Về tổ chức xã hội ở Việt Nam thời xưa.pdf

CHUYEN MUC SO HOC - NHAN HOC - NGHISN COU TON GIAO N| V T CHU'C XA HQI Cf VIET NAM THOI XU'A NGUYEN TONG Td 1990 den 2002, han mwdi nim, chOng tdi di tham gia hai chwong trinh nghiin cuv vi ling x8 d ddng bing sdng Hdng khuon khd hap tic khoa hge giira Trung tim Khga hgc xa hdi vi Nhin vin Quic gia (Vidt Nam) vidi Trung tim Qudc gia Nghlin ciru Khoa hgc (Phip), rdi vdi Vidn ViSn Bdng Bic od (Phip) Cie thinh qui di dwgc cdng bd hai cuon sich: Mdng Phu, un village du delta du fleuve Rouge"' vi Ling d vung chiu thd sdng Hdng: vin di cdn bd ngd'^K Trwcre dd, tdi cOng di nghidn cwu ling Bio An d Quing Nam''' Sau diy, tdi xin ghi lai vii tim die vd ling xa Vidt Nam di dwge trinh biy chO yiu cie euin sich ndi tren LANG XA, VAN D6 THUAT NGO Qua Dw dia cht cda Nguydn Trdi, ta bilt Id nggy td t h i ky XV r i t nhieu t& Hdn Viet duge dung d l chi dgn vj hdnh chlnh eg sd d Viet Ngm: hwang, giip, phwdng, trai, ddng, sich, thdn vd nhit Id xi (Nguyen Trdi, 1976, tr 209-246) Tinh trgng dd dd kdo ddi it oho d i n d i u t h i ky XIX nhu ta thiy cuon Cic trin tdng xi danh bi ISm (1981), dugc v i l t vdo khoang cdc ndm 1810-1813, nen d n Nguyen TCing Nhd nghien cdu ddn tpc hpc, ehuydn nghign cdu ve ngudi Vigt, trudc ddy tdng dgy d dgi hpc Paris Diderot vd lam vi$c tgi Trung tam Qu6c gia Nghien cdu Khoa hpc (CNRS, Phdp) djnh nghia eung nhu binh lugn ve cde t d ndi tren Xa; Id td thudng gdp nhit (din hgn 90% Cac trin tdng xa danh bi iam) TUdng thudng nd chi mdt ldng Idn hay it duge chlnh quyln cdng nhgn nhu t h i Nhung nhleu xd ghi Cdc trin tdng xi danh bi lim chi ed chug d i n mudi ddn ndi tich''" Vdo khodng nhdng ndm 1930, d Bac Ninh khoang 74% cdc lang thudc logl "nhit xa nhit thdn" va 24%) g i m td hai den b i n thdn (xem Nguyin Van Huydn, 1996) T d dau the ky XX trd di, vi$e dung td xi Se chi cdc dgn vj hdnh chlnh eg sd ngdy cdng trd ndn biln: vdo ndm 1928, t i t cd cdc dgn v| NGUYEN TUNG - VE T(5 CHU'C XA HQI & VIgT NAM hdnh ehinh co sd d B i c Ky d i u duge gpi Id xi (xgm Ngd Vi Lien, 1928) Thdn: chi mdt xd nhd vdi t i t ed ede chuc ndng cda mpt dgn vj hdnh ehlnh eg sd Nhung, nhu vda trinh bdy trgn day, thdn eung Id mgt don vj dja vye nam bdn xd Khac vdi xdm, thdn thydng cd dinh vd mdt s l tgp tgc rieng, nen ed bdn s i c khd dam net so vdi cde thdn khde cdng xd Td thdi Minh Mang (1820 - 1840), cdc thin thggc xd phd If e l m dig Phwdng: chi mgt xa g thj hay mgt xd md phin ddng ddn cdng ldm mdt nghi, thd cdng hay bgdn bdn Phudng cdn duge ddng d l chi mdt hdi ngdnh nghi Trudc thdi Phdp thupc, phd Hodi Ddc (tdc ngi thdnh Hd Npi ngdy nay) cd r i t nhilu phudng Phwdng thOy ca (hay thdy co): id Idng d tren sdng Theo Pierre Gourou (1965, tr 437-442), vdo nhdng ndm 1930, nd "gom todn thuyin hay bd, ddn ldng sing bing nghi ddnh cd hay vdn tai' Phwdng tir ehidng: g i m todn ddn "td ehiing", tdc la nhdng ngudi d i n td nhilu ngi, cd g l c gdc khdng rd Hai thdnh ngd trai tw chieng vd gai giang hd thudng sdng d l i vol nghia r i t x i u Phdi Chang td tw ehidng phdi sinh tu tQ trin bao quanh kinh thdnh Thdng Long dudi trilu Le (Kinh Ble, Son Nam, Hdi Duong vd Son Tdy)? Giio phwdng: g i m nhdng gia dinh Idm nghi hdt xudng, ddn djch Trang: chi cde lang thdi xua (ehd y l u td ddi Ly Trin) von Id diln trang cae dng hodng, ba chda, cdc nhd quy tgc hay quan Idn ldp Trgi: chi cdc Idng luc d i u gom cdc l l g tho so d l d tgm nhu d g lao ddng Ching hgn, vdo d i u t h i ky XIX, Mdng Phg (thgdc xd Budng Ldm, Hd Ndi) ed xdm Trai se trd thdnh thon Phg Khang hien cd s l ddn g i n bing Mdng Phg Sd nggyen xua ddy Id ede sd d i n diln md dudng nhu, theo Bgi Viet sir kftoin thw(^96S III, tr 276), Le Thdnh Tdng Id vj vua d i u tien dd cho ldp vdo ndm 1481 d l phdt triln nong nghigp Chiw Idng dugc ldp tren d i t bii d ven sdng Vgn: Idng chdi Trong td dien edg Alexandre de Rhodes x u i t bdn ndm 1651, van duge djnh nghia Id "noi tg tdp nhieg thgyin be d l bgdn bdn" Nd cdn chi tap hgp nhung ngydi lam chgng mdt nghe, nhy vgn budn, vgn xe, vancif Giip: td ndy r i t it dygc ddng d l ehi dgn vj hdnh chlnh eg sd, ngogi trd g Thgnh Hda vd nhit id d Nghd An (xem them dudi ddy phdn viet ve gidp nhu Id t l chdc ben xd) Phd: t d d i l n cua Alexandre de Rhodes x u i t ban ndm 1651, td ndy chi mdt "eon dudng ed cdc cda hdng budn bdn" (Rhodes, 1651, tr 602) Hign d ede dd thj mien Ble, cdc dudng van dygc ggi Id (phi Hul, phd Bd Trigu.,.), khdc vdi cdch gpi d miln Nam Trong Cie trin tdng xi danh bi lim, ede tinh miln ndi Ble Bd cd r i t nhilu p h i : d An Qudng, d Tuyan Quang, 20 g Cag Bing, 40 d Lgng Sgn Dieu dd chdng td Id vdo d i u t h i ky XIX, trao d l i hdng hda TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI so (203) 2015 bing dudng bd gi&a Viet Nam vd Tmng Qudc dugc thyc hien chd y l u thdng qua Cao Bang vd nhit id Lang Son O hai tinh ndy, cdn cd nhilu chg vd qudn duge ghi nhu id cdc dgn vi hdnh ehinh eg sd D i l u dang ghi nhdn Id cdc tinh ding bang bao quanh phd Hodi Dde (thudc tinh Hd Ndi, dugc lap sau ndy vdo nam 1831) ehi ed mdt p h i nhat Id Tan Hdi (nim tren dja phdn cda xd Dudng Ldm ngdy nay) D i l u ndy odng chdng td id vdo thdi dd, ngodi Thdng Long ra, Dong bang song Hing ed r i t it phi Cdc p h i cd Id r i t nhd: chi g i m vdl cda hang, qudn dn vd qudn trg cdc tinh miln ndi, ban Idng cda cdc ddn tdc It ngudi thudng duge ggi Id sich hay ddng Ngodi cdn ed nhilu td khde nhu lung, xwdng, md, bin, o/)dm'°' cdng dugc ddng d l chi xd thdn Nghg An vd Thanh Hda, ta cdn ggp nhilu td khdc ndg: niu (Idng mdt nhdm thg hgy ldi budn ldp ra), tich (Idng eda nhdng ngudl Idm muoi?)'°' ddi (Idng dg m|t dpi linh ldp ra?), tde (ldng chi nhdng ngudl cdng mdt tdc lap ra?), iing (Idng ed nhldm vg bag vd, tu b l mdt lang vua?) vd nhit Id giip Culi cdng, Da; Nam thwc lgc (1970, IX, tr 123), ta thiy so ede Idng Nguyen Cing Trd ldp vdo ndm 1838, cd 14 If va 27 ip v l If xin xem dudi day phin v l giip Cdn ip thi da xuit hien cdc thdnh ng& thii ip, thang mdc ap, thwc ip chi cdc diln trang md cdc vua Ly, T r i n ban eho cdc vugng hiu & Nam Bd, ip thudng dugc ddng d l chi cdc Idng Trong danh sdch phu huygn, Idng xd d Ddng Trong Le Quy Ddn chep lai vdo ndm 1776 PhO bidn tap luc (1977, tr 78-93) ta thiy d hai x d Thuan Hda vd Qudng Nam, ngodi xd vd thdn, edn cd phudng, trang, chdu, gidp, ip, tdc, tf (?), man (Idng cda cdc dan tdc it ngudi?) vd cho (thi) V£ TO XA VA C H t DO TO TRj XA THON Trong thdi Ble thuOe, vdo ddi Dudng (618-907), Giao Chdu dugc chia thdnh chiu, hufgn, hwang vd xd Theo Cao Hdng Trung An Nam Chi Ngufdn, dgi hwang gom td 160 d i n 540 hd vd tiiu hwang td 70 d i n 150 hd, dai xi g i m td 40 d i n 60 hd vd tidu xa td 10 d i n 30 hp Dudi trilu Hdm Thdng (860-874) ddi Dudng, Cao Biln chia Giao Chdu thdnh 159 huong Nam 907, Khde Hgo doi huong giip quin giip dilu khiln vdi sy trg gidp cug phi tri giip; d nudc ed 344 gidp (Vidt sir thdng giim cwang muc, 1957, II, tr.41; Phan Huy Le, 1984, tr 137) Vdo thdi ndy, thao Ngd Thi ST, dgn vj hdnh ehlnh eg sd Id xS chinh ldnh tnrdng va ti ldnh tnrdng ddng d i u , ngodi edn ed ed giip trwdng, nhyng Ngd Thi ST khdng ndi gi d i n gidp (Ngd Thi SI, 1997, tr 138) Ndm 1242, Trin Thdi Tdng dat ede chdc dgi tw xi (t& ngd phim trd len) vd tiiu tir xi (td lgc phim trg xging) eai trj td hai d i n b i n xd: m i l xd cde xa qgan qgan ly dugc gpi Id xi chinh, xi sQ vi xi giim (Bgi Viet swkf toin thw, 1967, II, tr 17) Ngodi edn cd chdc cdu dirang lo gi& gin an ninh trat ty (Bai NGUYEN TUNG - VE T(5 CHLfC XA HOlOVIgTNAM Vidt SW kf toin thw, 1967, II, tr 34) Ndm 1297, T r i n Anh Tdng lal d l i giap thdnh huong Ndm 1397, Trin Nghd Tdng "bdi cdc chde dai, tilg tu xd" nhung van gid chdc qgan gidp (Bai Vidt suf kf tgin thw, 1967, II, tr 201) Trong thdi Minh thgdc (1407-1427), vdo ndm 1419 Ly Bdn lap mpt don vj hdnh chlnh mdi Id If gom khoang 110 hd, ddt dudi sy dilu khiln eda If tnrdng dygc chi djnh m i l ndm (Bgi Vidt sa kftoin thw, 1968, III, tr 8) Vdo d i u ddi Hdu La, ndm 1428, Ld Thdi T l cho ede xd Idn (td 100 ndi tjch trg ldn) dygc ed ba xi quan, cdc xa trung binh (td 10 d i n 60 ndi tjeh) cd hai xd quan vd cdc xa nhd (gim 10 nOi tjch hay it hon) cd mdt xd quan Ndm 1466, Le Thdnh Tdng thay xd quan bing xi tnrdng (Bgi Vidt sw kf toin thw, 1968, ill, tr 198) D l ching ngn gig dinh trj, vdo ndm 1488 vug quy djnh tri phu hay tri huyen chi dyge ed mdt ngydi nhdm anh em rugt vd anh em chd bde Idm xd tmdng Nhd bl ky khic vdo ndm 1543 d chua Hygng Son (Phd Ninh, Phd Thg) ta bilt duge ring cdc chdc xa chinh, xi sir v i n cdn vdc t h i ky XVI (Dinh Khic Thudn, 1996, tr 68) Td quan viin xuit hign I l n dau trdn bia cda xd An Trgch (Nam Xuong, Hd Nam) dyng vdo ndm 1531 (Dinh Khic Thudn, 1996, tr 54), vd sau it Idu trdn bia cda xd Dg Nhj (My Ldc, Nam Djnh) (Dinh Khic Thudn, 1996, tr 77) D i l u ddng d l y Id trgng td diln cda Alexandre de Rhodes cd ghi hai td cai xi vd dng xi nhu Id 'ngudl ddng d i u xd' Nhy vgy hai td ndy dd dugc dung trudc ndm 1651, it d Bdng Trong? Bdng Ngodi, vdo ndm 1658, cde xa truong, xd su vd xd tu dugc cdc tri phd chpn s l cde Nho si vd ngudi ddu sinh d l Ndm 1670, dudi trilu Canh Trj (1663-1672), cdc xd trudng duge chpn so am cda edo gia dinh luong thign od khd ndng gido hda ddn; m i l ndm ho phdi ehju khao hgch vd nh&ng ngudi x u i t s l e nhit dugc thdng Idm tri huygn Ndm 1720, dudi trilu Bdo Thdi (1720-1731), hg dugc gigo viec cai trj Idng xd, thu thul diln t h i vd t h u l thdn; nh&ng ngydi dugc dilm eao nhilu cugc sdt hach kg tilp dugc ban tudc Td ndm 1732 trg di, xd trugng dugc chgn trgng ddn, ndn m i t di sy quan trpng (Phan Huy Chd, 1992, tr 479-480) vd trilu dinh ngyng can thiSp tryc tilp vdc cdng vide ndi bp cda Idng (Ngd Kim Chung, Nguyen Bdc Nghlnh, 1987) Dydng nhu cung td ndm 1732 trd dl xd thdn trd thdnh "mgt cpng ding ty eai trj Ily minh, tu giai quylt cdc tranh c h i p gida cde thdnh vien, thu t h u l cho nhd nudc Nhd nudc khdng cd quan hg vdi ddn lang md vdi xd thdn Vd mgt hodn thdnh dugc cdc nghia vg d l i vdi chinh qgyen, xd ty cai trj mgt edch ty do" (Gogrou, 1965, tl 263) Nhy vdy sy ty trj eda xd t h i n ed le Id mdt hidn tygng mdi xgIt hidn vdo nda d i g t h i ky XVIll Dudng nhu dudi trilu Minh Mgng (1820-1840), chdc danh If tnrdng (do Ly Bdn dua vdo Vigt Nam dudi thdi Minh thulc) thay t h i eho chdc danh xd tmdng vd cdc chdc danh tidn cht TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI SO (203) 2015 phd if dugc ddt ra; hai chdc danh sau chi duge ghi cde dja ba lap td ndm 1832 trg di Ly trugng duge giao thi hdnh cdc quylt djnh vdi sy phu gidp eda phd ly hay huong trudng Ld ngudl nhat dai didn cho ddn ldng trudc chinh quyln, ly trudng 'thu vd ngp lal thul; tiln hdnh chia cdng diln; ddng d i u vdo cde van ty bdn hay e l m c l m|ng d i t cdc vdn ty sS vd gid trj n l u khing Idm thd tge dd; ddm nhdn vide bdo vg an ninh cdng cpng; trinh bdo ldn quan cdc tdi phgm hgy ede sy kidn nghiem trgng xdy trgng ldng, nhy gilt ngudi, chdy nhd, md sdng bgc, budn ldu, trim cudp " (Ory, 1894, tr, 190) "Ly trudng cd the bj lugt phdp trdng trj vl vigc thu vd ndp lai thug len quan [ ] Ong ta phdi chju t i l thay cho ddn Idng Tdi sdn cua dng ta - n l u khdng cd thi Ily tdi sdn cda ede ky mge - phdi d i n bd vdo s l tien thge thg thieg Ly trudng gid trien cda ldng" (Pasqgier, 1907, tr 51-52) VI chde ly trudng cho phdp mdn nhiem ky duge tham gia hdi ding ky mge, nen ede gia dinh kinh djch thudng tranh nhag chdc vg ndy Trdi lai, mgt dd duge b i u , cde ly tmdng thudng tim edch tu be edng sdm cdng t i t chdc vg qgd ndng n l ndy, trudc phgm loi Tdm lai, thyc qgyIn d Idng n i m tay tien, thd chi vd nh&ng ngydi ky mgc; cdn ly trugng, phd ly vd hugng trudng chi id tay chan thdn tin eda hg Nhu ta bilt sau ndm 1945, chinh quyln cdch mgng dd ldp xi (mdi), tugng dugng vdi tdng thdi xua (it v l s l ddn), gom nhilu xi (cd); ching hgn hien xd Dudng Ldm g i m ea thay chin thdn (= xi dudi thdi Phap thupc) Hdu qua cda cai cdch hdnh ehinh ndi tren Id gap t d xi, I l m ta khdng bilt dd Id xd trydc ndm 1945 (= thdnh phin cda tong) hay Id xd hidn (tuong duong vdi t i n g thdi xua vi g i m nhilu iang)l De trdnh lan ldn, phai chdng ndn gpi xa (mdi) Id tdng nhu trudc Cdch mgng thdng Tdm? Cc Id cDng ndn ndi thim ring vi$e ddng hgi td (Ing vd xi Se chi hai don vi hdnh chinh khdng phdi b i t chudc edg Trung Quic md Id mpt sdng tap cua ngudi Viet Ling = xS? Theo Bdi Xudn Dinh, "Idng id don vj tg cu tmyin thing cda ngudi ndng ddn Viet, ed dja vye ridng, eg d g to chdc, CO sd hg ting, cdc tuc lg ( v l cheo cudi, tgng ma, khao vpng) thd eung rieng, tdm ly tinh edeh rieng vd ed "thi ngd" (tllng Idng) ridng " Cho d i n ddy, ta cd t h i d i n g y vdi tdc gid Nhung ehdng tdi cho Id dng dd i l m vilt them: ' ldng cd bd mdy qudn ly tde hdl ding ky mgc (td 1921 trd dl Id hdi ding t | c bilu)" (Bdi Xudn Dinh, 1998, tr 97), vl td ling khing nhdng chi cdc "nhit xd nhit thdn" md cd ede thdn thudc xd Cdc xd Kim Son, Chan Tao, Linh Qui, Giao Ty, Giao Tat, Phd Thj, Td Khd cda t i n g Kim Son (Gia Ldm, Bae Ninh) cdng dugc gpi, theo th& ty Id ling Then, ling Tdo, ling Vui, ling Chd, ling Keo, ling Sdi, ling To (Nguyen Van Huyen, 1996, tr 13), cdc Idng ndy d i u Id "nhit xd nhit thin" Nhyng NGUYEN TONG - VE TO C H U C XA HQI O VIETNAM gian canh tdc Do dd md cd cae cgm td d l i ldp nhu vio ling/ra ddng, ling/ngoii ddng Biu iing Id ngi ed 111 di ehlnh d l vdo ldng t d dudng thidn ly hay quan Id Thdnh ngd cudi ling chi dau ben kia, noi tan cdng cua Idng Thdng thudng thi dja phdn edg - Xd Bo Ha (Yen T h i , Ble Giang) g i m Idng liln mpt ddi Nhung dpi mdt cd b i n thdn Id B l Hg hgy ldng Dinh Idng cd nhilu edng diln ndm dja Bo Son hay ldng Bo Non ldng Ddng phdn Idng khde, dugc ggi Id kf tai hay Bdng Kenh, Idng Thj hay Bo Chg Ching hgn vdo d i u t h i ky XX, Idng (Nguyin Vdn Huydn, 1996, tr 150) Nhdt Tao (Td Liem, Hd Odng) cd edng - Xd Thdy C l u (Lgng Giang, Bic Giang), dien n i m khdng gian c u tm cda dd chi cd 185 ngydi ddn, lai g i m d i n Idng Ddng Ngac Khi mdt xdm cda 11 thdn: Ding Bdi, Dong Bing, D i n g Idng ndy lgi n i m djg phdn cua Cdy, Dong Hdi, Ding Khanh, Dong Idng khdc, thi nd dugc gpi Id lac gidi: Ndi, Idng Sanh, Idng Ngodi, ldng Sal, dd id trugng hgp eda mdt s l Idng (= Idng Trong, Idng Thj (Nguyin Van thdn) cda xd Hdu Thanh Oai (Thanh Huydn, 1996, tr 134) Khi cac thdn Oai, Hd Odng) vdo d i u t h i ky XX Mpt ban xd duge gpi Id Idng, chdng s l ldng lal cd rudng dit, vudn tuge thugng ed dinh, milu (nhilu ca I l n ldn vdl ndn ggi Id hdn canh chda) vd mdt s l tdp tue ridng, vd vl hon cw Nhu vay, khdc vdi d Phdp t h i cd dugc bdn s i c ridng (Rambaud, 1971, tr 13-33), cdc Idng Vidt Nam trudc ddy, khdng phai Tmdc 1945, n l u phdi ddng xi hogc ldc ndo 'dgn vj khdng gian" edng ding thdn trdng cdc qugn hd chlnh thdc vdl nhit vdi "don vi xd hgi" chinh quyln, thi eupe sing hing ngdy, ngudl Viet thudng dung t d ling vi nd cd them mgt chdt gl thdn thuong, V l 'giip' tinh d m hgy, ndi nhu nhd ddn tpc hpc Nhd ddn tdc hgc Nguyin T d Chi dd Nguyin T& Chi (1993, tr 55), Id cd ddc bidt quan tdm d i n vai trd quan "cam xue' trpng cua gidp ede sinh hogt xd dugc chia thdnh hai hay nhilu thdn, thi s u ldn Ipn cd t h i xdy ra, vl Idng Ilm dugc ddng cho ed cdc thon n i m ben cua xa Sau day Id mdt s l bang chdng rdt td cong trinh nghidn cuu eda Nguyin Vdn Huydn: Ngodi ra, cDng ndn ndi them Id, theo nghia rdng, Idng edn dugc dung cdc thdnh ng& ling vin, ling tho, ling chai, hay ling bep (nh&ng ngudi nghign thulc phidn) D l i vdi ngudi Viet Nam, t d ling ggi khing gian cu tru md hg g i n bd Thud tmdc, Idng thudng ed luy tre vdy quanh, phan cdch nd vdi khdng ldng xd, nhit Id v l tdn gido (Nguyen T d Chi, 1984) Nhung dng chug chd y i l m d i n nguin g l e cda gidp Phai Chang giip phdt xuit t d ehinh sdch cda Khde Hgo, theo Bgi Vidt sir kf tgin thw (1967, I, tr 269), vdo ndm 907 dd d l i hwang - Cao Bien lgp rg dudi ddi Hdm Thing (860-874) - rg giip nhu dd viet trdn ddy phin TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA Hpi sd (203) 2015 v l t d xa V i n d l ddt rg Id giip edg Khdc Hao (= hwang) dudng nhu tuong duong vdl don vj tdng v l sau vd g i m nhilu ldng (xem dudi ddy doan v l tdng) Theo chdng tdi, ed le gidp (= ldng vd t l chdc ben lang) id hai "hda thdn' cda giip md Ly Bdn dgt vao ndm 1419 dya theo chlnh sdch 'bdo gidp phdp' Vugng An Thgch d l vdo ndm 1074 dudi dgi Ting; Id t l chdc dja vue ben cua If (xem phin v l td xd trdn day), gidp gom mudi hd vd gidp thu dieu khiln Vdo ldc l y ehle ed quan h$ mdt thilt gida gidp vd xdm: tdy theo s l hd, mdt xdm cd t h i dugc t l ehuc thdnh mdt hay nhieu gidp Trong ede t h i ky sau, mpt s l gidp dd biln thdnh ldng, chu yeu d Thanh Hda vd Nghe An, nhung da so van id to chde ben ldng Bdng Nggc tdn cdc gidp (hgy phe) cung Id ten edg ngd (= xdm) ghep vdl mdt s l thd ty; theo djg bg Gia Long, ldng ndy cd ea thay tam gidp: Bdng Gidp Nhit, Ddng Gidp Nhi, Dodi Gidp N h i t Dodi Gidp Nhi, Hda Gidp N h i t Hda Gidp Nhi, Ngac Gidp N h i t Nggc Gidp Nhi (Phan Huy Le vd cgng su, 1995, tr 388-393) Vao nhung thdp nien trudc 1945, ede tgn gidp dugc rdt gpn thdnh: Ddng Nhit, Ddng Nhi, Ngdc Nhit, Ngde Nhi, Vd Nhit, Vd Nhi, Dodi Nhit, Dodi Nhi (Phgm Vdn Thuyit 1963, tr 183-184) Cdch ddt tdn gidp thgo tdn xdm hay theo phuong hudng nhu ta thiy d Ddng Nggc od t h i id xua n h i t Xin dua thdm hai bing chdng khde: - Vdo ndm 1562, b i n gidp cda xa Phugng D l (huydn Nam Chdn, tri n Sgn Nam Ha ed ten: Ddng, Trung Odng, Tay va Trung Tay (Dinh KhIe Thudn 1996, tr 106) - Vdo ndm 1570, thdn My Long thude xd C l i Xuyen (Hpi Xuyen, Hal Duong) cd ba gidp Ddng, Trung vd Nam (Dinh Khic Thudn, 1996, tr 142) Nhung td nda d i u t h i ky XVI, ten gidp dd dugc ddt mdt cdch khd tu Ching han, vdo ndm 1538, bin gidp cda xa La Uydn (Thygng Phuc, Sgn Nam Thugng) cd cdo tdn rat hoa my: Kim Uyen, Ngpc TTnh, Cam Oudng, Lan Dinh (Binh Khic Thudn, 1996, tr 48) Cdng v l sau, gidp cdng m i t dan tinh dja vuc Ly chlnh Id su tdng ddn s l vl thilu d i t t h i cu, chdu cde thdnh vidn cda gidp phai d i n d ede xdm khde 0^ Md Trgch, ldc d i u cd gidp, sau ehia thdnh 18 gidp, r l l hgp lai edn 12 gidp; m i l gidp g i m cdc dinh cda mdt hay vdi hg nhd hodc m|t chi, phdi cua hp Vd Id hg ddng nhit Idng (Vu Huy Phd, 1997, tl 109) Cdn d Ddng Nggc, trudc nam 1945, td 18 tuli len, dinh ndo muln vdo gidp ndo cdng dugc, khdng cd su bd bude (Phgm Vdn Thuyit 1963, tr 183-185) Theo P Gourou, "gidp Id mdt tdp hgp cd tInh edeh tdn gido md ngudi ta thudc vdo g l e gdc gia dinh vd cd trung tdm Id mpt ngdi d i n " (1965, tr 266) Nhung dng cdng cdng nhdn ring djnh nghia ndy khdng diy dd Thgt vdy, gidp phdc tgp hon nhieu, vl cdch t l chdc vd chdc ndng cua nd thay d l i tdy theo ldng NGUYEN TONG - VE TO CHCfC XA HQI 6t VlgT NAM Theo G Dumoutler, mdt so Idng, gidp Id mdt hdl Io vigc tang ma, tuong trg; mdt sd Idng khdc "gidp sinh hoat nhu mdt hdi cd mgc dich cung Idm mgt so nghi th&c tdn gido hay tdp tuc"; gidp cdng cd t h i chinh thuc ddm nhigm viee phdn ehia eho ede gia dinh gidp p h i n suu t h u l md hp phai ddng, tiln hdnh thu thul md (Dumputier, 1907, tr 309-312) Trong nhieu Idng khde nda, gidp lo bdo ve an ninh trgt ty hodc lo to chde hdng ndm vide thd cdng thdnh hodng vd cde le hpi cue Idng Chinh ngdy ghi ten vdo s l edg gidp quy djnh ngdi thd cda mdi thdnh vien gidp: ndi khde di, ngudi ghi ten trude dd id mdt trg so sinh cd ngdi thd cao hgn ngudi ghi sau eho dd ngudi ndy Id mot dng ldo tren 80 tuoll Cdng theo G Dumoutler, ede xd thdn theo thien twdc (hay trgng xt, tdc Id s l p xep ngdi thd theo tuoi tde) khdng cd gidp: cdc chdc ndng cda nd dugc cdc to ehuc theo dja vye (thdn, xdm, ngd) dam nhigm Logi Idng ndy it hgn r i t nhilu so vol cdc Idng theo vwang twdc (ngdi thd dugc s l p xep theo tudc vj vug bgn hgy tudc vi mua) VI dg: vao ndm 1907, d huydn Thanh Tri (Hd Ddng) ehi ed tam Idng (tren 99 Idng) theo vugng tudc Nhung thdng thudng vigc sap x l p ngii thd dua trgn eg tuli tdc lan tudc vj Ddng Nggc vdo khodng nyg d i g t h i ky XX, moi gidp, ngodi b i n ngydi (ndn tnrdng chinh thdc ddng d i u , cdn cd them m i y ngudi bin nhi hay thdn tnrdng sT bi (dd Idm xong mdm ehay d thd) Nhung thdnh vien khdc duge gpi Id nhwng bin 32 ngudi thdn trugng cda tdm gidp tgc thdnh hing thdn trwdng hay hing ling, dugc ely rudng cda gidp d l thu hoa Igi vd phai lo cdc cdng vigc eda Idng: sdc, vpng, vao ddm (Phgm Vdn Thuyet 1963, tr 183-185) Khdc vdi T r i n T d (1984), chdng toi khdng nghi ring gidp dygc to chdc theo Ida tuoi (classes d'dge), v} tuli tdc hay ddng hgn theo ngdy ghi tdn vdo so gidp ehi ddng vai trd phdn djnh ngdi thd gidp, ehd khdng keo theo sy t l chdc thdnh Ida tuli, nhit Id theo nghia md cde nhd dan tpe hpc ddng nghien cdu ede xd hpi d chdu Phi hay Nam dao Hon nda chdng ta cung nhgn thgy cdc gidp h i u nhy khdng cd cde nghi thdc thg phdp, k i t ngp tdp t h i vd chung sing bidt lap cho cde thdnh vign cdng g vdo Ida tuoi vj thdnh nidn Gidp cd cua cdi rigng bing tiln vd bing rudng d i t "tdi sdn dd Id ede thdnh vidn ddng gdp, di tdng hay eho Quy xd hpi eda gidp dyge dung d l cho cde thdnh vien vay tiln hay thue rugng dit Thu nhdp duoc dung d l tai trg cdc cude vui choi cdng edng, tide tdng, la hien sinh hay c l u xin" (Nguyin Vdn Huyen, 1944, tr 92) vi don vi ting Li San vj hdnh chlnh n i m gida huyen vd xd (cd), theo nhdn xdt cda T r i n Td (1984, tr 147), tdng gilng nhu mdt milng d i t hoang chua khai phd Do dd, d hidn ta khdng bilt vdo thdi ndo t d Hdn Vidt tong duge ddng d l chi don vj hdnh chlnh ndy, mpt nghia khdng ed trdng tllng Hdn TAP CHl KHQA HQC XA HQI sS 7(203) 2015 Trong mOt bdi vilt ddng vdo ndm 1990, chdng tdi dd dya vdo mOt t u ligu Phu biin tgp lgc (1977, tr 44) md Lg Quy Ddn Ily td Thidn Nam dw tap'" Se dua gia thuyit Id chlnh Le Thdnh Tdng dd ldp tong vdo ndm 1490 I n g 'djnh lgi bdn nudc" hay n i l khdc dl Id cdi t l hdnh ehlnh (Nguyin Tdng, 1990, tr 22-24) Tdi lieu xue nhit ed ddng td tong nhu Id mgt don vj hdnh ehlnh ed IS Id bdt vdn big chdg Thign Phdc (Xd Dg Phdc, huydn Quic Oai, Hd Tdy), dugc khac vdo ndm 1538 (Dmh KhIe Thudn, 1996, tr 55) Bgi Vidt thdng sO' cda Ld Quy Ddn ed ghi Id cha cda Trjnh Khd (sinh ndm 1403?), mdt dgi edng t h i n eda Le Lgi, tdng Idm chdnh ting (1978, tr 207) D i l u d n ndi Id vdo thdi Le Quy Odn ngudi ddng d i u mdt tong dugc gpi Id ca; ting chir khdng phdi chinh tdng vi td ndy chi duge ddng td ddi Minh Mgng (1820-1840) Cung ed the id ngudi sgc chdp sdch ndy vdo t h i ky XIX, da sdg oa; tdng thdnh chinh tdng N l u chl tilt tren ddy Id ddng thi don vj ting dd dugc lgp trydc the ky XV, nhung theo y ehdng tdi dilu dd khdng Ily gl Idm chic Mdt khdc, cdng ed t h i cd tygng quan ndo dd gida don vj tdng vi cde chdc dgi tw xi vd tiiu tw xi vua T r i n Thdi Tdng dgt vdo ndm 1242, cai trj hai, ba hodc b i n xd (Dg; Vidt sQ kf toin thw, 1967, tdp II, tr 17); hodc gi&a tdng vdl giip (= hygng) vl nhy dd ndi tren ddy dgn vj ndy bao g i m nhilu Idng Trong t d diln eda Alexgndre de Rhodes, duge x u i t b i n d Romg vdo nam 1651, tdng dugc djnh nghlg Id ' g i m Chung mudi Idng" vd ca; tdng Id "dng quan cai tri mudi Idng" (Rhodes, 1651, tr 827) Ojnh nghia ndy khd phd hgp vdl tinh hinh dugc phan dnh Cac trin tdng xi danh bi lim (cho cdc tr in tu Nghe Am trg vdo khoang nam 1813) cdng nhu danh sdch phu, huyen, ting, xd cda Thudn Hda vd Quang Nam md Le Quy Ddn chep lgi vdo ndm 1776 trcng PhO bidn tap lgc (1977, tr 78-93) Trong cd hai tu lieu ndy, ten ting h i u nhu ludn trdng vdl ten cda mpt ldng thdnh vien (duge gpi Id ling diu tdng) Thi dg: Idng Cam Gia Thinh Id ling diu tdng eda tong Cam Gid Thjnh Dilg ddng nggc nhien Id cdc bd ehlnh s u trudc ddy, ngudi cgi tong hay chdnh ting r i t it duge nhle den: ching hgn Bgi Viet sir kf toin thw chi ghi ed mpt i l n id vdo ndm 1618, trieg t h i n ldm td khdi vdi Binh An vuong Trinh Tdng xin cho hdi "bon cai ting eai xd" v l "vide kign v l hd hdn diln tho' (1968, tgp IV, tr 246) Phdi ehdng vl thdi xua vua quan thudng dya vdo cac xa trudng hay ly trugng d l thu thul, bat iinh, bao vd an ninh trdt ty , vi hp cd dygc sy trg giup higu qua cua cdc t l chdc ben cda Idng nhy thdn, xdm, giip, phien , md cde chdnh tong khdng cd nen khdng ddng duge vai trd cua hg Cd le chlnh tong cuon Cours ifadministalion annamite (Gido trinh ve hdnh ehinh Oai Nam) E Lure giang vdo ndm 1864, ta tim thiy nhilu thing tin ehinh xdc nhit ve vai trd eda ngudi ca; (dng hay chinh tdng d Nam Ky vdo gida NGUYENTUNG - V E T O C H O ' C X A H Q I O ' V I E T N / W I t h i ky XIX Dydng nhu dudi thdi Minh Mgng t d chinh tdng duge tao d l thay t h i cho t d ca; tdng Do cdc quan vidn, ky mgc ting b i u ra, ngudi chdnh ting, theo E Luro cd nhiem vg bdo vg quyen lgi cda dan ting, thi hdnh cdc trdt eua quan tren, phdn b l vd thu thul md d l nop len quan vd gid gin an ninh trdt t u tong Thdng thudng, chdnh ting dugc su phg td cda mdt phd ting, va cdc ting ddng ddn, cda mdt bang bien hay sung bidn phd tdng "Ld mdt ngudi quan trgng nhd tdi san vd t h i lyc", chdnh ting ding thdi eung Id "ngudl ddng vai trd hda gldl v l ddn sy" (Lure, 1864, tr 121-138) Vi vai trd eda t i n g qua md nhgt thdi xua dudng nhu ngudi Viet It quan tdm d i n ting: bing chdng Id ede sdch viet v l t i l u su nhu Bai Nam Hdt trufdn ehing bao gid nhle den tong, md ludn luin ghi ten huyen, r l l I l m ghi thgm tdn ldng vd/hay ten tinh Khd khdn Idn nhit nghien edu Idng xd Viet Nam Id thieu tu lidu luu tru It cho den thdi ky Phdp thudc Ching nhdng t h i , vi cdc bd bien nien sd cda Viet Nam chi quan tdm d i n cdc biln c l lien quan d i n trilu dinh, ddi s i n g kinh t l vd xd hdi cda nhdn ddn h i u nhu khdng duge bilt d i n , nhit Id d mde dd dja phugng Td nda sau eda t h i ky XIX, mgt so si quan, Hnh mgc vd nhit Id nhd eai tri Phdp dd ghi lgi cdc qugn sat kha ti mi eda hg v l xd hdl Vigt Nam, roi nhilu v i l t thdnh bdi bdo hay sdch T d ndm 1860 trd di, cde van kien ehinh thdc, nh&ng bdo cdo hdnh ehlnh cdng da dugc luu trd tugng d l i d i y dd (ddc bidt v l tinh Hd Ddng): ddy id d i l u hodn todn mdi d l i vdi Vidt Ngm Hai nguin t u lieu quan trpng khdc Id bi ky vd ^ a bg Ddng tile Id cho d i n ngy cac nguin sd lieu quy gid l y dudng nhu chua dugc cdc nhd nghidn cdu Vigt Nam khai thde ddng mdc Chlnh vi t h i ma mgt so cdng trinh nghidn e&u ve "ldng truyin thong" Vidt Nam thudng khd mo h i , cho ta cdm tugng nd khong biln d l i gi m i y qua hdng nghln nam, ke ed thdi Phdp thude Khi nghien edu Idng xa, chdng tdi dd bdn khodn v l vdi cdu hdi sau ddy: Phai chdng cd s y lien tgc gida cdc tong thdi xya vd cdc xd hien nay? Phdi chdng sau tren dudi ndm mygi nam hidn hdu, cdc xd [mdi] dd tgo dugc cho minh mdt b i n s i c r i t mgnh, nen Idm lu md hodn todn b i n s l e cug Idng md thyc t i l n edeh mgng xda dl mpi thyc the? Dd t d a l u nhdng ndm 1990 ed sy h l i sinh t u phdt cda Idng truyen thing tdc ddng cda n i n kinh t l thj trudng (chua d i y dd) ngdy cdng phdt triln mgnh, nhung r l l vai trd eda thdn Idng se Id gl xd hdi Viet Nam? Thd thdt Id cho d i n ehdng tdi van ed phdn vdn ve dieu ndy • CHU THiCH I'l DO Nguyen Tung chu bien 1999 Paris, L'Hamatan Bugc viet Igi bang tllng ViOt; Mong Phg, mgt lang d Dong bing sdng Hing Hd Npi: Nxb- van hoa Thong tin, 2003 '^* Do Philippe Papin vd Olivier Tessier chd bien vd Trung tdm Khoa hoc Xa hdi vd Nhan T A P CHf KHOA HOC XA H Q I S (203) 2015 van Qu6c gia {Vi#t Nam) ciing vai Vign V\en Dong Bac co (Piiap) va Oai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi xu4t ban, H^ Npi, 2002 ''* Nguyen TCing 1992 La reconstruction d'un espace viliageois du Centre-Viet Nam) Xay di/ng lai m0t kh6ng gtan l^ng a mi^n Tnjng Viet Nam) Jacqueline Matras-Guin et Christian Taillard, Habitations et habitat d'Asie du Sud-Est continentale (Nha or va kieu cu' tnJ a OOng Nam A lyc dja), Paris, L'Hannattan, 1992 *** C h i n g hgn, cr trJin San Nam Thu'p'ng, cac xa Hoa Chuc (huyen Kim Bang), Tien Du'dng v ^ An Lang {huy^n Nam Xang) chl co - theo thO t y - sau, tam va mu-o-i npi tjch (Cac tran tSngxS danh bilSm 1981, tr 56-57) '** VI dy: IQng LOng Lai (chau Thu-p-ng Lang, Cao Bang), xuang Nam Luan (chau Bgch Thdng, Thai Nguyen), mo Vu Lang (huypn Vu Nhai, Thai Nguyen), bin Cau Vu (huyen Phuc Yen, Tuyen Quang) chom Hong Nmyng {huy$n Phiic Yen, Tuyen Quang) *°' Vi dy n$u Bang Vgn (Thanh Chutyng, Nghp An), van ngu diu n$u, tich Ly Ha, tich NgSn Tupng (Ky Hoa, Nghe An); doi Con Cat, doi Phan Long (Thanh Ha, Nghp An): too Hoang NghTa (Hu'ng Nguyen, Nghp An); lang Chu Lai (Yen Djnh, Thanh Hoa) *^' sach c6 le dup-c soan khoang tho-i gian tii 1483 den 1486; hien chi ba s6 100 quyen (xem Tr^n Van Giap, 1970, tr 201-202) T A I L i e u TRiCH D A N Bui Xuan Oinh 1998 San them vi moi quan he gida lang va xa qua qui md cip xa thai phong l