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/ r chuTc xa hoi d cac lang nghe ngoai Ha Noi tuT 1954 1986 (Qua nghien eu'u ba lang nghe sdn Ha Thai, Binh Vong va Sdn Dong) HOANG THI TO QUYEN* o nMeu ly khac nhau, boat dgng ngMen cGu t l chGe xd hdi ciia ngUdi Viet vd ldng Viet mdi thUc sU duge quan tdm tG sau ndm 1975 Trong khoang 10 nam dau sau kM da't nUde thdng nhat (1975 - 1986), cde cdng trinh ngMdn eilu theo hudng ndy ehu yeu d l cap tdi to ehUc xd hdi eua ngUdi Viet va ldng Viet trGde Cdch mang Thang nam 1945 Cdng trinh khoa hge diu tien de cap den van de la cud'n Ndng thdn Viet Nam lich sS^^ (2 tdp) tap t h i edn bd ngMdn edU Vien SG hge thUe hien Cdng trinh de cap den nhilu kMa canh eua van hoa ldng, xd Viet Nam, dd cd phan vie't gidi tMeu ve eO cd'u t l ehGe xa hdi d ndng thdn Viet Nam lich sG Tig'p theo Id mdt loat edng trinh nghign cGu chuyen sau ve lang Viet, nhG: Ldng xd HUang San (ghi chep dan tde hgc) '^', The tradition village in Viet Nam'-^\ Le ldng phep nud6^\ Cdng trinh ngMen cGu ve cd eau t l chGc xa hgi d lang Viet ed ban nha't va sau sic nha't eho de'n tnJdc Doi mdi Id cud'n Ca cdu td chUc cua ldng Viet cd truyin d Bdc Bd Cdng D trinh ngMen ciJu da de eap mgt cdeh dly du vd he thd'ng ve cde t l ehGe xa hgi d ldng Viet eo truyen nhu la nhtmg thdnh to cua ed edu xd hdi*^' TG nam 1986 de'n la thdi ky hoat ddng ngMgn etiu ve ldng Viet va vdn hda Viet dat duge nMlu kg't qua dang kMch le NMeu chUdng trinh, dU dn, de tM ngMen ciiu dGge tie'n hanh, nMeu cdng trinh khoa hge dGdc xuat ban, nhG: Tim hiiu ldng Viet^^\ Kinh nghiem to chUc qudn ly ndng thdn Viet Nam lich si^'^\ Ldng Nguyin'-^\ Mpt ldng Viet Nam^^\ Qudn ly xd hdi ndng thdn nUdc ta hien - Mpt sd vdn de ud gidi phdp^^^'', Hucmg ude ud quan ly ldng xcP-^^Facing the future, reviving the past: A study of social change in a Northern Vietnamese village^^'^^gUdi Viet d dong bang Bdc bp^^^K Day cung Id thdi gian xuat Men nhtmg cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve eae to ehGc xa hgi mdi, Mgn dai, nhG: Deuelopment oriented NGOs in Vietnam^'^'^\ Cdc dodn thi nhdn ddn kinh ti thi trudn^^^\ Vi tri, vai trb cdc hiep hdi qudn ehung d nudc ta'^^', Nhin * Ths Hoang Thj To' QuySn, Bao tdng Dan tpc hoc Nghiin cim Dong Nam A 9I2014_ nhdn lgi vai tro cua cdc td chdc phi chinh phd niMfc ngodi d Viet Nam^^'^\ bdn canh mdt vdi ngMen cGu v l to chGe xd hdi eua eac ldng Vigt xd hdi truyen thd'ng (trUde 1945), nhU: Gidp - to chUc xd hdi gidi nam cua ngUdi Viet d dong bang Bdc 6d'^^* Dac biet, thdi gian g i n day, mgt sd tde gil dd cdng bo eac ngMdn ciiu mdi ve lang Viet phi ndng ngMep Tieu bilu eho hudng nghien eiiXi mdi ndy la hM edng trinh Ldng budn (Nguyln Quang Ngge) vd Cdng dong ngU ddn d Viit Nam[64] TrGde kM trinh bdy ve ed cau to ehGe xd hgi co truyin cua ede ldng budn va lang ca d Viet Nam, cac tdc gia da bd thong lai ed ciu to chGc xd hdi cua eae lang ndng ngMep Viet Nam trGde nam 1945 Cdc tdc gia mud'n dUa vdo cd ea'u t l ehUc xa hgi eo truyen eua ldng ndng ngMep d l soi sang cd eau to ehGc xa hdi cua lang budn va lang ehdi d ca ba mien Bic, Trung, Nam*^^' Dieu quan trgng la, du nghidn cufu ve co edu to ehGe xa hdi ldng budn hay ldng chM, cac tae gia deu da lay he tho'ng p h i n loai to ehGc xa hbi lang tdc gia Nguyln TG CM dl xuat va thGe Men Tuy nMen, cdch phdn loai cung eb dilm ehUa that hdp ly, nhU gia dinh vd ddng hg, nhimg tdp hgp ngGdi theo huyg't thd'ng, cimg thGdng thugc ve mgt dia vGc eU tni nha't dinh (edng ve tnldc cang rd) Va, Mdn sd' lugng cae t l chGc xa hdi tap hdp theo nguyen tac tG nguyen ngdy eang nMeu, cdng da dang, can phai dUdc phan loai mgt edeh hdp ly hdn Vi vay, dua tren muc tigu ehinh yg'u cua ttmg to ehGe xd hdi, phan viet se de cap ede ttmg to ehGc xa hdi theo he t h i n g phan loai gim cdc to chGe kinh te, xa hdi, ede to chGc van hda xa hdi C a c t o chtifc k i n h td' 1.1 Hgp tdc xa Ndng nghiep Hdp tac xa Ndng ngMgp (HTXNN) eip thdn/ ldng chinh thGc dGge lap d ede ldng nghe ngoai Ha Ndi vdo nam 1959 Ban diu mdi thdn/ lang deu duge t l chGc It n h i t tG Hop tae xa Ndng ngMep trd Ign Ten cua eae Hgp tde xa Ndng ngMgp dGdc dat theo tdn xdm hoac theo so thG tG Cde HTXNN luc ndy mdi cM la HTX qui mo nho vdi khoang hdn 40 hd gia dinh tG nguygn t h a m gia, muc dich chu yeu nham tUcmg tG, giup dd phat triln ndng ngMep, tGcmg tG ede t l ddi cdng nhimg quy md ldn hdn Ve ed ban, lanh dao HTXNN bao gom ngGdi, vdi mgt Chii nMem, mgt Phd chu nMdm, mgt ThU by, mdt Thu quy vd mgt Thu kho Sau hdn mdt ndm hoat dbng, HTXNN qui md nhd bdc Id nhGng bat cap van de phMi cMa hoa ldi, rudng d i t manh miin khdng t h i quy hoaeh thuy lgi, quy hoaeh gid'ng edy trdng, vdn diu tU nhd anh hUdng dg'n ehu trUdng dp dung ede tie'n bg khoa hge, ky thudt vdo sMi xuat ndng ngMgp'^' Nhan vMi de, DMig va Nhd nude da quyet dinh phat t r i l n HTXNN b | e tha'p len quy md ldn hdn ThUe Mdn quyg't dinh ndy;' nam 1961 cac HTXNN quy md ldn duge thdnh lap tG viec sat nhdp cdc HTXNN quy md nhd vdi Vdi Ha Thai vd Binh Vgng mdi thdn thdnh Idp mdt HTXNN; rieng Sdn Dong dia bdn rdng, dan sd ddng dUdc thdnh Idp hgp tde xa Day cung Id thdi diem nhieu hd gia dinh ndng dan tU nguygn xin vdo hgp tdc xa Thdi k^ ndy Ban Chu nMem HTXNN da budc diu quy hoach lai rugng dat, xdy dung hg thd'ng thiiy ldi, thdnh lap cdc td Hodng Thj Td Quyen - Td chiic xd hgi d cdc ldng nghe ngogi thdnh Hd Ngi rdn d l tu san xuat vd eai tien edng cu lao ddng n h l m tdng nang sua't, giam sGc lao ddng Ban Chu nMem HTXNN cung cM dao vide xdc dinh gidng eay cho phu hgp vdi ttmg loai rugng, ttmg loai 1^ thudt de dat dGde nang s u i t eao n h i t Ndm 1965, thGc Men nghi quyet eua T^nh uy tinh Ha Tay (cu), cae thdn/ ldng thude tinh Hd Tay da tie'n hdnh cM tie'n quan ly lan thG hM nham thuc day san xud't, nMig eao Mgu qua san xuat ndng ngMgp, dUa HTXNN tG quy md thdn/ ldng len quy md toan xa Ben dUdi cdc HTXNN todn xa dUdc cMa nhiJng dgi san xuat theo cdc xdm thdn De eM dao sMi xuat cdc Ddi San xuat cd Ddi trudng, Dgi pho, ThG 1^ va Thu quy Thdi gian HTXNN tap trung cM tao rugng dat, ddm phdn vdi cdc xa ben eanh phdn chia lai rudng da't de tao ranh gidi t h i n g tG dd d§ dang quy hoach, xod bdt bd vung bd thGa, cMa rudng theo d ban cd d l ldm thuy ldi vd dat dUde hd thdng tUdi tidu td't nhat, dd dang cap nUdc kM b a n vd thodt nude ung Ben canh nMem vu eM dao san xud't, cae HTXNN edn cd nMeu sang kie'n, nhU phdn edng cho xa vien di khM thae tre, nGa v l dan chum, quet phdn trau ben trong, bdn ngoM phdi khd de dung thde trdnh md'c; to chGc dao gie'ng chd'ng ban, lay nGde tUdi eho ddng rugng, HTXNN xd Duygn ThM edn manh dan thUc Men khoan: khoan dien tieh, khodn san lugng va khdln ehi pM ngdy cdng Ddi san xuit nao lam vGdt ndng sua't, vGdt san iGgng, giam so edng se dUge hudng toan bd p h i n v$t eha't vUdt trdi dd Nguge lai, d^i ndo cd so' cdng cao, ndng sud't, san IGdng tha'p hdn quy dinh, se bi trG vdo thu nhap tu sd ngdy cdng lao dgng NgoM 71 trdng trgt, HTXNN cdn to ehUe eac trai ehdn nudi tap t h i de tdng gia san xuat, cM tMen ddi sdng cho xa vien Diu nhtmg ndm 1970, cac HTX mdi thu hut dugc 100% gia dinh d cac lang nghe vao HTX TG dd da't nbng ngMgp dGdc tap ehung ve mgt mdi Ban quan ly HTX dieu hanh, quye't dinh mgi viec tG thdi vu, nude, gid'ng, phMi, de'n dien tich gieo tring Xd vien hMig ding lam viec tG 7h00 - lOhOO sdng va tG 15h00 - 17h00 cMlu, dugc cham cdng va binh xet ngdy cdng theo cdc mGc da quy dinh Cudi vu, sau kM thu hoaeh, ddi san xuat tie'n hdnh tinh toan, can dd'i thu, cM roi chia thde eho cae hg dan theo sd' edng vd loai cdng ma mdi hd dat dugc Cac ddi san xuat cG mdt ngudi thue Men cdn cheo d l dam bao cdng bang khdu phan cMa san pham cho ngGdi lao ddng Mae du da cd nMeu co gang vide hodn tMen md Mnh, ed cdu td ehGe, boat dgng vd quan ly nham ndng eao nang suat, san lugng lUdng thuc, cd nMeu ddng gbp giM doan 1954-1975, nhUng HTXNN da bdc Id nMeu ye'u kem, tri trd tG kM dat nUde thd'ng nha't KM dat nUdc khdng edn cMg'n tranh, ca nUdc di ldn ehu ngMa xa hdi HTX khdng dem lai Meu qua ldnh te' eao, khdng khM thde dUdc tiem ndng vd sGc sang tao eua ngudi ddn Viec tri md hinh HTXNN vdi hinh thGc quan ly tap trung, quan Ueu, bao cd'p giM doan ndy la mdt nhCCng nguygn nhdn ldm eho nude ta bi day vdo cudc khiing hoang kinh te xa hgi t r i m trgng, la mdt nude ndng nghiep nhUng nUde ta Uen tuc phM nhap khau lUdng thUc KM dGge hdi ve thdi ldm viee cdc HTX, hau h i t ngUdi dan deu dong quan dilm cho rang "di lam thdi 72 HTX ching M nMet tinh nhU lam rieng ciia nhd minh nhung ctmg phM nMn de cd gang cuoi ngdy dUge binh blu cdng nhat" (Ba Dd Thi Hanh, sinh ndm 1937, xbm Ngd Hiln, thdn Ha ThM) Chinh vi tdm ly lao ddng tap the theo kieu "danh trdng gM ten", khdng ehu trgng tdi chat lUgng cdng vi?e nen ndng sua't, sMi lUdng lUdng thUe khdng nang ldn, ngUdi lao ddng khdng du dn, phM cd gIng tim kiem them ede cdng vide khdc dl ed the bti ddp p h i n tMeu hut cube sd'ng gia dinh Lam an tdp the, luong thuc khdng du da lam sinh nMeu thdi xau d mdt bd phan nhd nhuttig ngGdi cd ed hgi Ciing theo ldi ke eiia bd Hanh "thdi bay gid hg dn tigm thde cimg nMlu, vi thGdng eac xa vien di cat lua ve ta'p ddng d sdn kho, mdt so ngUdi thdng ddng vdi bao vg liy vd ban re hon mdt chut so vdi thi tnldng dl cMa nhau" Nhtmg hdnh vi tidu cGc san xuat nhG giau dien tich, giau san iGgng cf ed scf, ludn lach thdng dong d l ldm au, xue xoa cdng viec gay Mih hudng xdu din ke't qua; suy bi, ty nanh giGa cac to, dgi san xuat lam eho ndng suat lao ddng t h i p , tinh trang ddi dn trd ndn big'n, san xuat khdng phdt trien, xa vign khdng gan bd vdi Hgp tae xa*^^' Ngdy 20/9/1979, Hdi nghi Ban chip hdnh Trung Gdng Dang lan thG (khda IV) da nMn thang vao su thdt va nhan thay rb nguygn nhan tri trd cua nen sMi xuat, dd de mdt s i eMnh sdeh khuyg'n khieh ndng ngMep phat trien, khuye'n kMch kinh te' phu gia dinh, dl ehu tnldng eho xa vien mUgn rudng vd thay doi cdch dn cMa de dam bao nguyen tac phdn phd'i theo lao dgng Ngdy 13/1/1981, Ban bi thu Trung Udng Dang cM thi 100 ve cai tien cdng tdc khodn sMi pham cudi cung den Nghien cidi Dong Nam A 912014 nhdm vd ngudi lao ddng CM thi 100 dd xuat phdt tG thue te cudc sd'ng, ddp Gng dung nhu eiu, nguyen vgng ciia ngUdi lao dgng ca nude, dd cd ngUdi dan ede ldng nghe sdn Ha ThM, Binh Vgng vd Sdn Dong San xuat ndng ngMgp dd bUde dau duge eM tMdn nhimg phai dgi de'n sau Dai hdi VI (1986) va Nghi quye't 10 cua B6 ehinh tri ndm 1988 thilc Men giao rudng dM; ddi ban 10 - 15 nam cho ngUdi ndng ddn thi ngUdi ddn d eae ldng que mdi thue SG ldm ehii Mnh t l gia dinh, ehu ddng edng viec san xuat; ndng thdn/ ndng dan/ ndng ngMep Viet Nam mdi thUe su budc sang giM doan mdi: giM doan ngudi dan lam ehu manh dait eua minh 1.2 Hgp tdc xd Thd cdng nghiep Nhu tren da de cap, sau kM hda bmh dUde Idp lai d mien Bae, Dang va Nha nUdc ta chii tnldng phat trien kinh te, khac phue hau qua cMen tranh Ben canh viec tap trung phat trien ndng ngMgp, eac nghe va ldng n g h i truyin t h i n g deu dGde khuyg'n khieh, tao dilu kign khdi phue vd phdt trien, hang loat cac hdp tdc xa thij cdng ngMep dugc thdnh lap Ngay 2/5/1955 tai Ha ThM, To Sdn mM Thanh Hd chinh thGe dGge thdnh lap vdi 15 ngGcfi cd tay nghe cao nghe nhan Dinh Vdn Thanh giup dd vl ky thuat vd vdn dau tu Ndm 1959, To Son mM Thanh Hd phat trien Hdp tae xa Thu cdng ngMep Thanh Ha Sau dd Hdp tdc xa Thii cdng ngMep Thanh Hd sdp nhdp them To sdn mM Thanh IVE (xd Ddng My) thdnh Hgp tdc xa Thii cdng cao eap Thanh Hd San p h i m cua HTX da dUde khdi cac nGdc Xa hgi chu ngMa Ga ehudng, bdi vdy HTX Thanh Hd da to chGe lai sMi xuat, dao tao vd ndng cao tay nghi cho cdc xa vidn, phdt trien nhdm Hodng Thi Td Quyen - To chiic xd hgi d cdc ldng nghi ngogi thdnh Hd Ngi hdng xuat k h i u cho hd thong cae nUde Xa hgi chu ngMa Ngay 18/11/1961, DM hdi xa vidn todn HTX da quye't dinh ddi ten HTX thdnh 'TIgp tde xa Thu cdng my i ^ h e xua't khau cao cap Binh Minh" O Son Ddng, sau kM hda binh dUde lap IM, nhtmg ngudi ldm nghe thu edng, nhu: then ren, ddt vai tdp hdp lai thdnh to, eG to tnldng de lign hd, giao dich, nhan hang v l eho ede t l vien lam Nam 1957, HTX Ddt dugc thdnh lap; Nam 1955, xa dGa nghe mdy, song ve va thdnh lap HTX thu cdng chuyen ldm ghg' bIng song, may xua't k h i u vdi 34 xa vign De'n nam 1975, ede HTX thu edng nghiep tren dia bdn da phdt trien len trdn 300 xa vign Nam 1983, Sdn Dong bat diu md Idp day nghe son, tac tGdng n h l m khdi phuc nghe truyen thd'ng Ldp hgc nghg nhan Nguyln DGc Dau vd mgt sd' nghe nhan tG thdnh phd ve hUdng ddn, truyen nghe Day chinh Id nhGng nhdn td dau tien tao nen mdng cho viee phue hoi vd phdt triln nghi sdn, tae tUgng phat trien rUe rd d Sdn Dong nhtmg thap 1^ tig'p theo Tudng tu nhu HTXNN, vM trd lanh dao HTX thii cdng cung thude vl Ban Chu nhidm HTX, bao gIm mdt Chu nhigm, mgt hoac Phd chii nMem vd trGdng ban k i i m soat Bgn dGdi HTX thu edng nghiep cung Id cac to san xuat vdi vM trd quan trgng eiia ngUdi T l tnldng va eac t l vidn Sdn pham cac HTX thii cdng nghigp lam mdt phan phue vu xuat khau (theo cac hdp ddng Nhd nUdc ky ket), phan cdn lai phue vu nhu cau cua ngUdi dan nudc NhiJng ndm eud'i thap ky 80 va nhOng nam diu thdp ky 90 cua the ky XX, cdc nGdc Xd hdi chu nghia d Lidn Xd vd Ddng 73 Au l i n lugt sup do, thi trGdng tieu thu hang hda ehu yeu eua ede HTX thii cdng ngMgp, dae biet Id HTX thu cdng my nghe xud't k h i u eao cap Binh Minh khdng cbn, hang hda san xua't khdng xuit khau duge, ddi sd'ng xd vien HTX gap nhilu khb khan, nMeu xa vien xin quay trd vl san xuat ndng ngMep budc HTX phM giai t b i sau nMlu ndm xdy dung va phat trien 1.3 Hgp tdc xd Mua bdn Song song vdi vide xdy dUng va phdt trien HTX Nong ngMep, HTX Thii edng nghigp, Id cudc van ddng xay dGng HTX Mua ban vd HTX Tin dung Day chinh la phong trao "Ba nggn cd hong" dGdc day manh d cdc lang qug miln Bie Viet Nam giM doan 1954-1975 Vdo nhimg ndm 1958, 1959, Hgp tde xd Mua bdn duge lap d hau he't ede lang xa d mien Bdc Viet Nam Cdc hd gia dinh tham gia mua co phan, hdp tac xa sG dung ngudn von thu dugc de kinh doanh vd eudi ndm t i n g k i t , lai cMa cho nhCtng ngGdi da mua CO phan Bd mdy lanh dao HTX Mua ban eting gom cd Chii nMdm, Phd chu nhiem, ThG ky, Thu quy, Kilm sodt vien vd nhan vidn bdn bdng Chu nMem HTX vd ThG ky ed nMem vu td chUc lay hdng ve giao cho nhan vidn ban hang Kiem soat vien cb nMem vu kiem tra viec phdn phdi hang hda Cling vdi Idem soat vien, Chu tieh UBHC xa cung ed mat kM cac mat hdng dGdc phdn phdi tdi ngUdi ndng dan Bdn canh viec phdn phd'i hang tieu dung, HTX Mua ban Son Dong cdn Id khau trung gian ban ede mat hdng thu edng dUdc san xuit d dia phucmg, dong thdi la thu mua ldng ga, ldng vit, gie rdch eua ngGdi ddn mang 74 di bdn lai cho eac nhd mdy, xi ngMep cua nhd nGde thu chenh leeh gia Nghien cUu Ddng Nam A 912014 trang hui, hg phdt trien eac ldng que nen HTX Tin dung khong boat ddng duge va dd giM th|t22) HTX Mua ban giM doan ndy vGa la mdt t l ehGe kinh te' nhd nGde, vGa Id t l ehGc kinh te co phan hba cua cae hg gia dinh C a c t o chute v a n h o a x a hOi Tuy nMgn, cdc el ddng khdng cd quyln 2.1 Hdi Vdi quye't dinh eac boat ddng kinh doanh Viec Hdi Vai la to chGe xa hdi danh cho cae phan cMa ldi nhuan cM tdp trung vdo eu bd boat dbng chu yeu g i n vdi ngdi ehtia nhung ngudi trUc tie'p tham gia dieu hdnh lang, tuong tG nhU Hdi Phu lao cua cdc cu hoat ddng eua HTX KM dugc hdi ve vide dng sinh boat chu ye'u d ngdi dinh ldng sG dung sd' tien thu duge cdc cd ddng TrUdc nam 1945, d Ha ThM da ed Hgi VM nop vdo HTX, bd Nguyln TM Hue, 77 tuli, Tuy nhidn, sau 1945, chie'n tranh loan xdm Hdn, Son Dong, ttmg Id nhdn vidn lac, Hgi VM khdng cdn t l chGe sinh hoat bdn hang cua Hgp tde xa Mua bdn Sdn nGa vd phM dd'n nam 1975 hbi mdi dGde Ding tG 1960 -1982, eho bie't "Co phan cua khdi phue ngGdi dan dung eho vige xay dGng nhd kho, Mue tidu va chGong trinh boat ddng ciia cGa hang, mua sam trang thig't bi cua Hgp tdc xa Hgp tac xa budn bdn, so' IM trieh Hgi Vai tG xUa tdi khdng ed nMeu thay 70% cM tra cho nhdn vien Hgp tde xa, cbn doi Ldnh dao Hgi la mdt Gid tnldng, mdt 30% cho vao quy Hang ndm HTX trich ldi Gid phd va mdt Thu ky, mdt Thu quy T\iy chia cho ede eo dbng bIng digm, muo'i hay vay, mgi hoat dgng cua Hgi lai dUdc ddt dudi sG cM dao eua sG t h i y try tri ehua dau hda nhGng khdng dang kl" Cac vM sinh boat theo ttmg to, ed To tnldng Sau kM Doi mdi, vdi nen kinh td' dan va T l phd, gan hen vdi eac xdm nhG d Ha dUde md cufa, Hdp tde xa Mua ban chdm ThM hoae phMi cMa theo eac ngo nhG d ehuyen doi cd chg' boat ddng, kinh doanh Sdn Dong, hodc sinh boat ehung khdng ndn cM vM ndm sau dd bi giai the phan cMa theo xdm ngd nhU tnldng hdp d 1.4 Hgp tdc xd Tin dung Binh Vgng Mdi kM ed vide, sG tru tri bao Song song vdi viec lap HTX cho Gid trUcmg, Gia trudng bdo eho cdc To ndng ngMgp, HTX mua ban, HTX Tin tnldng, tG dd thdng tin tdi ede to vien dung ddi dap dng vdi phong trao tiet Tieu ehuIn vdo Hdi Vdi Id eac cu bd tU Idem eua cac gia dinh ndng dan, tao nguIn 60 tuoi trd ldn KM eo nguyen vgng cde bd vd'n eho eac gia dinh vay phdt trien san phM bdo vdi Gia trudng, Gid phd vd sG xua't Ngodi vide huy dgng vdn tie't kiem thay tru tri chtia Sau dd, cdc bd phM sIm eua ngudi ddn, HTX Tin dung cdn ddcc tin le len chtia de sG t h i y lam ll tung ldnh xin nhiem lam uy thdc eua ngan hang cho phep Buoi Id thudng cd mdt cua cdc gid nhdn dan vay vdn chdn nudi, thue day Hgi va keo ddi khoMig mdt phat trien kinh te gia dinh Bd Le TM DU, 62 tuoi, ngudi ddn Ha NhiJng ndm 1988-1990, chuyen doi ThM, chd biet "Trong thdn M den tuoi cung ed ehe', ldi sua't tMig cao, lai them tinh deu tham gia Hdi VM Di 1§ Phat de ciu Hodng Thi Td Quyen - To chUc xd hdi d cdc ldng nghi ngogi thdnh Hd Ngi mong cho gia dinh manh khoe, binh an, van su nhu y Dan gian ed cdu: "Phuc dGc tai mlu" ngn phu nG thudng Id ngGdi ldn chiia" Bd Duong Thi Deo, 73 Mii, Gia trudng Hgi VM lang Ha ThM cho bie't "Cac bd ludn t a m mem: "Phu nO ludn Id ngUdi ldm an vdt va, de'n tuli dUgc ve cGa Phat de an nhan, d l xdm hdi" Hg ludn tin rang ng'u nhG cd tam, tin tGdng vdo nhtmg dieu Phat day, dUc Phat se mang lai eho hg, cho gia dinh hg mdt eugc sd'ng binh an, khoe manh, Dd Id dieu md ldp ngudi gia ludn quan tdm va hUdng tdi Bd Nguyln Thi Lan, 83 tuli, ngUdi dan Ha ThM tdm sU: "Bd tham gia hdi vM tG ndm 46 tudi, luc day d Ha ThM mM cd Hgi Vdi, tnldc nGa tM khdng ed Tham gia hdi vM d l "Nhd't tam Nhat Phat", di Id Phdt de Phdt eho khoe manh, vui ve, khoe manh lam dn" Sau kM dUde kg't nap vdo hdi cde vM, cdc bd dUdc phat mgt bd quan ndu, hdng ngdy de'n chua hge tung kinh, mem Phdt Hgi VM cung dUgc phan cMa thdnh cde nhdm theo IGa tuli Nhdm nho tuoi nhat Id nhCfng ngGdi tG 60 - 69 tuoi Day la nhCftig ngUdi mdi dUdc kg't nap vdo hgi vd "hg phai di "ehap tae", ldm nhGng viee nhd ehtia yeu cau, phue vu cae vai gia va kM ehua ed viee tM day se Id nhDng ngudi phuc vu eMnh" (phdng van sau bd Van Thi Xoan, sinh nam 1955, Son Ddng) Den 70 tuli, ede vM phai sam le vgng, trinh cde eu thUdng (90 tuoi), cu (80 tuoi) L l v^t tGng gia dinh, thdng thudng Id triu, eau, hUdng, hoa qua Sau l l Phdt, so' le vdt dUdc dem mdi cdc cu '^e tren" va chia phan cho cdc cu mang ve Vdi thdn Ha Thdi vd Binh Vgng, kM ngdi tung kinh hay thu lde g chua cde vai khdng phdn bidt tuli tdc, nhung d Son Dong vM phai ngdi theo IGa 75 tudi Mdt su khac biet giGa Son Dong vdi Ha ThM va Binh Vgng Id cdc vM dUdi 70 tuoi kM l l Phat khdng dugc phep ngii ben chua md phai bgn ngoM Mgn, cM cd cac vdi tign 70 tuli mdi dUde ngdi tror^ ehtia Cd the ndi, Hgi Vai Id ndi ede bd, eac m e sau thdi gian dM lao ddng v l t va chdm lo cho gia dinh, chdng dUde tham gia sinh boat tap the nham thda man nhu eau giao lUu, nhu ciu chia se tinh cam Quan trgng hdn, dGdng nhu qua nhCttig thdng t r i m cua cude ddi, cdc ba da ed nMlu trai ngMdm vui, budn, hg ean eb khoang tinh lang de suy ngam, cMgm ngMem vl ban thdn, gia dinh vd xd hdi Vi vdy, hg da tim de'n cGa Phat, mgt tdn gido day eon ngGdi rdi bd tham, san, si, lam dilu tMdn, bd dilu de d l sau kM qua ddi dUdc sieu thoat Vdi viee tham gia Hdi VM, hg da ttmg bUdc chuan bi eho ngdy tG gia coi ddi eiia minh Ba DGdng TM Deo cho big't "quy vao ehtia dugc phdt sd, diep, ed trdng hat, tram tuli thi dugc mac dd HM hbi, mae ndy kM sang the gidi ben quy sG khdng bat, khdng bi tra khao, dGdc sieu thodt nhanh vd dugc nUdng nhd cGa Phat" 2.2 Mpt sd t6 chUc xd hpi khdc Ben canh Hdi VM, dua trdn nhu ciu cua nhtmg ngudi phu nG tuli trung mgn, nhtmg ngGdi chUa du tuli vao Hgi VM, nhtmg mud'n di ehua, mud'n tham gia vao td chGc nhCtng ngudi ed ehung Mem tm vdo Phdt gido, sG tru tri d cae chua lang da to chUe Hdi Con nhang de tG (sau dii ten thdnh To Dugc SG) d Ha ThM, To Bd De d Binh Vgng, Lanh dao to vdn Id nhCtng ngUdi T l tnldng, To phd; boat ddng cua to phu thude vdo Hdi VM vd sG ehu tri ehua 76 Nghien cidi Dons Nam A 912014 khdi xu hudng ndy Tuy nMen, ctmg da xuit Men mdt thay doi ldn cdc gia finh d Son Dong thdi ky nay, TrUde ndm 1954, gidi nG d day thudng duge dat tdn hg blng ten dem eiia ngUdi cha Vi du ngGdi cha cb ten hg day du la Nguyln Cdng A se dat ten hg cho bIng chQ Cdng (Cdng Thi B ching han), kM van ddt tgn hg eho trM la Nguyen Cdng C KM dd, nG gidi chu ye'u d gia dinh, it giao tiep xa hdi ndn cdeh ddt ten hg ndy khdng anh hudng nMlu dg'n cude sd'ng eiia hg NhUng kM hba binh lap lai, tre em gdi bat dau dUde de'n ldp; nG gidi ngdy cdng tham gia vdd nMeu hoat dgng xa hgi, cdeh ddt tgn hg nhu tren gay nMeu khd khan eho viec hge tdp va sinh boat eua ngudi dan Bd Tnmg 2.3 Mot sd td chiic xd hgi dde thu Tbi Chau (73 tuoi, xdm Hdn, Sdn Ddng) eho a Gia dinh biet "KM ed gM diu cua tdi bi dm, gia Ndm 1954, kM hda binh lap lai, h l u he't dinh dUa di benh vien, kM trinh giiy khM nhuttig ngGdi, nhtmg gia chnh phai di sinh tM hg eua ed khdng gid'ng hg eiia ngudi chuyin cU cMe'n tranh diu da quay eha nen viee ldm thii tuc nhdp vien gap khd ve ldng, on dinh cugc sd'ng, phdt triln kinh khdn Sau l i n dd tdi da sGa lai ten hg tg' gia dinh; Sd lugng ede cap vg ehong mdi giay khM sinh eua cd eon gM vd kM sinh eudi eung tdng nhanh ldm eho sd' lugng gia nhtmg dGa sau tdi da rut kinh ngMem, dinh vd sd' nhan khau mdi gia dinh lay hg eua eha dat cho theo diing quy deu cd cMeu hUdng tdng len so vdi thdi dinh cua Nha nUde" CMnh vi ly nay, r i t gian chig'n tranh Tuy nhign, h l u h i t nhieu gia dinh Sdn Ddng da thay dii edeh nam nign d cac ldng que deu xung ddt tdn cho gM eua manh phong len dUdng nhap ngu ngn tinh trang Dbng hg eac gia dinh cM cd phu nG, tre em va ngGdi Nhu tren da de cap, ndm 1954 kM hda gid kha bien giM doan tU 1954binh ldp lai, nhGng ngUdi di eG ehiln 1975 Nam 1975, mien Nam dGde giM tranh da quay ve ldng tim lai ba con, anh phbng, dat nUdc thd'ng nhd't, hang loat can em, hg hang, Nhd dd md'i quan he huyg't bd, cMen sy Qudn dgi Nhan dan Viet Nam thd'ng dugc tang eUdng, to chGe ddng hg duoc ve thdm qud hay xud't ngu ve qug, ldm dGdc khdi phuc; Nha thd eM, nha thd hg xuat Men ldn sdng gia tang dan sd sau dan dGge xdy dUhg lai ldm noi t l chGc gid cMg'n tranh eM, gid hg Tuy nMen, khoang thdi 'Rnh Mnh gia dinh d cac ldng nghe sdn gian tu ndm 1954 - 1986, kinh te' khd Ha ThM, Binh Vgng, Sdn Dong khbng khdn, ca nGdc tap trung sGc ngGdi, sGc ciia Sau ndm 1975, theo xu hudng ehung, cde lang nghi sdn Ha Thai, Scm Ddng va Binh Vgng dd xuat Mdn them mdt sd' t l chGc xd hgi mang tiiih tG nguygn, nhG: Hdi Ding nien (dong tue), Hgi Ddng mdn, Hdi Dong ngu, NhGng ngGdi sinh cung ndm, bgc eung ldp, cting trUdng hay di bg ddi eting mdt dgt, da to chGc lai mdt to chUe xd hgi d l ed dieu kien gap mat, sinh boat, ddng vien, giup dd eude sdng Day mdi cM la nhGng bUdc phdt triln diu tien cua cac t l ehGc xd hdi mang tinh tu nguyen Cae to ehUc chi thUe sG dUdc nhan rdng vd phdt trien tU sau kM Dang vd Nhd nude ta thUc hien dUdng Ib'i Ddi mdi todn dien dat nUdc tG ndm 1986 Hodng Thj Td Quyen - To chUc xd h0i d cdc ldng nghi ngogi thdnh Hd Noi eho mue tigu thd'ng nha't da't nude, nMeu gia dinh Trudng cM, Trudng tdc/ TrUdng hg t i l p tuc phai bdn da't dng bd, t l tign dl lai Thdm cM nhieu ngudi cbn bdn ca nhtmg manh dat tGng cd nhd thd hg (dd bi phd cMg'n tranh) de di ndi khdc lam dn hodc lay tien trang trM cube sd'ng, nen so nhd thd hg d cde lang qud cdn lai rat it, tham cM nMlu ldng qug hoan todn vang bdng eae nhd thd hg Mpt v a i n h $ n x e t , k e t hx^n 11 tham gia cMd'n dau ehdng tra sU leo thang ban pha ciia de' qud'c My miln Bae D l hodn thdnh nhuttig muc tieu dd, to ehGc kinh te' xa hgi d cac ldng qug miln Bic ^.^et Nam da dugc xay dung va phdt tiiln tren nguyen tae lao ddng tdp the vd phan cMa san p h i m theo cbng lao ddng binh quan Tuy nMgn, tG kM da't nGde thdng nhat (nam 1975), tinh Mnh kinh te, xa hgi nGdc va qud'e td' ed nhieu thay doi, nhiem vu edeh mang quan trgng nha't va thd'ng nhat tren ea nGde Id phat trien ldnh te', xdy dimg edng ehu nghia xd hdi (hM nhidm vu cM vign sGe ngGdi, sGe eiia eho cMe'n tnldng m i l n Nam vd ehb'ng tra sU leo thang ban pha cua dd' qub'c My mien Bae khdng edn tdn tai) Viec tri/ keo ddi each thUc quan ly va dieu hanh cac to chGe kinh te xa hgi theo bUdng lao ddng tdp the, phan phd'i san phim theo lao ddng binh quan da gdp phin dUa da't nUde vdo eude khiing hoang kinh te xd hbi ngdy edng tram trgng, san xuit nbng ngMep va thii edng ngMep d cac lang Viet ndi ehung, eac lang nghe sdn d ngoai thdnh Hd Nbi nbi rieng bi anh hudng nghiem trgng Cin phai eb nhtmg thay doi each t l ehGc vd quan ly eae to chGc xa hgi de tao nhuttig bGdc phdt triln mdi vl kinh tg', vdn hba, xd hdi d cde ldng que tren da't nGdc Viet Nam ndi ehung, eac lang nghe sdn d ngoai thdnh Hd Ndi ndi rigng 1954-1986 Id giM doan mien Bae khdi phuc kinh te', tdp trung sGe ngGdi, sGc ciia cho cudc cMg'n tranh giM phdng mien Nam, thd'ng nhd't dd't nGdc Day eung Id thdi gian quan va dMi mien Bae cMen dd'u chd'ng tra sG leo thang cMe'n tranh cua dd' qud'c My mien Bae Trong thdi ky ndy, nhieu to chGe xa hdi da timg ton tai cdc ldng qug ngUdi Viet d Bae Bd trUdc day da bi xda bd; nhilu to ehGc xa hdi mdi dGge hinh thdnh va phat triln Tieu bilu nhd't cho xu the mdi Id sG hinh thdnh va phdt trien ede to chGe cMnh tri xd bgi, tiong dd sU hinh thdnh va phdt t r i l n to chGc Dang d cac lang que va vM trb lanh dao tuyet dd'i eua Dang vdi cdc t l chGc xd hdi khdc, dae biet la cac to chGc eMnh tri xa hbi vd cdc to ehUc kinh te' xa hgi Id dac diem then chd't, quye't dinh xu hGdng phat trien khdng chi ciia cdc to chGe xd bdi ma eon quyet dinh ea xu hUdng phat trien eua Do cugc van ddng ehb'ng me tm, di doan cdc lang que, dd cd lang nghe sdn eua Dang vd Nhd nUde, nen hau hg't cdc di Ha Thai, Binh Vgng vd Sdn Ddng tich lieh sG dinh, den, ehua, mig'u, khdng 1954-1986 Id thdi ky eac to chGe xa hdi cdn dugc cham sdc, tu b l ngn nghi sdn tap trung gdp cdng, gdp sGe vao phdt triln truyin thd'ng cua ca ba ldng Ha Thai, Binh kinh te, gdp phan xay dUng chu nghia xa Vgng va Sdn Ddng deu khbng cb ed hdi hdi d mien Bdc, cM vien sGc ngudi, sGe eiia phdt triln Tuy nMgn, Dang vd Nha nGdc cho chie'n trGdng mien Nam vd tnfc tie'p da sdm nhan ben canh phat trien nbng 78 Nghien cihi Ddng Nam A 912014_ ngMep can phM khdi phue va phdt trien nghe thu cdng, mdt thg' manh cua nMeu ldng que Viet Nam Nhd mdt vM to ehGe xa hdi lien quan de'n nghe son dd dGde ddi vd budc dau phat trien, tao tiln dl eho sU phat trien cua nghe sdn va cae to chGe xa hdi eua nhtmg ngUdi ldm nghi son giM ddan sau, giM doan Doi mdi ed bMi vd toan dien da't nUdc./ thon nudc ta hi^n - Mpt sd vdn di vd gidi phdp, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hd Npi 11 Btii Xuan EHnh (1998), Huang Udc vd qudn ly ldng xa, Nxb Khoa hoc xa h^i, Hd Nbi 12 John Kleinen (1999), Facing the future, reviving the past: A study of social change in a Northern Vietnamese village, Institute of Southeast Asia, Singapore {Ldng ViSt dd'i dien vdi tuang lai, nhin vi qud khU: Mpt nghian cUu vi sU thay doi vi xd hpi d mpt ldng ViH Bdc Bd, han dich, Nxb Dd Ndng, 2006) CHU THICH 13 Di^p Binh Hoa (2000), Ngudi ViH d Dong Bdng Bdc bd, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hd N6i Vign SG hgc (1977, 1978), Ndng thon ViSt Nam lick sd, hM tap, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hbi, Hd Ngi 14 Mulla, Z Boothroyd P (1994), Development - oriented NGOs in Vietnam, Centre for Human Settiements, Umversity of Bristish Columbia and National Centre for Social Sciences £uid HumaMties Tran Tir (1975), "Ldng xa HUdog Sdn (gM 15 Nguyln Viet VUdng (1994), Cdc dodn thi chep dan tpc hoc)", Nghien cUu lich sU, sd nhdn ddn kinh ti thi trUdng, Nxb 165, Ha Npi (Trong Nguyln Tif Chi (2003), Chinh tri qub'c gia, Hd Npi Gop phdn nghien cUu vdn hoa vd tdc ngiM, Nxb Vdn hda ddn tpc, Ha Npi, tr 401-437) 16 Nguygn Khdc MM (1996), Vi tri, vai tro cdc hiip hpi qudn ehung d nUdc ta, Nxb Lao Neil Jamieson (1980), The tradition village dpng, Hd Npi in ViH Nam, Vietnam forum 17 Nguyen Van Thanh (1998), "Nhln nhdn lgi Bui Xuan Dinh (1985), i g ldng phep nUdc, vai tro ctia cdc td chUc phi chinh phu nUdc Nxb Phap Iy, Hd Npi ngodi d Viet Nam", tgp chi Cdng sdn, sd 17 Tran TH (1984), Ca cdu to chUc cda ldng 18 Digp Dinh Hoa (1998), "Gidp - t l chGc xa Viet CO truyin a Bdc Bp, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hpi gidi nam eiia ngUdi Vi?t d dong bdng hpi, Ha Noi (Trong Nguyln Tir CM (2003), Bic bp", Nghiin ciiu Lich sA, sd 4, tr 46 Gop phdn nghiin ciiu vdn hda vd tpc ngUdi, Nxb Van hda dan tpc Ha Npi, tr 244-362) 19 Nguyln Duy TM|u (2002), Cdng dong ngU ddn d Viit Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xd hbi, Diep Dinh Hoa (1990), Tim hiiu ldng ViH, Hd Npi Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Ndi 20 DMig bb xa Duyen Thdi, Truyin thong Cdch Phan DM Dodn, Nguyln Quang Nggc mang cua Ddng bd vd nhdn dan xd Duyen (1994), Kinh nghiam to chUc qudn ly ndng Tlidi 1945-2005, Hd Tay 2006, ti 92 thon ViH Nam lich sd, Nxb CMnh tri 21 Ddng bd xa Duygn ThM, Truyin thdng Qude gia, Hd N^i cdch mang etia Ddng bp nhdn ddn xd Diep Dinh Hoa (1994), Ldng Nguyin, Nxb Duyin Thai, Hd Tay 2006, tr 118 Khoa hoc Xd hpi, Hd Npi 22 Ban chip hdnh DMig bp xd Son Ding, Luong Viet Uyen (1994), Mpt ldng ViH huygn HoM DGc, thdnh phd Hd Ndi, Lich sU Nam, Nxb The' gidi, Hd Npi each mang cOa Bang bp xd San Bong (19302005), Son Dong thdng 1-2009, tr 199 lO.Phan DM Doan (1996), Qudn ly xd hdi ndng
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