Cản trở đối với tầng lớp nông dân trong hệ thống phân tầng xã hội ở Việt Nam hiện nay.pdf

4 Xahoih(>cs62{l26),20l4 CAN TRC5 DOI VCil TANG LOP NONG DAN TRONG HE THONG PHAN TANG XA HOI d VIET NAM MEN NAY DO THI6N KINH' Chii d£ nong nghifp, nong thon va nong dan luon thu hiit dugc su quan tam cua cac nha nghien ciiu cr Vi$t Nam voi nhiSu nghiSn ciiu nham d6 xuat chinh sdch va du6ng loi chiln luge llnh vue BM viSt dS cap dSn tiing lop n5ng dan tflng thI he th6ng phan ting xa hpi Viet Nam hien Tir day sS chi mot so van dS ciia ho m6i Wong quan vcri cac tSng lop khae cua he thdng phan tSng xa hoi nhhm gaiyve ducmg l6i chiin litac a tim vi mo dm v6i ting lop nong dSn Tang lorp nSng dSn h| thong phan tang xa h$i Npi dung trinh bay muc la nhOng torn luge cin thiSt trade tien d6i voi tinh trang 1^ luan vk thuc tien vS phan ting xS hgi a Viet Nam hien N6 dugc the hi$n diy du hgn qua hai bai vilt va cu6n sach da xuat ban cOa tac gia (Do Thien Kinh, 2011, 2012, 2013) Trong do, c6 trinh bay v6 mot s6 vin dS ly lu?in phan ting xa hgi cac nhJ xa hgi hgc qu6c t6 xay drag va phat triSn dua tren co so kk hgp giiia ly luan giai cip ciia K Marx va ly thuyet phan ting xa hgi cua M Weber dfiy, toi chi torn tat lai nhihig net chinh can thiSt va c6 bi6n tap thSm vai ch6 (kS ca c^p nh$t so lieu v6 phan tang xa hOi Vi?t Nam cho nam 2010) Phan tang xa hgi thS hien tinh trang bat binh ding xa h5i mang tinh ciu tnic (structured inequalities) va mang tinh thilt chi (institutionalized inequalities) - tiic 1^ mgt hp thing xa hOi c6 s\r xjp hang theo tfin ti trat tu tren dudi giila c4c ting lop dugc thiet lap va tri on dinh H? thdng xa hgi nhim xdc dinh: (1) Lam the nao ma nguoi ta cr vao vi tri nhu vay? (2) Cac lo^i nguon l\rc, ngufin Igi, tai san va dich v\i xa h6i dugc phan phoi giGa mgi nguoi theo nhthig quy tdc, phuong thuc nhu the ndo? Hoac bang each nao ma ho nhjn dugc nhftng gi? (3) Tjii l£ii phSn ph6i nhu v$y? (David B Grusky, 2000; Giddens Anthony & Mitchell Duneier, 2000; 146; Harold R Kerbo, 2000: 10,11, 81) Co thS t6ng hgp lai nhfSng ket qui nghien cthi khai ni$m phan ting xa hgi, cu the nhu sau: Phdn tang xa hpi Phdn tdng xd hpi la su phan chia mot tfip hgp nguW nguoi thinh c4c nh6m co ban khai Dong thai, cac nhom dugc xSp hang theo Ion ti trgt tu tren dudi dS tao cac ting Idp h$ thdng Moi ting bao gdm nhihig nguoi cd dia v/ TS, Vifn XShfi hoc Do Thien Kinh kinh ti-xd hpi (KT-XH) tuang tu gdn v&i H? thong xep h^ng ton ti tr^t ty la su bat binh dang mang tinh cau true v^ la thuoc tinh cua xa hpi D3ng thai, sir bat binh dang cung mang tinh thiet che va co the trao truyen qua cac the he Trong he thong phdn tSng, cdc vien se khdc ve kha ndng thdng tien (di dong) bai dia vj khong giong cua ho cdc bdc thang xa hpi {Caroline Hodges Persell, 1987; David B Grusky, 2000; Giddens Anthony & Mitchell Duneier, 2000; G Endruweit & G Trominsdorff, 2002; Robert A Rothman, 2005; Tony Bilton va nhihig nguaikhac, 1993) Cdch tiep can vi$c luang cdc giai tdng tren the giai TCr npi dung khai niem phan tang xa hpi tren ddy, van de dSt la luang cac giai tdng nhu the ndo? Noi cdch khac, lam the nao de dp dung duac khai niem phan tang xa hpi vao thuc te cupc song? Tiic la, lam the nao de nhan biet (nhan dien) dupe cac tang lap xa hpi? Da so cdc nha xa hpi hgc quoc te dua vao nghe nghiep (occupation) de luang he thong phan tang a moi xa h6i (Robert A Rothman, 2005: 6, 7) Cu the hon, de ap dung khai niem phan tang xa hpi tren ddy vao thuc te cu6c s6ng, cdc nha nghien cuu da phdn nhom dua vao cau true nghe nghiep Tuc la phan to, phan nhom cac loai nghe nghiep - chijr khong phdi dya vao nganh kinh tS nhu cdc nhd nghien ciiu a Vi?t Nam thuong hieu Tiep theo, hp da xSp hang theo ton ti trat tu tren dual (tiic \kphdn tdng sau phan nhom) dua vao dia vi KT-XH ma rpng (Tai sdn/cua cdi, thu nhap; Gido due; Uy tin nghe nghiep; Von van hoa; V6n xd hpi) dk tao cac tang lop xa hpi (Do Thien Kinh, 2013: 97) Sa dl nhu vay, bcri vi nghS nghiep la noi "quy tu" vd ''hpi du" dupe cac loai ngu6n l\rc, ngu6n lai, tai san va vi tri x3 hpi cua moi ca nhan Noi each khde, cdc logi ngu6n luc, ngu6n lai, tai san va vi tri xa hpi thuong gdn lien vai qua nghe nghiep cua moi ca nhdn Chinh vi vay Frank Parkin (1971) da coi cdu true nghh nghiep nhu la "chiic xuang song cua todn h^ thong nguon lai xa hpi phuong Tdy hien dai - toi nhdn manh" Hogc la Robert M Hauser vd David L Featherman (1977) cho rdng nghien ciiu "cdu true di dong nghS nghiep [ ] da mang lai nhUng thong tin ddng th&i (mac dii la gidn tiep) ve quyen luc dia vi, quyen luc kinh te va quyin luc chinh tri - toi nhdn manh", cd Otis Dudley Duncan (1968) va Talcott Parsons (1954) cung cho la nhu vay (trich lai tir David B Grusky (ed.), 2001; 7) Han nfta, sir phan lo^i va xip hang uy tin nghS nghiep thuong co tinh khd thi va dp chinh xdc cao hon so voi viec thu thap nhfing tieu chuan khac, von kho luang (vi dy nhu quy^n l\rc) \h eac tdng Idp xa hpi Nhu vay, da s6 ede nha xd hpi hpc qu6c tS dd l\ra chon ngh& nghiep dupe hieu nhu Id tieu chuan long hap de phdn lo^i/phdn nhom vd xep hang ede tdng lop xd hpi Tiic Id thong qua "nghe nghiep" de tim hieu ve phdn tang xa h^i Noi each khdc, nghS nghiep dd bao ham no he thong da tieu chudn (da chieu eanh) co nguon goe xuat phat tir M Weber, chii khdng phdi chu yeu Id don tieu chuan (mot chieu canh) nhu K Marx H? th6ng da tieu chudn ndy la s\r ket hgp giira Marx va Weber cac nha xa hpi tren thS gi6i xdy dung va phat triln sau ndy (Do Thien Kinh, 2013: 102) Can tra ddi v&i tang lap nong dan h4 thong phan tdng Ddi vdi xa hdi Vi$t Nam truyen thdng xua, "thu bac cac ting lop xa hgi dugc sip x8p nhu sau: Vua - Quan - Dia chu -ST- Nong - Cong - Thuong." (Dd Thidn Kinh, 2012: 44) Noi each khdc, nd ciing ton tai "cdch phdn chia va xip hang tdng qudt cho toan bg dan cu lang xS theo cai ggi la tu dan: ST - Ndng - Cong - Thumg [ ] Ta cd thS tdng hgp lai ton ti trat tu tit tren xu6ng dudi cdc dang cip d lang xa Vi$t Nam lich sir (thoi ky phong kidn) nhu sau: Quan ly xa/thdn va Si - Ndng Cdng - Thuong (Dd Thien Kinh, 2013: 100, 101) Sg phan chia trude hdt la dua tren quyen luc chinh tri, sau dd la dua theo nghS nghiep Theo y nghia cua svr phan loai cac nhdm nghd nghiep hien nay, thi nhdm Qudn ly xa/thdn cQng la mdt loai nghi dac biet Do vay, su phan loai cdc ting lap xa hdi d lang/xa ndng thdn truydn thdng cd thS quy gidn vi tieu chuan nhit la nghk nghiep Nhu the, ta thiy xa hgi Viet Nam truyjn thdng dd thj hien ly thuyet phan ting xa hdi cua xa hgi hgc hien dai He thdng phdn tdng xa hoi a Viet Nam hien Trong qua trinh cdng nghiSp hda, hien dai hda vd hdi nhap qudc ti a ViSt Nam, dp dung tieu chudn tdng hgp la nghe nghiep vd dia vi KT-XH md rgng de phan lo^i/phan nhom vd xip hang cdc ting Idp xd hgi Dieu ndy cung Id phu hgp va ke thira vdi tidu chudn phdn chia va sap xep ton ti trat t\r giiia cdc giai tang lich sit Vift Nam truySn thdng Ngudn sd lieu, dugc khai thdc tir eugc Dieu tra Miic sdng Ho gia dinh Vi$t Nam (VHLSS) nam 2010 Tdng cue Thdng ke thuc hi$n vdi quy md chgn mau dai di?n cho ca nude (mdu thu nhap vd chi tieu gdm 9.399 hd) Bai vi6t cung ke thira ket qua nghien cijtu ve phdn tdng xd hdi dugc khai thdc tir VHLSS tir 2002 ddn 2008 (Do Thien Kinh, 2012) Don vi phan tich nghien ciiu la cdc ca nhdn (chii khong phdi la chu hg d^i dien cho gia dinh) tudi tir 15-60 vd da nghi hgc (gdm cd 18.076 cd nhan ndm 2010) Cdc cugc didu tra VHLSS thich hgp cho vifc dp dyng phuong phdp nghien citu cua xa hgi hgc Bdi vi bg sd li$u VHLSS cd thdng tin vi nghj nghiep (bang md nghi cap II) cua nhung ca nhan dung de "phdn nhdm" vd cd nhirng chi bdo ludng dia vi kinh t^ ding ii "phdn ting" Tuy nhien, su phdn chia ting lop xa hdi (nhu dugc trinh bay dudi day) khdng phdi dva tren vdi tram nghd cu thi nhu cac nude trSn thS gidi, ma Id dua tren 46 nhdm nghi cu the d VHLSS 2010 (tvr ma sd 11 din md sd 96 bdng Danh muc md nghi nghi?p cap II, khdng ke nhiSng nguoi qudn ddi vdi ma sd 0) Do vay, kit qua nghien ciru cd y nghia d miic dg khdi qudt pham vi cd nude va hai khu vue ndng thdn, dd thi d Vi$t Nam, md khdng di sau dugc vao chi tiit cu thi hem Ddy ciing Id diem han che cua nghien citu Tuy nhien, diiu ki$n Viet Nam, cdch phdn chia dyra vdo nghi nghiep nhu thi Id ed thi chip nhdn dugc va cd tinh kha thi di thuc hien nghien eiiu RiSng chi bao vi dia vi xa iigi (uy tin nghi nghiep) khdng cd VHLSS thi dugc ludng qua cudc diiu tra xa hdi hgc bd sung han chi d Ha Noi vd Bdc Ninh ndm 2010 (Dd Thien Kinh, 2012: 19-21, 35-36, 50-51) Tdm tdt kit qud nghien ciiu ndm 2010 nhu dugc trinh bdy dudi day Do Thien Kinh Hinh Mo binh t4ng 1ã- ô.- ,ã " ã" "-"" ?.%'-',.').-' ằôằ ^ ã ' - r ', ^•.i'' IP?- " ''• ' LWng^lmJ • ' - ' • ' ! ' ' , ' m Tylt* Nguon: Ket qud xu ly VHLSS 2010 Hinh la d6 thi (nam 2010) thi hien ti le % ciia moi tdng lap xd hpi va thu bac cao thdp giiia chiing a Vift Nam (cac nam truac a VHLSS tir 2002-2008 cung co hinh dang d6 thi tuang tu - Do Thien Kinh, 2012: 55-57) Mo hinh phan tdng xa hpi ca nuoc CO dang hinh "Kim tu thdp" vai dong dao nong dan co dja vi KT-XH vdo loai thdp nhdt ndm cr duoi day (ti I? nong dan ca nuac chiem tai 43,4%) Trong do, mo hinh ve phdn tang xd hpi a cdc nuoc cong nghiep hien dai thuong c6 hinh dang qua trdm (hinh thoi - diamond) vai ede tang lap trung lim (middle strata)' a gi&a phinh to vd nong dan ' Do h^n ch6 cua ngu6n so Ii?u VHLSS, tang I6p trung Iiru is Hinh chi IS dai th6/khai Iirpc va thg hi^n s^ gSn gui/hpi nhap \(n kh^i ni^m mS c ^ xxhk xS hgi hoc quoc xk dat ten cho n6 i^ "middle class": "Theo nhan thurc bi^n, tit ca cong nhan co c6n trSng dugrc ggi \h giai c3p trung luu" (Scott, J v i cgng sit, 2009:469) TSng 16p trung luu a Hinh cdng khac hSn v(n quan niem ciia mOt sfl nhA nghiSn cihi a Vi?t Nam theo d6, t ^ g 16p trung luu bao gom nhOng ngiifii c6 muc s6ng trSn trun| binh vk kh4 gia cua t5t ca nhung tSng I6p khac hiyp th&nh: "Co the noi, nhom xa hgi trung luu chu yeu bao gdm nhung phdn iru tu cua cdc giai cap, tdng lap ca ban xa hgi Hg la nhirng cong nhdn co tay nghi cao, nhUng nha nong va th(r thu cong gidi, nhung nha khoa hgc c6 cong trinh dugc danh gia cao, nhUng doanh nhdn nhd va vua ndng dgng v.v Nhom ndy hi?n di^n tdt cd cdc giai tdng xd hpi [ J Cuoi ciing co the quan niqm: Nhom xa hoi trung luu Id tgp hgp nhihig hg gia dinh co muc thu nhgg khd gia cdc giai tang xd hpi, cd dieu ki$n tinh thdn - van hod a muc trung binh cua xa hgi" (Nguyen Thanh Tudn, 2007) 8 Cdn tra doi vai tdng lap nong dan hi thong phdn tdng dudi ddy thu hep lai Theo goc nhin cua kinh te hgc, mOt nhihig tieu chi chu yeu d thai diim bit ddu tiin hdnh cdng nghiep hda qudc gia Id ti le lao ddng ndng nghiep chiem khodng 50% tdng lao ddng xa hgi vd kit thdc ti I? chi cdn khoang 20% (Bui Tit Thing, 2011: 25, 26) Trong nam 2010, neu chi dua theo tieu chi ndy, thi md hinh phan ting xa hgi d khu vue dd thi Viet Nam da cd hinh dang qud tram bieu Id cho mot xa hdi cdng nghiep (vdi ti le ndng dan chiim 11,4%), cdn khu vue ndng thdn thi mdi bdt diu tien hdnh cdng nghiep hda (bdi vi tdng lap ndng ddn cdn chiem tdi 56,1%) Nhu da trd thdnh mot quy ludt rang, cac ludng thuc nghiem xa hdi hpc d nhieu nude khac tren the gidi, thi tang Idp ndng ddn bao gid cung cd diem sd uy tin nghe nghiep vdo loai thdp Mac du viee chdm diem nghe nghiep Id theo y kien ddnh gia chu quan cua mdi nguoi, nhimg ket qud ludng diim sd uy tin nghe nghiep cho todn bg cdu tnic nghi nghiep thudng Id dn djnh thoi gian kha dai cho tvmg nude Ngay ed so sdnh giira cdc nude khdc nhau, cdc dac diem cung thudng gidng nhau: "90 nghe nghiep d My dugc xep hang theo diem so, chung dugc nhiing nguoi tra Idi Ididc tai My danh gid vdo nam 1963 vd 1947 Diim sd cua cdc nghi nghiep ndm khodng tir cao (96 diim) din thdp (33 diim) Cac diim sd vd thii hang tuong ddi cua cdc nghi nghiep khdc thay ddi rdt it tir ndm 1963 Cdc nghi nghiep dugc xip hang theo nhihig cdch rdt gidng nhu thi d 60 nude cdng nghiep ciing nhu ndng nghiep khac" (Caroline Hodges Persell, 1987: 205) Luu y rang, tdng lap ndng dan (farmer) a ede nude cdng nghiep phdt triin (hoac hau cdng nghi$p) thudng la nhiing ngudi sdn xuit ndng nghiep ed ky nang vd trinh ky thuat cao nen kinh ti thi truong Tire Id, d nude hg "nin sdn xudt ndng nghiep dugc tien hdnh sdn xuat va kinh doanh theo l6i cong nghilp - tdi nhdn manh" (Biii Tit Thing, 2011: 22-24), hoac ggi Id cdng nghiep hda ndng nghi$p, hoac "nong nghiep ddn tra thdnh mot dang cua cong nghiep [ ] biin nong nghiep thdnh nong nghiep cong nghiep hda" (Vu Cao Doan, 2008: 220, 274) Cdn d Viet Nam hien nay, ting Idp ndng dan (peasant) thudng Id nhung ngudi lao ddng gidn don ndng nghiSp (hoac ggi Id "tiiu ndng" sdn xuat nhd) Con farmer (chii trang trgi) a Viet Nam ciing cd, nhimg ti le cdn it iTdc tinh tren co sd VHLSS 2010 sd 43,4% nong ddn, chi cd 7,8% farmer, cdn 35,6% la peasant Nhung du sao, thi diem sd uy tin nghi nghiep cda ah farmer \h peasant d cdc nude cdng nghiep vd ndng nghiep tren thi gidi ciing diu xip vdo loai thdp (so vdi cdc nghS nghiep khdc) Do vay, ndng dan d cdc nude diu thudc tdng lap thdp cua thdp phdn tang: Tang Idp thdp - ting lop giua - ting Idp cao Mot so can trd va van di dat doi vdi tang Idp nong dan 2.1 Can trot hf thong phan tdng hinh kirn lit thdp doi v&i sit ii dong di len cda tang Idp nong dan Trong he thdng phan tdng xd hdi d Hinh I, mudn ndng cao mile sdng cho ngudi ndng dan thi chiin luge can ban la phdi dua hg ehuyin dich vi dia vi KT-XH (di ddng) di len tang Idp cao hon di thodt khdi tdng Idp ndng dan Neu khdng, hg van Id ting Idp cd mile sdng vao loai thip nhdt xa hdi (do tdn ti trat tu he thdng phan tdng quy Bo Thien Kinh dinh), du cho chinh sach nhd nuac co quan tdm true tiep nhiiu den hp Trong mo hinh kim ty thdp vai da so nong dan a duoi day, thi su ehuyin dich (di dpng) cua nong dan di len tang lop cao hon co vai tro quyet dinh 1dm thay d6i hinh dang mo hinh tro thdnh "qua tram" - tue Id mo hinh co tdng lop trung luu a giQa phinh to Do eijng Id dang mo hinh ph6 biln a cdc nuac cong nghiep hien dai So sdnh giua khu vue nong thon (hinh kim t^ thdp) va khu vyc thi (hinh qud trdm) the hien qua trinh chuySn biln tu xa hpi truyin th6ng sang xd hpi dang cong nghiep hoa a nuac ta (Hinh 1) Nhung thuc t l a Viet Nam, cac tang lop trung luu a giua eon nho be Do vay, cdn phai tao nhiSu vi tri lao dpng, viec 1dm a khu vue cdc tdng lop trung luu de cho cac vien cua tdng lop nong ddn (hoac the h? cdi hp) se co ca hpi vuon len "Idp ddy" nhiing vi tri tr6ng vdng Bay Id van de can ban vd cd tdm chien lupc quan Su thieu vang nhimg vi tri eon tr6ng a khu vue trung luu la thupc v8 he th6ng phdn tdng xa hpi hinh kim tu thdp quy dinh Tdng Idp trung luu nho be nhu la cai nut thdt da kim ham su di dong di len cua tdng lop nong dan a Viet Nam hien Do ehinh Id cdn tra cdn bdn d6i vai nguoi nfing ddn Kit qua nghien curu cho thdy tdng lop nong dan dang a trang thai khep kin nhilu hon nhiing tdng lop xa hpi khde Tiic la, su di dpng khoi tEing lop eua hp la cham nhdt vd cang kho khan, mac dii mong mu6n cua hp la thoat khoi nghi nong Theo each dien dat eiia kinh tfi hpc, qua trinh chuyen dich ea cdu lao dpng nong nghiep'^ eo cdu kinh te quy dinh Co cau kinh te nhu the nao thi sg quyet dinh co cdu lao dpng, vif c lam nhu the ay Ca cau lao dpng, viec lam s6 tao eo edu nghi nghi?p tuong ling, va tao nen h? thong cac tdng lap xa hpi Su quy dinh Idn dupe thi hien khdi qudt nhu sau: Ca cdu kinh te -^ Ca cdu nghe nghiep -> tao nen He thdng cdc tdng lap xa hoi Khi eau true lai nen kinh t6 theo huong eong nghifp va hi?n dai sS dSn toi kit qud la giam ti 1? nhiing tdng lap cua xa hpi truyen thong va keo theo su tdng ddn ede tdng lap dac trung eho xa h0i hi$n dai Nhimg, co edu kinh t l Viet Nam hi?n chua thay d6i manh d l tao va m a rpng cac vi tri lao dpng, viec lam a khu vue danh cho tdng !6p trung luu d l ngudi nong dan di dpng lap day vao nhung vi tri Dilu doi hoi phdi phdt triin uu tien/chu dao manh mg kinh te tu nhdn thi se tao viec lam, nghi nghiep moi nhilu hon, so voi vi^c lam dupe tao tir kinh te nhd nu6e Tiip sau do, nguoi lao dpng ciing phai dupe ndng eao chdt lupng nguon nhdn luc de dap ung nhOng vj tri nghi nghiep moi tao sir ehuyin d6i cua eo edu kinh tl Neu khong, tdng lap nong ddn dong dao hi?n (ke ca the h? tuong lai) giam di chgm chap 2.2 Tang Idp nong ddn id "tr&lvrc"d6iv&itheh$concdicuahg H? thSng phdn tdng xa hpi a nude ta hi$n vai da s6 nong ddn co muc sdng thdp nhdt ndm a duoi ddy (Hinh 1) se kho bj phd va nlu khong co nhiing thay d6i cdn bdn ve CO cdu kinh t l Tir goe nhin lich dai, d ddy, xuat hi$n van dS vfi mdi quan hS giOa thi h4 ^ Theo g6c nhin ciia kinh te hpc, mOt nguM c6 nghi nghiep ^ nj^ng, nuang ily, thiiy sin thi gpi ]k lao dpng nong nghi?p C6n theo xH h§i hpc thi ngiriri gpi Ih nong ddn Nhu vSy, lao dgng ndng nghiep chinh Id tdng Idp nong ddn N6 dupe the hi^n ve m^t hinh thuc cupc s6ng hing ngSy \k lao d^ng n6ng nghilp cd ky nSng, hay \h lao dpng g i ^ dcm mh thfli 10 Cdn tra ddi vdi tdng lop nong ddn h? thdng phdn tdng nong ddn hien tai vdi thi he cdi cua hp Lien quan den moi quan h$ ndy, cd the tham khdo mo hinh ly thuyit ca bdn eua Blau va Duncan (1967) ve quy trinh vuon tdi dia vi KT-XH cua eac vien xa hpi (Hinh 2) d cac nude thdi ky cong nghi?p hoa d phuong Tay Hinh Quy trinh v m m tdi dja vi KT-XH cua cdc tang lop Hpc van cua cha/mp ^ Hpc van ciia , ^ cai .^^ v Nghe nghiep hi^n t^i ciia ^con cai (dja vj KT-XH) Nghe nghiep cua cha/mp -^ ——" -^ NguSn: Bien tgp tit Blau vd Duncan (trich lai tit David B Grusky (ed), 2001: 391-394) Trong Hinh 2, ed the quy gidn thdnh hai loai nhdn to eo bdn tdc dpng de xdc djnh dja vi KT-XH ciia mot cd nhan h? thong phan tang Dd !a ngudn gdc gia dinh (bao gom hpc vin/gido due va nghe nghiep/dia vi KT-XH cila eha me - nhu la dia vf gdn sdn cho the he cdi) vd hpc vdn/gido due ciia ban than ca nhan (dde bi?t Id gido due b^e cao) nhu la dia vi dat duac cua hp Dia vi nghe nghiep giita cdc the hi cua cdc cd nhdn co thi dupe ly gidi bdng hai nhdn to ca ban - trinh dp gido due, dac bi$t la gido di^ic bgc cao, vd nguon goc gia dinh Bdng cdch so sdnh thdnh cong tuang doi cua cdc anh em trai, Jencks vd cpng su (1979) dd thay rang nguon goc gia dinh ly gidi dupe gdn mot nua su khdc biet ve dia vj nghe nghiep vd khodng 1/4 khdc bi$t vi sd tiin kiem duac hang ndm (Caroline Hodges Persell, 1987: 230) Ngoai ra, eon nhung nhan to tde dpng khac thupe ve mdi trit&ng cdng nghiep hoa xung quanh CJ Viet Nam hien nay, tdng Idp nong ddn cdn ddng ddo va ndm d ddy thdp phan tang, thi thi he edi cua hp xudt than tir tdng lap ndy se bj "ylu the" hon so vdi em cdc tdng Idp khac qud trinh vuon tdi dia vj KT-XH eao hon Tang Idp ndng dan dong ddo gid day lai nhu la mot trd luc "niu keo" t h i he eon cai ho khd vuon len eao hon tren nhiing bac thang xa hpi Trong do, t h i he cai ciia tdng Idp tren dinh thdp phdn tdng, thi ngudn gde gia dinh lai la "luc gift" va "gid dd" d l dam bao edi hp khd bi rod xudng ede bde thang xa hpi d ben dudi Trong xa hpi phong kiln Viet Nam xua, ddy kim tu thap phdn tdng eijng la ddng ddo tang lop ndng ddn, mdi lien quan giiia ngudn gdc gia dinh (thi h^ cha m?) vdi dia vi xa hpi eua eon cai nhu thi ndy cung thudng dupe ddn gian phdn dnh nhu sau qua ede cdu ca dao nhu: Do Thien Kinh U Con vua thi lai lam vua Con sdi & chiia lai quet la da Nd the hien su phdn tang x3 hgi khep kin, han chfi mpi di dpng giOa cdc tdng Idp Nhung, ngudi ddn van hy vpng vdo eo hdi thay ddi dia vi xa hdi cua minh thdng qua cac cu$c each mang xd hpi: Bao gia ddn ndi can qua Con vua thdt the lai quit chita Mot quan ni6m ddn gian va "true quan" khdc cho thdy trat tu thur bde mang tinh tuong ddi cdc ddng cap xa hdi cua thdi phong kiln la: "nhdt sT nhi ndng, hit gqo chgy rang nhdt nong nhl sT" HiSn nay, su thay ddi ve dia vi KT-XH giiia cdc t h i he khd cd thi dien bdng dudng each mang xa hpi, ma thdng qua qud trmh cdng nghiep hda Cdng nghiep hda va hiSn dai hda d Viet Nam da bdt ddu tir ndm 1986 den nay, nhung ti le tdng lap ndng ddn vin cdn Idn, thi faiSn tdc dp giam di rdt cham chap (ude tinh khodng 80% ndm 1986 va giam xudng cdn 43,4% nam 2010) Nhu vay, tdng Idp ndng dan ddng ddo d nude ta hiSn de trd thdnh lire cdn "niu keo" the he cdi hp, neu khdng cd nhiing thay ddi can bdn ve eo cdu kinh te d tdm vT md ciia ed nude 2.3 Bat binh ddng ngdy cdng tang giura cdc tang Idp xS hpi vd xu hu&ng trd thdnh md hinh phdn tdng hai cue Kit qud nghien euu trudc day da cho biet su bat binh dang dang cang tang (2002-2008) giiia cdc tang Idp xd hdi d Viet Nam Trong dd, cdc tdng Idp d niia tren "Kim tu thdp" ed su cdi thien ve miic sdng hd gia dinh nhieu hon so vdi ede tdng Idp d nua dudi Dd la sir bdt binh dang dn dinh, mang tinh cau true vd la thupc tinh cua he th6ng phan tdng xa hdi hinh kim tu thap^ d Viet Nam ^ o Thien Kinh, 2012: 70-74, 132) Theo KSMSA'HLSS 2010, he sd ehenh lech v l thu nhap binh quan ngudi thdng giiia nhdm hp gidu nhdt vd nhdm hd ngheo nhdt Id 9,2 lan, tdng so vdi ede nam trude (ndm 2002 la 8,1 Idn, nam 2004 la 8,3 Idn, ndm 2006 la 8,4 idn va ndm 2008 la 8,9 lan) Nhu valy, su bdt binh ddng giiia ede nhdm gidu ngheo ve thu nhap Id tang len hang nam (2002-2010) pham vi ed nude Cd t h i xet rieng mpt chi bdo v l gid tri cho d chinh ciia hd gia dinh (ma cac thdnh viSn ciia moi tdng lap xa hpi sdng dd) d l tim hilu su bdt binh ddng md hinh nhu thi ndo (Hinh 3) ^ Trong so c4c mo hinh phSn tAng xa h^i ccr ban trSn the giiH (hinh kim tu th^p/hinh n6n, hinh n6n cyt, hinh thoi/qu4 trim/con quay, hinh try vh hinh "dTa ba}/") thi mo hinh Icim tvr th4p c6 sy b^t binh dSng \ko loai cao nhat (Trinh Duy Luan, 2004: 19) Ta co thi chihig minh dilu bang l(ip lu^in dgi kh^i nhu sau: Trong m6 hinh kim ty thap vdi da s6 th^nh vign d du(W ddy, nhung Igi scr h&u/kiem so^t m^t lupng gid trj ngudn Ipc khong tuang xiing v6i chting Cy the 14, so vien a ddy thi nhilu md l?i sof hihi/kilm sodt m0t lupng gid trj ngufin lye thi ft Trong d6, s6 thdnh vi6n a dinh thdp thi ngupc Igi Tigp theo sS dupe chung minh cy thi hem qua vi$c so sdnh giila ti 1^ cpng don cua dan sd v6i ti Ip cpng ddn eiia ngu6n lye 12 Can tra dSi v&i tdng lap nong ddn h$ thong phdn tdng Hinh B^t binh ddng ve gia tr| ch5 d chinh (2002-2010) Bat binh dang v i gia trj cho v • — ~ Lanh ago - Doanh nhSn •-• : 2000 ChuySn M.cao • |v»ianvi6n - - - X- - - c a n g nhan I 1500 _ - LD giSn d e n - N6ng dSn Nguon: Kit qud xu ly VHLSS 2002-2010 Nhin vdo Hinh ta thay, tihiing dudng dd thi bieu hien su bit binh ddng giiia eac tang Idp ngdy cdng toe theo thdi gian Dua theo xu hudng van ddng nay, ta cd th6 ndi rdng su bat binh ddng giira eac tdng Idp (ddc bi$t Id giOa nong dan so vdi cac tdng Idp lai) cd svrp/ran cifc cdng rd Ndi cdch khac, he thdng phan tdng xd hdi cd hinh kim tu thdp hifn d Viet Nam mxu hudng Id mpt mo hinh phdn tang liai cifc TCr ddy, hodn todn cd thS hinh dung dudng ddi va ddy khd khdn nhu thS nao ik mdt ngudi ndng ddn ed thi but vuqrt khdi tdng Idp cua ho dS cd dugic ede vi thS KTXH C£in thilt dd gia nhap ede tdng Idp eao hon he thdng phdn tdng xa hpi d Viet Nam hi^n Tai lif u trich dan Bdo cao chinh tri cua Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong Ddng khod X tai Dai hpi d^i bidu todn qu6c Ian thii XI etia Ddng 2011 Bao di$n tir Bdng Cdng sdn Vi$t Nam Truy edptir: http://123.30.I90.43:8080/tienevieftulieuvankien/vankiendanB/detaiIs.asD?topie=191&su btopie=8&Ieader t0Die=989&id=BT531160752 (truy cap 18 thdng nam 2014) Boudon, Raymond 1974 Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality John Wiley New York Bo Thien Kinh 13 Bui Tdt Thang 2011 Van de chuyen dich co cau kinh te xdy dung ndng thdn mdi Tgp chiXd hdi hoc, sd 4,22-30 Caroline Hodges Persell 1987 Chapters 9; Social Stratification; Chapter 10: Social Class and Poverty Trong sdch: Understanding Society An Introduction to Sociology, Happer and Row Publisher, New York Tham khdo ban dich tilng Viet: Caroline Hodges Persell 1992 Chuong 9, 10: Phan tdng xd hdi, giai cdp xd hdi vd sv ngheo khd (tdi lidu thu vi?n Vien Xa hdi hoe) David B Grusky (ed.) 2001 Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective - 2nd edition Westview Press The United States of America and the United Kingdom David B Grusky 2000 Social Stratification Trong sach: Encyclopedia of Sociology 2nd edition Volume 4, Edgar F Borgatta and Rhonda J.V Montgomery (eds.), Macmillan Reference, USA, 2807-2821 Do Thien Kinh 2011 Cdu tnic x3 hdi cd nude, ndng thdn - dd thj va chdn dung tang Idp ndng dan Viet Nam Tap chiXd hdi hoc, so 4, 8-21 Do Thien Kinh 2012 He thdng phan tdng xd hpi d Vi§t Nam hien (Qua nhihig cupc Didu h^ Miic sdng Hd gia duih Viet Nam 2002-2004-2006-2008) Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi D ThiSn Kinh 2013 Khai nipm phan tdng xa hpi va cdch tiep can viee ludng cdc tang Idp xd hdi Tgp chiXS hgi hoc, sd 1, 91-103 G Endruweit & G Trommsdorff, 2002 Tir didn Xd hpi hpc (bdn dich tiSng Viet tit nguyen bdn tieng Diic, 1989) Nxb The gidi, HaNoi Giddens, Anthony and Mitchell Duneier 2000 Introduction to Sociology - 3rd edition W W Norton & Company New York, London Harold R Kerbo 2000 Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical, Comparative, and Global Perspective - 4th edition The McGraw-Hill New York Nguyen Thanh Tudn 2007 Vd nhdm xd hdi trung luu d Vi$t Nam hifn Tgp chi Cdng sdn (bdn dien hi onlme) Truy cap tu: http:/Avww.tapehicongsan.org.vn/Home/Nghieneuu-Traodoi/2007/2790Afenhom-xa-hoi-trung-Iuu-o-Viet-Nam-hien-nav.aspx (truy cap 14 thang ndm2014) Robert A Rothman 2005 Inequality and Sh^tification: Race, Class and Gender - 5th edition Pearson Prentice Hall United States of America Scott, J el al 2009 A Dictionary of Sociology - Third Edition Revised Oxford University Press New York 14 Cdn tra dot vai tdng lap nong ddn he thong phdn tdng Tony Bilton, Kenvin Bormett, Philip Jones, Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard vd Andrew Webster 1993 Nhap mon xa hoi hgc (ban dich tilng Vi$t tir nguyen ban tieng Anh, 1987) Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi Trdn Tir 1984 Co cdu t6 chuc cua lang Viet c6 tmyin a Bdc bp Nxb Khoa hpc xa h6i Ha Npi Trinh Duy Luan 2004 Vdn dl phan tdng xa hpi ViSt Nam hien nay: nhin lai mpt s6 khia canh phuong phap luan tir cdch tiep can xa hpi hpc Tap chiXd hpi hpc, so 3,14-24 Vii Cao Doan 2008 Chuong IV: Quan he giiia cong nghiep vd ndng nghiep, thi vd nong thon phat trien - nhung triet ly Trong sdch Triet ly phdt trien a Viet Nam: May vdn de cot yeu, Chn bien: GS.TS Pham Xuan Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, 217-284  ... nghiep Nhu the, ta thiy xa hgi Viet Nam truyjn thdng dd thj hien ly thuyet phan ting xa hdi cua xa hgi hgc hien dai He thdng phdn tdng xa hoi a Viet Nam hien Trong qua trinh cdng nghiSp hda, hien... trat t\r giiia cdc giai tang lich sit Vift Nam truySn thdng Ngudn sd lieu, dugc khai thdc tir eugc Dieu tra Miic sdng Ho gia dinh Vi$t Nam (VHLSS) nam 2010 Tdng cue Thdng ke thuc hi$n vdi quy... Nguon: Ket qud xu ly VHLSS 2010 Hinh la d6 thi (nam 2010) thi hien ti le % ciia moi tdng lap xd hpi va thu bac cao thdp giiia chiing a Vift Nam (cac nam truac a VHLSS tir 2002-2008 cung co hinh