog) va Tilu Clu {Little Dog) ma Kim cd the tiep can hoac xuyen qua {Venus approaches or passes through) Cling nhu ddi vdi ludi dao, qua viec phan tich su hiiu dung ciia chile niim chiing minh rang nd da chua bao gid dugc dung Hai ddng cudi la rai rac nhiing ddng vat khac vdi dang dieu dac biet bieu cam, can ddi va chinh xac Phan trang tri d niira dudi Clia chiec niim dugc cho la md ta cac chu ky hang ciia Kim: Su trd ve ciia Unh duong dem ^ ^ Ngudn: The Gebel el Arak knife, http://ww reshaftm org, il * Mat phdi cua cdn dao Phia ben ciia can dao thudng dupc cac bai vilt, cac nghien ciiu nhic den la mat phai cua Gebel el Arak CJ ben mat khdng xult hien chiec mim gidng mat trai ciia nd Mat phai cua can dao dugc cham khic tinh te hon, mieu ta mdt canh chien trudng vdi hai d p dp: mpt tran chiln tren dlt lien, mot tran thiiy chien tren bien Cupc chien diu phan chia theo ba giai doan, mdi giai doan Tgp chi nghiin citu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thSng 6/2015 Biii Thi Anh Van Dao Gebel el Arak bd cyc mdt ldp ngudi dang hinh rat sinh ddng Tim hieu ve lich sii van minh Ai Cap cho thay, canh chien tranh va san ban thudng la chii dS chinh nhieu tac pham nghe thueit ciia hp va ddng thdi la mdt phong each dugc cdng nhan Vdi chu de nay, cac nghe nhan Ai Cap dS tao an tugng vd hieu ling ddng rat manh liet ddi vdi ngudi chiem ngudng tac pham ciia hg nhimg ngudi khac biic phii dieu la dai di?n cho mdt nhdm sic tdc Rd rang, day la van de dang gSy nhieu tranh cai giiia cac nha nghien cihi Tuy nhien, can cii vao hinh anh Clia hai ddng dau, tac gia bai vilt cho ring, cd thi la mot cudc d^t kich (ciia nhihig ngudi diu trgc) vao dan thudng (nhdm ngudi tdc dai) - nhung ngudi khdng cd bat Cli vii nao tay Ba ddng diu mieu ta quang canh mot tran chien dau tren hai day thuyen ciia nhiing ngudi dan dng tdc dai va nhiing ngudi diu trpc Ca hai nhdm dan dng minh tran, "tdt cd ho deu dong kho" {"wear loincloths or penile sheaths") va di chan dat Nhiing ngudi dan dng dau trgc tan cdng tir ben trai dugc trang bi vdi day cdn, chuy va cung ngan, nhdm tdc dai dudng nhu khdng mang vii NhGng hinh anh cho ta thay day la mpt cuOc tin cdng het siic cd xua Rat khd dien giai cho mpi su suy doan ve ndi dung ma hinh anh ciia cac phii dieu mang lai Da cd y kien cho rang, dd la each the hien ve su xung dot giiia cac sac tdc tai Ai Cap, ho^c cd tac gia da neu quan diem: *Tac phdm ddc td st^ ddu tranh doi tu cua nguai, hinh dnh mang tinh tuang trung ve cupc son^''^^ CCing cd y kien cho ring, dd la su thdng nhat Clia BIC va Nam Ai Cap diln vao cudi thien nien ky IV, vdi chien thing cua Thupng Ai Cgp ddi vdi Ha Ai Cap Tuy nhien, khdng cd blng chiing dl xac nhan tinh diing din cua nhiing luSn diem ndi tren Hinh anh mieu ta tren hai ddng thii va thir la hai loai thuyen khac Y dd ciia nghe nhan cd la trinh bay mdt tran hai chien Clia hai luc lugng ddi chpi Thyc tl cho thiy, nhimg y kiln tren chi mang tinh chit vo doan, suy diln va hoan toan khdng cd dii luan cii thuylt phyc dl chiing minh cho nhfing kit luan dugc neu Thuc tl la, khdng cd co sd dl xay dung nilm tin ring mot sd chien binh diu trpc va Cudi cimg la ba tau khac di theo hang thli Chiing khac vdi nhiing thuyln dugc md ta ddng thii va d day dudng nhu ket clu thuyln la blng gd {holzerne Konstruktioneny^ Nhiing tau cd than tau hinh trang ludi liim Mdt sd nhiing i 8' Thuyln d hang thii 3, chile di diu cd mdt budng lai, mdt ky hieu chien thang md, nhiing bieu tupng ciia cay cung va dudi thuyln Chiing cd mdt kilu cay cung '-'•goc canh" {anguleux), dudi thuyen thang diing va rlt cao Hiln thj d phin mat ben trdi nhiing thuyen la ngudi dan dng trpc dau dang cam mpt sgi day thimg tay, keo chile thuyln ldn bd Hai chile thuyln, ma cd le day la be mang lam tir cay say papyrus {Papyrus-Flofief^, day cd le nhlt la hinh anh khdng hoan chinh Nhung van cdn nhan rang, ca hai thuyen xdp chdng ch6o len Nhu vay, d ddng thii la cac thuydn rat dac trung ciia Ai Cap thdi ky nay: trung tam la budng lai, mui va dudi tau rlt ldn Luu y sy hien dien ciia nhiing diu hieu: cang gilng nhu mot bilu tugng mat trdi va hinh thiic khac tuong ty nhu thi, nhu phan tich cua Elisabeth Delange Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015 Dao Gebel el Arak , thuyln d hang thii chilm gin nhu toan bd chieu rdng ciia tay cam Tren cac thuyen cd nhirng chii tugng hinh cua Ai Cap gidng nhu hinh anh tren nhiing chiec binh hoa ve cac thuyen d ca hai vimg sa mac phia Ddng va cung nhu phia Tay; hoac tren cac biic tranh da tuong tu ciia cac thi he d Mesopotamian ma trudc dd da dupc phat hien Thuyen d hang thu- Bill Thi Anh Van d sa mac phia Ddng Cac tau d ddng thii 5, cau tao dan gian vdi than thuyen udn cong Qua phan tich cau tnic thuyen cho thay, chiing khdng cd sy tuong ddng vdi nhiing dai dien dd hga khac cirng thdi ky d Ai Cap, nhung day khdng phai la loai ciia Ai Cap ma chiing tieu bieu cho nudc ngoai, la Syria hay d Ludng Ha (Mesopotamian) Thuyen d hang thu Nguon: hllp://www.marine-antique.net/le-couteau-ãde'gebel-e}-Arak-14?langMeĐ Qua hinh anh khac hpa tren can dao ciing nhieu cd vat Ai Cap va Ludng Ha cdn luu giij Iai, cd the khang dinh rang, su tiep xiic giiia Ai Cap va Ludng Ha vao nhihig nam cudi thien nien ky thii trudc CN khdng cdn la dieu nghi ngd Tuy nhien, phii dieu tren can dao lai cd mdt sd chi tiet khac phan minh lai y kiln tren Nhiing bd quan ao ciia chien binh cua mdt hai nhdm gidng vdi trang phuc truyin thdng chau Phi ban vimg Can Ddng Do do, de minh chimg rang, canh tran chiln mieu ta mdt su xam lln ciia Mesopotamian vao Ai C|.p, thyc sy la chua cd CO sd viing chic Giiia cac ddng phii dieu khac hga hai loai thuyen, tu thi dang nam tren mat dat hoac ndi tren mat nudc tu thi rdi rac Tran chien dudng nhu da tdi t? di ddi vdi nhiing ngudi khdng cd tdc, bdi tat ca nhiing xac chet la ngudi trgc dau Canh da lam dly len nhieu each dien giai nhu la de xac djnh cac su kien dac trung Neu nhu cac nha khoa hgc thdng nhat quan diem Gebel el Arak dugc ddi khoang thdi gian 3400 - 3450 tnrdc CN - mk cdc tdng lap bat ddu phdt trien, dang cdn phdi tap hap xung quanh mot nhd lanh dgo, thi cd the khang dinh rang, nhiing hinh anh the hien trdn cdn dao chinh la bieu tugng cho su chien thang ddi vdi su hdn loan cua trat tu xa hpi 2.2 Lir&i cat Ludi dao Gebel el Arak dugc lam tir thd da lira nguyen chat mau vang nhat '^ Mdt hai mat ciia nd da dugc mai nhin, mat da dugc gia cdng tiep tuc vdi ranh chay song song Nd bj cong hoac bi udn cong d dau va dugc trang tri vdi Id dye tren mdt mat vdng xudng Cdng vi^c dugc thuc hi^n de chii nhan ciia Gebel el Arak cd the huge nd vao thit lung hoac vi tri nao dd Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015 Bill Thj Anh Van Dao Gebel el Arak Trpng so cua luai dao Hinh inh m^t gpn song ciia lu5i dao Gebel el Arak 92,3 gram Trpng luQTig Tdng chieu dai 18,8 cm Chieu dai cua luai dao ben tay cam 2,8 cm Chieu rpng d giu'a phien 5,7 cm ; Dp day a chinh giiia 0,6 cm ! Dp rpng ludi dao ben tay elm 3,7 cm wiilil^^^Sii^iifp^^^^i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Nguon: Periode Predynastique "Le Couteau du Gebel el - Arak, http://www.immortelleegypte.com /articles, 18-06-2014 Ludi dao dupc cit vdi mdt ky thuat tinh te, lien quan den viec tao cac dudng dai song song, quanh co theo cac dai dupc gpi la "ggn song" (ripple flake) Tim hieu ve cac ludi dao cd Ai Cap, cac nha khoa hgc khlng dinh, luoi dao Gebel el Arak cung nhu cac ludi dao ggn sdng khac thuge ciing thdi ky dinh cao cua cdng cu Iam bang ky thuat SILEX Cac thp thii cdng Ai Cap thyc hien ky thuat tinh te lau ddi de dao khdng the dugc su dung Can cii vao cau tao cua ludi dao Gebel el Arak, cac chuyen gia da lap luan ring chat lugng tir cac quy trinh cln thilt cho viec tao ludi dao di vugt qua pham vi can thiet cho mdt dao chiic nang Tren co sd do, hg da dua nhiing kiln giai khac ve tinh myc dich cua viec chl tao nd Xet d gdc nghe thuat thdi ky Predynastic ciia Ai Cap, hpc gia Beatrix Midant - Reynes khang dinh, muc dich va gia tri ciia dao thudc ve my thuat, ludi dao la mdt minh chiing kha nang vl ky thuat hudng tdi kit qua ciia ve d?p^^ Khi tim hilu lich su Ai Cap cd dai va nghien ciiu nd dudi phuong dien tdn giao hpc ciing viec phan tich luoi dao, nhieu nha khoa hpc cho ring, dudng nhu nd khdng cd dang ve 10^ phyc vy cho cudc sdng thudng nhat ciia ngudi Nhiing chi tiet cimg nhiing dau hieu khac cua Gelbel el Arak cho thiy, chinh la dau hieu cho thay dao dugc t?o de thyc hien mdt muc dich nghi Ie hoac bieu tupng Quan dilm dupc nhilu nha Ai Cap hpc ilng hd Hien nay, ngudi ta dS tim thay tdng cgng 17 dao nghi ll tuong tu cd trang tri tay cam Theo nha nghien ciiu Peter Kelterbom, quy trinh san xuat ludi dao tir da gdc gdm nam budc sau'': Sy gia cdng thd da gdc Tao hinh cho ludi dao da Su danh bdng ca hai mat ciia ludi dao Thao tac la can thilt trudc tao gpn sdng Mat ben trai ciia ludi dao da dupc danh bdng va khdng phai thao tac tilp, tir hiln thi mdt be mat mm, cd thi md phdng rapt luoi kim loai Tao ggn sdng d mdt ben cua ludi dao Dieu bao gdm viec thdng nhlt loai bo mieng da dai va manh da vdi dp lye ggn sdng tuong ddng, tao mdt khudn mlu phi bien cua chir S udn lugn tren bl mat cua da Tgp chi nghiSn cuu CHAU PHi & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015 Dao Gebel el Arak Bill Thj Anh Van prehistorique acquis par le musee du Louvre, Fondation Eugene Piot, Monuments et memoires, XXn, p 1-34 ^ Elisabeth Delange (2009), Le poignard egyptien dit du Gebel el-Arak, Somogy, 2009, p 25 Le poignard egyptien dit "du Gebel el-Arak" Collection SOLO N° 40 - Musee du Louvre, http://www somogy fr/livre Dudng rdng cua dep d canh ciia ludi Xem: Toutankhamon Magazine n°46 (2013), elt ggn sdng nhd Budc tao dp sic net "Gebel el-Arak : un chef d'oeuvre de l'art de la cua ludi cit periode Nagada", mer, 10/07/2013; Samuel Mark (2006), From Egypt to Mesopotamia: a Study of Tim hilu vl dao Gebel el Arak, bit cii Predynastic Trade Routes, Texas A & M University Press, new edition, ISBN 978cung phdi trim trd nhiing ldi than phyc vl sy 1585445301; Le poignard egyptien dit "du Gebel tinh xao ciia cac phii dieu tren can dao vdi el-Arak" Collection SOLO iV* 40 - Musee du nhimg hinh dnh mang tinh tupng trung, k5* Louvre, http://www.somogy.fr/livre thuat ggn sdng tren mdnh da liia mdng ciia * Barbara Watterson (1997), The Egyptians, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21195-0, p 41 ludi dao Tat ca nhirng thao tac cho thdy, ' Robert du Mesnil du Buisson (1969), Le decor nd la san phdm ciia nghe thu cdng tinh te ma asiatique du couteau de Gebel el-Arak, dans le khdng bao gid hit kinh ngac Xin trich ddn BIFA0 68,p.63-83 nhan xet ciia nha Ai Cap hpc Georges Aaron J P Allen, T^e Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Pyramid Texts No 447, p.55 Benedite - ngudi ddu tidn da phat hien gid '.' Nicolas Christophe Grimal (1992),^ History tri vihh ciiu ciia dao Gebel el Arak nhu mdt of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0ldi ket cho bai viet nay: "Mot dao bdng 631-19396-0, p 36 dd lira thai co xua vai tay cdm ldm bang ngd '^ Ngpc Lan pOH), Net ndi bgt ngh4 d?p nhdt Ddy Id kiet tdc cua nghe thudt dieu thugt Ai Cgp co va vung Trung Cgn - Dong, http://tailieu.vn/doc, dSngtai: 13-06-2013 khdc Predynastic ( ) thuc hien v&i su kheo '^- '" Bjom Landstrom {1910), Ships of the leo VU0 trgi vd sang trgn^'' Pharaohs 4000 Years of Egyptian Shipbuilding London, p 16-19; p.19-21 and p - Chti thich: " MOt loai da liia ngudi Ai Cgp gpi la da philn ' '^ Georges Aaron Benedite, silic, bien rong rai d Ai Cap, nhung ludi dao bang da lii-a dung cho nghi Ie dupc Iam blng da http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki, put on 27 2015 ^ Gunter Dreyer (1999), L'art de I'Ancien phien silic mau, c6 16 vi mau kha giong vdi kim loai Empire Egyptien Actes du colloque organise au '* Beatrix Midant-Reynes {\9%1), Contribution Musee du Louvre par le Service culture! ies et a I'etude de la societe predynastique: le cas du avril 1998 Paris, S 200-202 ' Xem: Elisabeth Delange (2009), Le poignard couteau "Ripple-flake", SAK 14, p 197 " Peter Kelterbom (1984), Toward Replicating egyptien dit "du Gebel el-Arak", Musee du Louvre editions Collection SOLO, ISBN 9782757202524; Egyptian Predynastic Flint Knives, Joumal of Winifred Needier (1984), Predynastic and Archaic Archeological Science, vol II, London a.o., Elseviers, p 433 - 453 Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum, p 37 & 153, ISBN 0872730999; Francois Poplin (1992), Laboratoire '* yi?c bit dau tir cuoi c l hpng ciia de Recherche des Musees de France, ISBN 978-2tay cam bj cat ngupe chilu, cd mpt dai gl ghe d 9506212-0-7, pp 187-194 giira luai dao Dieu co the dup'c thuc hi?n vdi * Georges Benedite (1916), "Le couteau de cong cy sic ben Iam tir ddng (aus Kupfer) va chi cd mpt myc dich la hoan toan trang tri Gebel el-'Arak", Etude sur un nouvelle objet Phan tich ve Ian sdng chan ddng tren be mat ciia luoi dao cho thdy, chiing dugc san xudt tir tren xudng dudi cimg cua ludi elt va tir trai sang phai, d mot hinh dang ngugc chilu kim ddng hd {in a counterclockwise fashionf^ Tgp chi nghien ctru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 06 (118) thang 6/2015 ... el Arak Bui Thi Anh Van Ky thuat tgo hinh cua Gebel el Arak duoc triet xuat tir chiec nga, can dao da duoc Dao Gebel el Arak dai 25,50 cm va bao danh bong hai ben va lam rong de tiep gfim hai... Anh Van Dao Gebel el Arak Ca hai mat ciia can dao Gebel el Arak co nhung hinh anh cham noi nho len {images in raised relief) Do la cac nhan vat dupfc thuc thi tinh xao va dupc cau tgo tai s6 nam... hoan chinh lai dao cho ring, dao Gebel el Arak la "Mot vdt thi CO thi din til Abydos"^- Vay, co phai no thuc su la mgt dao din tit Abydos? Cac cuoc khai quat cua Allemand Dreyer tai Umm el Qaab truoc
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