5 Phụ nữ trong sản xuất và tham gia xã hội ở nông thôn Thực trạng và khuyến nghị chính sách.pdf

0 ^rr& 7- KHOA HOC C N G N G H | P H U IXlCr TROIXIG SAIM X U A T V A THAM GIA X A HOI Q IXIOIMG THdiXI: IHLTC TRAIMG V A KHUYEIV IXIGH! CHilXIH A C H Nguyen Thi Anh TUy^t^ T6MTAT Phu nu U mOt Ixfc luQng xa h^i quan trpng it nSng thon Ho vija thyc hi§n chiic nang tai san xu^t, ddng thoi la Ittc lugng lao d^ng chi^m da so lihh vuc n6ng nghifip, nong thOn Hien lao d^ng nu a n6ng thon chi^m d^n 70,1% luc luong lao dOng nu cua ca nu6c va n6ng thSn c6 t6i 61,1% lao d6ng nft tham gia true tlep vao cac hoat dpng n6ng nghigp Trinh chuyfin mon 1^ thuat ciia phu nir a nong thon c6n thdp, CO toi 90,5% lao d^ng n& nong thon chua dirgt: Ako tao qua cac tnrbng 16p vi phan 16n hp (54,3%) tham gia cac ngh^ glan don Trong Enh vuc xa hoi, phij nft cung cang c6 vi th^, ti^ng n6i v^ tham gia nhieu hon vao cac hoat dOng ciia cgng d6ng, cdng tac quan ly va lanh dao Tuy nhifin, iy 16 lao dong nur tham gia c6ng tac lanh dao, quan ly conttiap,ban than ho phai d6i mjt voi nhi^u rao can, thach thtic qua trinh thuc hi^n vai tro cua minh, dSc bigt la nhftng nio can lita quan d^n Ithia canh trinh dp nhan thiic, binh ding gioi, cQng nhu rao can v^ m§t thI ch^, kha nang ti^p can cac ngudn luc D^ nguoi phu nii thyc su la chu th^, la luc lugng quan trpng tham gia vao qua trinh phat tri&i kinh t^ - xa hpi n6i chung va thuc hifn cac muc ti^u xay dung n6ng th6n mii n6iri&ngthi vi th^, vai trd cua hp c ^ phai dupe nhin nh|n v^ danh gia mpt c4ch diy dii, khach quan tren co so thuc hi$n cac giai phap nhara Ihay doi nhan thiic, khuy^ khich va I410 co hpi, di^u kien de phu nu th^ hi&n nSng lye san xu^t va tham gia xa hpi Tren ca so cac k^t qua nghi^n cuu va phan tich, da dua mSt so khuyen nghi v^ chinh sach n h ^ phat huy hon niia vai tro cua phu nu san xuat va tham gia cac hoat dong xa h6i a ndng thdn Tiikhiia; Phunii, hoat d^ag san xu^t, tham gia xah0, binh dinggioi, trinh d6 nhan thijc, rao can BAT VAN K Phu nu CO ba vai tro quan trpng xa hpi, gom: (1) vai tro tai san xutit li^n quan d^n v i ^ cham soc va tri hO gia dinh (mang thai, cham soc cai, nau an, lay cui, di cha, nom nha ciia va cham soc siic khoe cho gia dinh) Day \k loai c6ng v i ^ thilt y^u d^ tri cuoc s6ng ton t ^ cua ngu6i; (2) vai tro san xu^t la cac c6ng viSc (boat dong) lam cua cai vat chat va tinh t h ^ , nham tao thu nhap h o ^ d^tarnuoi song va tieu dung; (3) vai tr6 c6ng d6ng/tham gia xa hdi: la cac cong vi6c, hoat dpng (tham gia, quan 1^, ISnh dao) nham phuc vu cho cac Igi ich cua cpng dong xa h6i Phu nu ndng thon la nhirng nguoi phu nu sinh s6ng vk ^ vific a ndng thdn Trong co cau dan so, gan 80% dan Viet Nam sdng a ndng thon Phii nii nong th6n la mot cpng dong nguoi phong phii, da dgng g6m nhiing dSn t6c, t6n giao, liia tudi, trinh dd hoc van khac va sinh s6ng a nhung viing nong thon khac Tlieo thdng ke, lao d6ng nu nong thdn chi^m 60,0% luc lupng lao ddng va hp, hien dang san xu^t hon 60% san p h ^ n6ng nghiep Phu nir nong thon Viet Nam la mot hai chu the kinh t^ quan trpng nhat mang lai thu nhap cho cac ho gia dinh [5] Phu nu n6ng thdn noi chung va lao ddng nir ndng thdn noi ri&ig dang co vai tro va vi tri dac bi6t doi s6ng kinh t6 - xa hdi a ndng thon Bi^n d6i cua lao dpng nii nong thdn dang diln theo ba xu huong CO ban Id: thii nhat, nang cao ch^t luong lao dpng nii ndng thdn nham dap ling nhu cau lao dpng ciaa thdi 1^ moi; thii hai, tung bu6c chuy^n dan tCr lao dOng ndng nghiep sang lao ddng cdng nghiep, Ihuong mai va dich vu; thu ba, chii ddng, tich cue tham gia thi trudng lao ddng quoc t^ (ca nu6c va nude ngoai) Ben canh do, phu nii la luc lupng quan trpng cac lihh vuc hoat dpng xa hpi, lanh dao va quan ly cpng dong Sv tham gia xa hpi ciia phu nU xa hdi da cd nhi^u ti^n bd, thi hi&n nang luc, pham chat cua nguoi phu nu Viet Nam Dudi day la kit qua phan tich vai trd "kep" cua phu nu hai khia canh san xuat va tham gia xa hpi hdi canh xay dwig ndng thdn mdi, tr^n co so chi tarn quan trpng, nhung tilm nang co the phat huy vi6c thuc hien cdng cac muc tieu xay dung nong thdn mdi, dong thdi chi nhiing khd Trung tam D^o tao Hpp lie Quoc te, Vien Khoa hoc Thiiy Ipi Vi^t Nam NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 9/2015 KHOA HOC C O N G NOHfe khan, thdch thiic va rao can doi vdi phu nii, tit d l xuat cdc khuyin nghi, chinh sach phd hop VAI TRO CUA PHU NfT TRONG UIW W C PHAT T R I ^ K i l l TEUNdNGTHQN 2.1 Lao dOng nii - Ivtc lugng lao dOng chii d?io a ndngthOn Lao ddng nii d ndng thdn la dang lao ddng da nang (co Ihl d6ng thdi lam tot a nhi^u lihh vuc: san xuat, kinh doanh, noi tro, nuoi day con, cham soc nguoi gia, ngudi 6m, tham gia quan ly, lanh d^o xa hpi va cdng dong ); c6 mat mpi loai hiiih lao ddng doi sdng xa hpi ndng thdn; lao dpng nu vupt trdi ve su deo dai, ben hi, cham chi, can cu, kien nhln ckc hoat dOng phi ndng nghilp a ndng thdn chi chilm 38,9%, h^ong dd o nhdm nam gidi la 61,1%, Di^u cho th^y, nii gidi van 1^ luc luong chu ylu hoat ddng san xu^t ndng nghilp cr ndng thon Tuy nhidn, phan Idn nhung phu nu tham gia c^c hoat dpng phi nong nghilp Igi tr6 tudi, ^ le tham gia cic hoat dpng thap dan a nhung nhdm tudi cao Day cung 1^ mot thdch thiic ma lyc luong tham gia hoat dpng san xulit ndng nghidp I6n tudi, du cd kinh nghi^m nhung siic khoe va kha ntag tilp thu kiln thiic, khoa hpc cdng nghS bi hgn chi Biing Sd luqog vA p h ^ b6 IMC hnjcpg nam 20] Luclupng Noicirtni lao dpng /vimg (nghin nguoi) 53.245,6 Canubc 16.042,5 rhanhthi Nong thon 37.203,1 V^ CO c^u, nam 2013, lao dpng nu o ndng thdn chilm den 70,1% luc lupiig lao dpng nii cua ca nude, ty II lao ddng nii d tiianh thi chi chi^m 29,9% Trong ndng thdn, lao ddng nii tham gia cSc hoat dpng ndng nghiep la chu ylu Ty 1^ nii gioi tham gia Noi cu tru/ vung Ciinu6c Thanh thi Nong thon Nh6mtai6i 15-24 tudi 25-54 tudi 55 - 59 tudi 60 tudi tro ten So lupng nguoi lam cdng an luong liiihvucphi ndng nghiep (nghin ngudi) 16.235,7 7.781,7 8.454,0 2.930,1 12.418,3 604,7 282,6 Ty T6ng Nam s6 100,0 100,0 30,1 30,3 69,9 69,7 » Nil Phan bd p h ^ tram (%) Ty trpng chia theo nir gidi 31,1 50,2 23,0 Chimg 100,0 47,9 52,1 Nam 100,0 45,4 54,6 NO 100,0 51,5 48,5 Nam 100,0 55,1 61,1 Nu 100,0 44,9 38,9 39,4 33,7 16,0 6,8 18,0 76,5 3,7 1,7 16,8 76,3 4,8 2,1 19,8 76,8 2,2 1,2 54,2 58,0 75,2 71,4 45,8 42,0 24,8 28,6 Ngudn: Tdngcuc Thd'ngke (2014) [5] Phu nii tham gia nhilu linh vuc ndng nghiep, d hp cd thi tham gia nhilu thdi gian hon so vdi nam gidi vi$c canh tAc, chan nuoi, chi biln ndng san wk ban cdc ndng san, nhung ho lai it dupe tiep can vdi cac dich vu khuyen ndng Tu nam 1993, so nam gidi lam ndng nghiep giam vd so lao ddng ndng nghiep la nu tang Rd rdng la cac doanh nghi$p phi ndng nghiep ngdy cang h^p dSn luc lupng lao ddng nam hon, phu nir cd nguy cabi tut hau phai lam viec d llnh vyc ndng nghiep kem nang ddng hon IH Ni 100,0 18^ 29,9 d 70,1 tSM Ngudn: Tongcuc Thong ke (2014) [5J Ty trong tdng sd ngudi dang lamvi6c(%) J Tlieo thong ke, nam 2013, linh vuc nong, lam, thuy san luc luong lao ddng nu chilm 63,2%, ty1| lai tham gia cdc nganh nghe khac Trong Wii dd ty le nam gidi d nong thdn, tham gia cac n g ^ nghi khac cao hon, chi cd 57,5% hoai ddng liiih, vi/c ndng, lam, thuy san Trong linh vuc ndng nghi$p phu nii thudng phai ^ vi^c trin nhung canh d6i^ nho va canh tac cac gidng cay mang lai loi nhuan thap Vdi vai trd la doanh nhan, phu nut c6 xu huong quan ly cac cdng ty nhd vd t$p trung ho?t ddng cac Hnh vuc mang 1^ it loi nhuan Cac ctr NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG T H C N - K^ - THANG 9/2015 KHOA HOC C O N G NGHE hOi vi|c lam cdng an luong ta-ong cac linh vuc ndng nghiep hgn chi doi vdi phy nu Phiji nii o khu vuc ndng thon ciing it cdng v i ^ lap cac doanh nghilp vira va nho vi han chi vl ngu6n luc, k l ca thdi gian, ky nang quan ly^, kien thuc vl thi trudng, tilp can tin dung va dat dai Miic thu nh$p binh quan linh vuc nong nghilp cua nu: gidi li 2,1 trilu d6ng/thang, a nhdm nam gidi li 2,9 trilu dong/thang 1^ II that nghi6p a ndng thdn nii chilm 52,896, cao hon nam gidi chiem 47,2% Hau h i t cac chu trang h-ai ndng nghiep va lam nghilp la nam gidi vk chiem ty 1$ cao hon Mac du bat diu chuyin sang kinh te thi trudng df dilm xuat phat tuong tu nhu nam gidi, xong cd r^t it phu nu trd' t h ^ h chu trang trai hoSc chu doanh nghilp nho a ndng thdn Day cung la mot han che de phu nu phat huy vai trd cua minh hoat ddng san xu^t, kinh doanh a ndng thdn Trinh dd chuyen mdn ky limat ciia phiji nii a ndng thdn nhin chung c6n thap hon so vdi nam gidi Ty II khdng co trinh dp chuyin mdn ky thuat chilm 90,5%, Idii nhdm nam gicri la 86,7% Ty le nii tham gia dg.y nghi cung chi chiem din 1,7%, th^p hon nhdm nam (6,3%) O.nhdm cd trinh dp trung c^p chuyin nghiep tuong dirong (2,996) va nhdm nii cd trinh dd cao d^ng cao hon nam (2,196 so vdi 1,1%) va Of trinh dp dai hpc tarong duong (2,9% so vdi 3,0%) {Ly giai nhdm cao dang cao hon vi day la so U$u thdng kd luc luong lao dpng & ndng thon noi chung, dd co ty 1$ lao ddng lam cac don vihanh chinh sunghiip, trudng hoc M ni} chiSm kha cao, phin Ion diu a trinh cao ding (giao vien cic tn^mgmam non, tieu hoc, THCSphan Idn la nu)) Mac dij vi thi xa hdi, kinh t l cua phu nu a ndng thdn han che, nhung thdng qua cac \6 chiic hpi phu nii d cac c^p nin vi thi, vai trd xa hpi ciia hp da d&i dupe nang len Chang han nhu vai trd cua cac cap hdi phat tnin ddi ngii doanh nhan nu* d ning thon nham khuyen khich, hd trp- phu nii tham gia vao cac boat dpng kinh te Trong nhiing nam qua, cac cap Hdi (tir Trung uong din ckc dia phuong) da tich cue tiln hjinh nhieu hoat ddng thilt thuc nham cung CO, phat trien va tang cudng vi tri, vai trd cua dpi ngu doanh nhan nii thdng qua ckc hinh thiic nhu: (1) Tac ddng, tao mdi trudng chinh sach, luat phap thuan loi cho hoat ddng va phat tnIn ciia doanh nghiep doanh nhan nii quan 1^; (2) hd trp cho doanh nghiep doanh nhan nu: quan ly tiep can tai chinh tin dung; (3) nang cao kiln thiic v^ ky nang quan ly cho doanh nhan nt^ (4) phat trien mang ludi doanh nhan nii Nhd dd, sd lupng phu nii lam chu cac doanh nghi$p/co sd" san xult kinh doanh cdng tang I6n dd cd khu vuc ndng thdn [2] D^c trung nganh nghi cua liic lupng lao dpng nii a ndng thdn: Phan Ion nu gidi a ndng thdn tham gia \kax c^c nghi gian don (54,3%) 2.2 Phu nil tilp c$n cic ngu6n Ivc cho phdt triln kinh t l a ndng thdn Dictivucjiiti3i!,l)kitli^hiiig m m n 14£ P nSng,lliiii,iigirnstii^ " ^ ^ ' ^ nuthilraifivicktiuktikcAlieflqajp wmi^ i Th((lSpiJpv^iijiihMinuyiiitc Btj' I QiuyininmkJtMtti^ccaD 12.B | Clv|ôninankfltiu}tl^eniiiô ã li,, (fiSnvien I Oi , N[i^laiilil$Ql0.3 I I 10 30 40 50 eo Ngudn: Tongcuc Thdngkd (2014) [5] Hinh D$c £^m ngdnh nghg c i ^ lao dOng nft (9£) Theo vi thi viec l^m: ^ le nu tham gia lam chu CO so san xu^t b ndng thdn chi 0,8%, cd 21,8% tham gia lam cdng an luong, 27,2% lao ddng gia dinh \k mdt nua s i lao dpng tu lam (50,2%) Ngudn: Trin ThiXuan Lan, 2013 [3] Hinh Ph\L nii huy d^ng v6n san xu^t kinh doanh Ngoai ra, cac cap hpi phu nii ding da la noi giiip phu nii tilp can vdi c^c nguon luc chp phat triln kinh tl a ndng thdn Nghien ciiu cua Tran Thi Xuan Lan N N G N G H I E P V A P H A T TRIEN N O N G THON - KY - THANG 9/2015 KHOA HOC CONG N G H l Phu nii ckng the hiln vai trd quan trpng cua minh nhilu linh vuc xa hdi, chang han nhu tilp c4n nguin nude sach va cac cdng trinh * thiiy loi a ndng thon Mac du phu nii va nam gidi o ndng thdn cd nhung vai trd khac viec quan ly cung c^p nude sinh hogt va ve sinh mdi trudng ciing nhu quan ly khai tiiac va bao v& cac h$ thong thuy ndng (nhu vile phan cdng cac boat ddng cu thi cd khac nhau) nhung Chiln lupc Quic gia vl cung cap nude sach va ve sinh mdi trudng ndng thdn da kh^ng dinh vai trd quan trpng cua phii nu vi^c quan ly, tri ngu6n nude sach, cac dilu ki$n ve sinh v^ siic khoe cua gia dinh Boi le chinh phu nii la ngudi co vai tro quan trpng cham sdc, bao ve siic khoe gia dinh, d6ng thdi hp la ngudi am hilu vl boat ddng san xuat ndng nghifip VM m d CdA PHU NO TRONG l A H VUC IHAM GU XA HOI d (nhu cau ve nude), true tiep tham gia san xu^ nen NONG THON hp xiing dang la ngudi dupe hudng Ipi va tham gia 3.1 Phu nQ tham gia hoat d^ng q u ^ 1^, iSnh d ^ nhu \k chu thi thuc hi^n va triln Idiai cac dij Thing kd qua cac nhidm k^' cip iiy cho thay, so an, chuong trinh phat triln Ihuc tiln da chiing minh phu nii dupe bdu vao ckc chiic vu" d c^p dia phuong phu nii da tich cue tham gia vao qua trinh xay dung cang tang Trong nhiem ky 2011-2016, ty le nu: du an, l|ip ke hoach, giam sat va danh gia hilu quava quan If khai thac cac cdng trinh thuy loi t?i fiia c^p uy d cap xa mdi chilm 18,01% phtrong phuc vu boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep Cii the, ty 1$ nu lam hi thu d p xa nhiem ky 2011Trong nhieu Hnh vm: khac phu nii ciing tham gia tich 2016 chilm 7,25% va tham gia ban ch^p hanh la 18%, cue, gdp phan vao thuc hiln cac muc tieu xay dung tang so vdi cac nhiem kj^ trudc [6] ndng thdn mdi nhu ^ dudng giao thdng, phat trien Trong cac co quan dan cii, cu the la Hpi ding san xuat ndng nghiep, chuyin ddi, da dang hda ngh^ Nhan dan cap xa, ty 1| nii tiiam gia tang len theo cac nghilp nhi$m ky, dat 27,7% nhi$m ky 2011-2016, h-ong dd ty 1§ lam lanh dao d c£p xa la 14,7% (4% la chu tich 3.3 Phu nii Iham gia cdc phong trao, bo^t dOng HDND cap xa, 10,6% U phd chu tich) xa hOi gdp p h ^ xay dvng ndng Hidn mdi (2013) [3] cho thay cac kenh huy ddng cua nu gidi da dang hon so vdi nam gidi B6n canh cac moi quan he xa hdi tii phia gia dinh hai ben chong va va phu nu cd nguon huy dpng v6n tu to chiic Hpi Phu nu a ndng thon va cac quy tin dung uy th^c Mdt nghien ciiu vl von xa hdi phat trien nganh nghi phi ndng nghilp d ndng thdn (Nguyin TTii Anh Tuylt, 2014) cho Ih^y vai trd rat Idn cua to chiic hpi phu nu: d ndng thdn - la mdt nhung to chiic cd so lupng hdi vifen tham gia Idn nhat, dong thdi cd nhieu boat dpng thilt thuc giiip cac hdi vien phat triln kinh tl, xda ddi giam ngheo thong qua cac hoat ddng hd trp, giiip dd lan bang v^t chat, tiln va c ^ md hinh cho vay von, quy tin dung Hpi Phu nii a cac dia phuong diing Trong cac co quan thudc Uy ban Nhan dan c ^ xa, ty 1$ nii ^ chu tich va phd chu tich chilm khoang 12% (chu tich: 3,4% va phd chu tich: 8,9%) Mac dii ty le nii tham gia lanh d^o, quan If t h ^ cac ca quan quan ly, lanh dao a cac dia phuong (c^p xa) nhimg da cd su tiln bd rat Idn (d nhi6m ky sau ty le nu: tham gia cao hon nbigm Iqr hTidc) Dilu cho thay phu nu cang thi hidn dupe nang luc, p h ^ ch^t va vai trd lanh dao, quan ly ciia minh Day la nhiing ddng gdp quan trpng cua phu nir phat tiiln kinh tl - xa hdi a ndng thdn the hi&n d vai trd quan ly, quyet dinh, hoach dinh chinh skch va dilu hanh thuc tiln 3.2 Tham gia ddng g6p vio vile l$p k l ho?ich vk gi&m sdt a cOng d6ng Cd nhilu chuong trinh, boat dpng ma phu nii o ndng thdn cting cac cap hdi cua minh tham gia la ndng cot xay dung ndng thdn mdi nhu cuoc van ddng "Xay dung gia dinh khdng, s?ich" Day la cudc van ddng hudng vao tung hp gia dinh nhM hd trp hdi vien, phu nii nang cao chat lupng cuoc song cua ban than va gia dinh, qua dd gop phan thuc bi^n 9/19 tieu chi ndng tiidn mdi Cac cap Hdi tfa triln khai mdt s6 d l an, chuong trinh nhu: B^ an "Giao due trieu ba me nudi day tot giai doan 2010-2015", Dl an 'Tuyen tiiiyen, giao due pham chat dao diic cho phu nii thdi ky cdng nghi$p hoa, hien dai boa dat nude giai doan 2010-2015", De an "Hd trp phu nu hoc nghi, tao vile lam giai doan 2010-2015", Chuong tirinh phoi hpp hiyen hiiyln, van ddng "Phu nii tham gia bao dam tr§t tu an toan giao thdng vi hanh phiie cua mdi gia dinh" giai doan 2013- NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY - THANG 9/2015 KHOA HOC C O N G 2015, Nghi quylt H6n tich s6 01/NQLT-TW v l " Quan ly, giio due em trong0a dinh khdngph^m tdi va t$ nan xa hdl^ giai dogn 2012 - 2017 Vi6c tiiln khai dl an chuong trinh nhan dupe SIJT hudng ling cua cac tang lop phu nu va ngudi dan cpng dong, str phoi hpp tham gia cua cac nganh liln quan Nhieu md hinh boat ddng hifeu qua thuc hien eupe van ddng v^ tham gia xay dung ndng thdn mdi dupe tri va nhan rdng nhu: "Doan dxrong phu nu xanh - sach - dep", 'T6 phu nii tu quan dudng giao thdng nong thdn", "Nha sach, vudn dep", "San xu^t, chSn nudi gioi", "Ngdi nhi s^ch", "Phu nu rau sgch", "Phu nu ban chi su dung tiii ni long", "Hp gia dinh khdng cbSn nudi gia siic dudi gdm s ^ " , "Giiip xda ddi, giam ngheo" Day la nhiing ddng gdp thilt thuc ciia phu nii a ndi^ thdn v i ^ thuc hiln phong trao xSy dung ndng thin mdi [7] RAO CAN, THACH THUC BOI VOI PHU NU TRONG Wi XUAT VA THAM GIA XA HOI Q N O N G THON Nhin chung, cac nghien ciiu gan day cho th^y, phu nii ndng thdn nude ta co mot so dac dilm sau: la lire lupng ddng dao nhat co cau dan cu, ca e^u lao dpng d nong thdn; vira la ngudi san xuat nudi sing gia dinh, vira la ngudi noi tro gia dinh, vira la ngudi tham gia cac hoat ddng quan ly, boat ddng cpng ddng; la ngudi sinh de, cham sdc cki, ngudi gia, ngudi om gia dinh Tuy nhiln, phu nii a ndng thdn dong thdi ciing la nan nhan cua nhiing hu tuc, tiip qudn truyen thing lac h?u, ciia te phan b)|t doi xu trpng nam, khinh nii vin ton tai tham can c6 dl h-ong xa hdi ndng thdn; la ngudi ganh chin nang n l nhat nhiing m^t mat, tai hpa hau qua cua cac cudc chiln tranh; trinh dp hpc van cdn thap, su hilu hilt vl kinh tl - xa hpi ban che, it cd dilu kien tilp can \k nang cao hinh dd chuyin mdn, ky thuat, khoa hpc vk cdng nghe; it cd dieu kien thti hudng ckc gia tri van hda tinh than; bat binh dang vdi nam gidi vi$c tilp can va kilm soat cac nguon luc phat trien kinh t l gia dinh, ciing khong phai la ngudi quyet dmh nhiing van de quan trpng ciia gia dinh Dual day la mdt so nguySn nhan dan din nhung rao can han chi phii nii boat dpng san xuat va tham gia xa hdi d- ndng thdn Mdt la, trinh dp hpc van, chuyin mdn cdn ban chi: CO hdi tilp c ^ giao due va dao tao, dilu ki$n hoe a cac bac hpc cao hon cua phu nu hi ban che mdt phan dilu kien kinh t l - xa hdi d khu vuc nong thdn, phan khac nhan thiic vl chiln liroc dau tu NGH| cho cai gia dinh hudng nhilu hon vao nam gidi HI qua la trinh dp hpc v i i , chuy6n mdn ky thuat cua phu nu cdn thap so vdi nhu cau phat triln san xuat, kinh doanh d- ndng thdn theo hudng hang hda, nhilu ngudi da khdng dugrc hudng dan ky thuat nen phan Idn v£n lam cac cdng vile mang tinh gian don Phu nu ndng thdn phai lam ndng nghiep, cac boat ddng phi ndng nghiep va cdng vile nOi tro Do vay, thu nhstp cua hp tu cac cdng vile rat thip dan den vi thi xa hdi, bing ndi cua hp gia dinh va ngoai xa hdi bi anh hudng Hai la, cac nguyin nhan vl thi chi: cdng tac quy hoach can bd d cac dia phuong cdn chua thyc su tao dilu kien, co hOi de phu nu tham gia cdng t^c quan ly, lanh dao cdng ding Vi^c dua h i thing chi tilu, "co e^u" vi^c phan bo dpi ngii lanh dao nii gidi if cac dia phuong dti mang tinh rang bude vl ty 16 phu nir tham gia, nhung d mdt khia c ^ h khac lai tao tam ly, suy nghi la "phu nii chi nen nam ty le da quy dinh "(Trong ChiSn lupc Qudc gia vS binh ding gidi cd dua chi tidu: phu nu tham gia cac cap uyDang tu25%nhi$m ky201& 2020; vien cua Qudc hdi va Hdi ddng Nhan dan tir 35% tr&len nhidm ky 2015-2020; ph^ dau defn nam den nam 2020 dat tren 95% Bd, ca quan ngang Bd ca quan thudc Chinh phu, JJyban Nhin dSn cac cap cd lanh dao chu chdt la nu Phan dau den nam 2020 dat 100% ca quan cua Bang, I>!ha nude, to chiic chinh tri - xa hdi cd lanh dao chA diSt la nu neu a ca quan, to chuc cd ty Id 30% tra Idn nir can bd, cdng chiic, vien chiic, ngudi lao ddng) So lupng phu nir tham gia vao cac vi tri lanh dao, quan ly bi ban chi vSn cdn quan niem xa hpi cho rang lam chinh tri \k cdng vide ciia nam gidi hoae cho rang phu nu: la nhung nha lanh dao kem hieu qua hon nam gidi - nhiing quan ni^m rat khd xda bd tru s i phu nii tham gia vao cac vi tri lanh dao chinh tri tang cao Trach nhiem cdng viec khac ciing cd nghia la nii gidi khdng the chu ddng hoae khdng co nhilu thoi gian dau tu tham gia vao cac thi chi chinh tri nhu nam gioi Viec thilu cac mang ludi danh cho nii gidi cung lam cho hp gap nhilu khd khan hon vuon tdi nhiing vi tri lanh dao Ba la, nb^n thiic vl gidi cdng ding vk gia dinh chua day du Vile phan b6 thdi gian lam viec nha va cac cdng viec gia dinh lien quan giiia phu nii va nam gidi khac cung la mpt nhan t l gdy nen tinh trang phan tach gidi va keo theo dd la N N G N G H I E P V A PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 9/2015 KHOA HOC CONG N G H | khoang each vl thu nhap Phu nG ndng thin thudng phai ganh p h ^ Idn cdng vile nha va cham sdc gia dinh, nam gidi chu ylu chiu trdeh nhiem lam kinh tl Nhung quan ni|m cho rang; "Dan dngla nha trdn, din ba li nha dudi' tin t ^ qua nhieu thi h$ da dan din tieng ndi kem luong qua trinh dua c^e quylt dinh gia dinh va xa hpi d ning thdn Vdi quan dilm nay, mpi van dl lien quan din t ^ san gia dinh nhu tir vile mua chile may cay din vigc ban ddi trau, xay nha, ebon giong cho san xutit, deu dan dng quylt dinh, y kiln ciia ngudi phu nii gan nhu khdng cd gia tri Dl thuc hi§n theinh cdng ckc muc ti6u xay ditng ndng thdn mdi ddi hoi cd ckc giai phap tong the ve mJit kinh tl, xa hpi, dd giai p h ^ vl ngudi, huy ddng nguon luc ciia cdng ding c6 vai trd d^ hilt quan h-png Ngudi ndng dan dupe xdc dinh \i ehu the cua qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn moi Phu nii la nhiing ngudi ddng gdp chinh nen kinh tl, thdng qua cac cdng vile ed nhu nhlip d co so san xuat, trin ding rudng va ca cac cdng vi|e khdng dupe b-a luong, ding thdi hp vin thuc hiln cac vai ho gia dinh va tham gia xa hli Tuy nhiln, bi anh huong hdi co hdi tiep can vdi cac nguon luc, cac dich vu cdn thilt, nbgn tbiic chua day du ciia xa hOi va khia canh thi che, chinh sach da tao nhiing rko can phu nii phat huy vai trd ciia hp Do vay, can phai thdng qua cac cing cu chinh sach de phat huy vai tr6 cua phu nu: ndng thdn hogt ddng san xuat vk tham gia xa hpi bli canh xay dung ndng thin mdi, xin de xuat mpt s6 khuyin nghi vl mat chinh sach cu thi dudi day: Cac md hmh bat binh dang gidi ludn lap lai tir thi h i sang thi he khac Md hinh cdn tin tai dai d^ng mdt p h ^ la nhirng ehuyen biln cham chap c^c c h u ^ muc xa hdi va ckch thiic nhiing chuan muc anh hudng tdi nhiing gi dang diln cac bd gia dinh Phu nii va nam gidi hep thu cac chuan muc va ky vpng xa hdi theo nhiing phuong tiiiic khdng chi anh hudng din khat vong, hanh vi ling xu va so thich ciia rieng hp ma cdn anh huong Thu nhit, phu nii cd vai tro chu dao (lyc din khat vpng, h^nh vi ling xic va so thich cua lupng lao ddng) a khu vuc ndng nghiep ndng thon, vi cai hp Khi phu nS chi lam cdng viec ndi trp- gia vay, A^ thirc hien tot chuong trinh xay dung nong dinh, gdi cua hp cQng it cd kha nang se ngoai thon mdi, rat can phat huy vai trd chii the cua ngudi lam vi6c trudng va h-ai ho cung it cd dan ndng thdn, dac bi6t la phu nu, ciing nhu to chiic kha nSng se kit hdn vdi ngudi phu nii Idm kinh tl hdi dai difen cho phu nii Theo do, cac cap uy, chinh b&n ngoai quyin can quan tam va cd cac chinh sach nham phat Tom lai, nhirng ban ehl vl mat the chi, co hdi huy nang luc, kha nang ddng gop cua phu nu d ca hai phat triln va nhiing chuan muc xa hdi tin tai dai vai trd: ngudi lao dpng, ngudi dang chiuti^achnMlm dang thudng kit bop vdi va khiln cho tinh chinh vi$c cham sdc gia dinh va tham gia x3 trang bat binh dang gidi cang tro nfinti-amtrpng hon hpi (cac boat ddng cdng dong, quan ly, lanh dao) va khiln cho qua trinh cai thien binh dang gidi phiie tap hon Ngoai cac ylu to neu trSn, ban than ngudi phu nii ndng thon vJn gift Hi song khep kin, chua thuc su manh dan tham gia e^c hoat ddng van hda xa hdi (giai tri, nghi ngoi, trau doi tri thiic, tham gia vao cdng tac xa hdi, cham lo sue khoe ) Thay doi quan ni^m va each ling xii ciia xa hdi la mdt qua trinh lau dai va phiie tap, song nd la qua trinh mang tinh chit nIn tang &^ tao va tri su tiiay doi thai dp ciia cac ca nhan, to chiic vk tpan cdng ding, tiult nghi can cd nhung giai phap tich cvrc va ding bd ban niia dl xich dan khoang each thyc te MOT VAI KHUYBU NGH| CHlW SACH PHAT HUY UAI TRO ClJA PHU NU TRONG XAY DUNG NONG THON MO) Cac cap uy, chinh quyIn e ^ quan tam din vile thuc bi^n long ghep gidi, Ban chi dao xay dung ndng thdn mdi can cd phan phu nir va to chiic dai di$n cho phu nii de bao dam phu nu dupe binh dang vl CO hdi tham gia vao thuc hiln va thy huong qua cua Chuong tiinh xdy dung ndng tiidn moi Thiihai, can phai thay ddi quan mem ve gidi, loai bd dinh kiln gidi o ndng thdn TTieo dd, can phai triln khai cac hoat ddng tuydn truyen nang cao nhan thiic va thay doi quan ni6m ve vai trd gidi Hnh vuc san xuat va tiiam gia xa hdi Nam gidi cdn tham gia nhilu hon cac bo^t ddng gia dinh, tao dieu kien cho phu nir dupe hpc tap, nang cao trinh dp va tiiam gia cac hoat ddng cdng dong, quan ly, lanh dao Thii ba, tl chiic cac boat ddng tgp huan, ciing cap tai li$u hudng din cho phu nii vl nSng cao kiln NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N N G THON - K^ - THANG 9/2015 KHOA HOC C O N G N G H I thiie, t h d n g tin v l s a n xuat, k i n h d o a n h n h a m n a n g cao t h u n h a p , tii dd cai thien vi t b i x a hdi e u a h p , d o n g thdi h u d n g d i n , t a p h u a n v l v i l e t h a m gia cac b o a t d d n g x a hdi, t h a m gia c o n g t a c q u a n ly, lanh dao t r o n g c p n g d o n g n d n g t h d n T g o d i l u kien c h o p h u n u tiiam gia lam e h u t r o n g h o a t d d n g s a n x u a t k i n h d o a n h n d n g t h d n n h i m p h a t h u y n a n g luc, d o n g tiidi cai thifin vi t h i , tilng ndi ti-ong x a hdi T u y e n truyen cac t a m g u o n g d i l n b i n h t r o n g p h a t t r i l n k i n h t l va t h a m gia x a h p i d e q u a thay d l i n h a n thirc c u a c d n g d i n g v l k h a n a n g t h u e hien vai trd e u a p h u n u t r o n g x a hdi, d o n g thdi n a n g cao s u t u tin c u a p h u n u , dac bi^t la gidi t r e TAlUEUTRAMKHAO Bd Nong nghilp va PTNT (2012) Binh dang gidi va phat trien ndng nghiep, ndng thdn Ban tin lanh dao s i 4/2012 Ha Noi CIEM (2008) Phat huy vai h-d cua phu nir cdng cudc phat triln bin vung d Vi^t Nam Thdng tin chuyin d l so 15/2008 Ha Ndi Tran Thi Xuan Lan (2013) Phu nii ndng thdn ph^t triln kinh te cdng ding Tap chi Xa hpi hpc so (123) Ha Ndi Nguyin Thi Anh Tuylt (2014) Giai phap huy ddng von xa hdi phat triln nganh nghi phi ndng nghiep d nIng thdn phuc vu xay dung ndng thdn mdi Dl tai thupc Chuong trinh khoa hpc cong nghe phuc vu xay dung ndng thdn mdi thuc hiln 2012 Ha Ndi Ting cue Thong ke (2014) Kit qua dilu ta-a vi6c lam nam 2013 H^ Ndi UNDP (2012) Sutfiam gia ciia phu nu ti-ong vai trd lanh dao va quan 1;^ d" Vilt Nam Ha Ndi Bao Nhan dan di^n http://wwwf.nhandan.com.vn/xahpi/tmtuc/itRm/25759502-phat-buy-vai-tro-cua-phu-nutrong-xay-duqg-pong-thon-moi.html tir WOMEN IN PRODUCTION AND SOCIAL PARTICIPATION IN RURAL AREAS: SITUATION AND POUCY RECOMMENDATIONS Nguyen TTii Anh Tiiyet Summaiy Women are an important social force in rural areas They are not only production but also the majority of the labor force of the agricultural sector and rural areas The women in labor force in rural areas are accounted for 70.1% of the female workforce in the country In rural areas, about sixty one percent (61%) of female workers are directly involved in agricultural activities Skilled labor of women in rural areas is low, in which, about 90.5% of women workers have not been framed, and most of them (54.3%) participated in the unskilled occupations In the social sector, women are increasingly promoted; greater participated in commumty activities, management and leadership However, the rate of female labor participation in leadership and management is low They have to face with many obstacles and challenges in the process of performing theu" roles, especially the barriers, aspects relating to the level of awareness, gender equality, as well as insUtutlonal barriers To promote and improve the roles and positions of women in terms of social economic development, and the implementation of the goal of new rural building, therefore, the position and the role they need to be recognized and adequately assess, on the basis of objective implementation of measures to change awareness, encourage and create opportunities and conditions for women to show competence in production and social participation Based on the results of research and analysis, to give a number of recommendations on policies aimed at further promoting the role of women in production and participate in social activities in rural areas Keywords: Women, productive activities, social participation, gender equality, the level of awareness, barriers Ngudi phan bifin: TS Duong Ngpe TTii N g ^ n h ^ b ^ : 13/8/2015 Ngiiy thdng qua pMn biln: 14/9/2015 Ngiy duyet dang: 21/6/2015 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 9/2015 ... 52 ,1 Nam 100,0 45, 4 54 ,6 NO 100,0 51 ,5 48 ,5 Nam 100,0 55 ,1 61,1 Nu 100,0 44,9 38,9 39,4 33,7 16,0 6,8 18,0 76 ,5 3,7 1,7 16,8 76,3 4,8 2,1 19,8 76,8 2,2 1,2 54 ,2 58 ,0 75, 2 71,4 45, 8 42,0 24,8 28,6... 29,9% Trong ndng thdn, lao ddng nii tham gia cSc hoat dpng ndng nghiep la chu ylu Ty 1^ nii gioi tham gia Noi cu tru/ vung Ciinu6c Thanh thi Nong thon Nh6mtai6i 15- 24 tudi 25- 54 tudi 55 - 59 tudi... 18,01% phtrong phuc vu boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep Cii the, ty 1$ nu lam hi thu d p xa nhiem ky 201 1Trong nhieu Hnh vm: khac phu nii ciing tham gia tich 2016 chilm 7, 25% va tham gia ban ch^p