Kỹ năng sống từ cách tiếp cận xã hội học.pdf

X3 hOi hgc s6 (126), 2014 9$ KY NANG SONG TlT CACH TIEP CAN XA HOI HQC vu THI H6NG KHANH' Dat van de Cd thd ndi hidn ehua cd nhidu nghidn curu chinh thdc tu each tilp can Xa hpi hpc vl v ^ dl ky ndng sing, cdc nghien cdu td gde dd Tam ly hpc hay Gido due hpc cimg da cd, nhung ede tdc gia ciing ehi dya tren each hilu eua cac td chdc quIc tl nhu UNESCO, WHO Phdn tich ndi ham cua khdi nipm ky ndng sing ed thi thdy, theo gide dd ciia Xd hpi hpe thi hpc k^ ndng sdng chinh la qua trinh xa hdi hda cd nhdn Bdi qua trmh xa hpi hda cd nhdn ehinh Id qua trinh ed nhan tieh luy cac k5* ndng sdng Td gde nhin Xa hpi hpe, bdi vidt gdp phdn 1dm ro han npi ham khdi nifm ky ndng sing, phan tich rd qud trinh hpc k^ ndng sdng ciia cac cd nhdn chinh Id qua trinh xd hdi hoa ca nhdn Mot so quan nif m vl 1^ ndng song (KNS) Cd nhidu quan niem khdc vd k5' ndng sdng: Theo Td chdc Y tl thd gidi (WHO), KNS Id kha ndng dl ed hdnh vi thich dng (adaptive) vd tieh cyc (positive), giup ede cd nhdn cd thd dng xd hi?u qud trudc eac nhu eau va thdeh thdc cua cupc sdng hang ngdy (Nguyen Thi Oanh, 2011) Theo Quy nhi ddng Lien hpp qude (UNICEF), KNS la cdch tidp can giup thay ddi bode hinh hdnh vi radi Cdch tidp can luu y den sy can bdng ve tiep thu kidn thdc, hhihtiidnhtiididp va ky ndng (UNICEF, 2002) Theo T6 chdc vdn hda, khoa hpc vd gido due Lien hpp qudc (UNESCO), KNS gdn vdi bdn try cpt cua gido dye, dd Id: Hpc di biit (Learning to know) gdm k^ ndng tu duy, giai quylt vdn dd, tu phd phdn, quydt djnh, nhan thdc duac hdu qud; Hpc Idm ngudi (Learning to be) gdm cdc k^ ndng ca nhan, nhu ung phd vdi cdng thdng, cdm xuc, tu nhgn thdc, ty tin; Hpc di sdng vdi ngudi khdc (learning to live together) gdm ede ky ndng xa hpi, nhu giao tiep, thuong lupng, ty khdng djnh, hpp tac, lam vi?c theo nhdm, the hipn sy cam thdng; Hpc de lam (Learning to do) gdm ky ndng thyc hi^n cdng vi?c vd ede nhipm vy (Bp Gido dye vd Dao tgo, Vdn phdng UNESCO tai Vi^t Nam, Uy ban Qudc gia vl UNESCO, 2003) Quan nipm cua To chdc Y td thi gidi nhdn mgnh ddn khd ndng cua ca nhdn cd thd tri trgng thdi tinh thdn va bilt thich nghi tieh eye tuong tdc vdi ngudi khdc vd vdi • ffjS, Hgc vi?n Hanh chinh Quoc gia 94 Ky nang song td cdch tiep can xa hdi hpc mdi trudng cda minh Quan nidm mang tinh khdi qudt nhung chua thi hien duac cdc ky ndng cu thd, mac dd phdn tieh sdu thi thay tuang ddi g ^ vdi npi ham KNS theo quan niem eua UNESCO, Id quan niem rat chi tilt, ey thi ddng thai nhdn mgnh them ky ndng thye hien cdng vide vd nhidm vy Quan nidm eua UNICEF nhdn manh ky nang khdng hinh thdnh va tdn tgi rapt each ddc Igp ma mdi tuong tac mat thidt vd cd sy can bdng vdi kiln thdc va thai dp Ky ndng md m$t ngudi cd dupe (v/ du: ky ndng thuong lupng) mdt phdn Idn cung nhd ed dupe kidn thdc (vi dg vi ndi dung thuong luang) Viec dd cap thai dp eung Id mdt gdc nhin hftu ich vi thdi d§ ed tac dpng manh me ddn ky ndng (VI' du: thdi dp ky thf khd lam cho mdt ngudi thuc hien tdt ky ndng biit the Men su tdn trpng vdi ngudi khdc) Td nhihig quan niem trdn day, ed the thdy "ky nang sdng" bao gdm rapt logt cdc ky ndng eu thi cdn thilt cho eupc sdng hang cua ngudi Bdn chdt eda KNS la ky ndng ty qudn ban thdn vd ky ndng xd hpi can thidt dd ed nhdn ty lye cupc sdng, hpe tap va lam vide hidu qud Ndi each khde, KNS la kha ndng lam chu bdn thdn eua moi ngudi, khd ndng dng xu phu hpp vdi nhiing ngudi khde vd vdi xa hpi, khd ndng dng phd tich cyc trudc eac tinh hudng eda cudc sdng Hpc ky nang sing la qua trinh xa hgi hoa ca nhdn Dudi edeh tilp can xa hpi hpc, qua trinh hpc cac ky nang song, tich liiy cac ky ndng song chinh la qua trinh xd hpi hda cd nhan Ndi bdm ky ndng sdng dupe the hipn cdc khai niera vl xa hpi hda ea nhdn cua rapt sd nhd xa h^i hpe tidu bidu Neil Smelser (My) coi xa hdi hda Id "^MG trinh md cd nhdn hpc cdch thuc hdnh dpng tuang ung vdi vai trd cua minh de phiic vu tdt cho viec thuc hien cdc md hinh hdnh vi tuang irng vai h? thdng vai trd md cd nhdn phdi ddng cupc ddi minh" (Phgm Tdt Dong vd Ld Ngpc Hung, 2006) Nhu vay "cdch thuc hdnh dpng tuang ung vdi vai trd'" chinh la cac ky ndng sdng Trong sudt cudc ddi eda minh, ca nhdn ludn phdi suy nghi, ren luyen de cd cdc hdnh ddng phu hpp vdi vai trd eua mmh, dd ciing Id qua trinh tich luy ede ky ndng sdng, qua trinh hinh thdnh nhdng ky nang, hanh dpng dupe eho la hpp ly nhat, cd Ipi ich nhat cho ca nhan dd ^Q cd hanh ddng tuong dng vdi vai trd, ea nhdn ludn phai hpc each thdc giao tiep, each thuc gidi quydt tinh hudng va dd chinh la nhiing ky ndng sdng raa ca nhan can tich liiy Fichter xem "Xd hpi hoa Id mpt qud trinh tuang tdc giiia ngudi ndy vd ngudi khdc, ket qud la mdt si^ chdp nhgn nhirng khudn mdu hdnh dpng vd su thich nghi vdi nhiing khudn mdu" (Phgm Tdt Dong vd Le Ngpc Hung, 2006) NIU theo quan niem cda Fichter thi chdp nhdn khudn mdu hdnh ddng vd thich nghi vdi nhdng khudn mdu ciing se dupe hidu Id hinh thdnh cde ky nang sdng Bdi ea nhdn chap nh|n va thich nghi la cd nhdn dd hinh duac cde ky ndng sdng cho minh dh minh ddi phd dupe vdi cupc sdng ddy biln ddng Khi ea nhdn bilt chap nhgn khudn mau hanh ddng nghia Id cd nhdn da hpc dupe cdc ky nang hda nhdp, giao tilp, ca nhan biet thieh nghi vdi nhdng khudn mau nghia la ca nhan bilt hpe nhdng ky ndng quan ly bdn tiian, dd sdng vdi ngudi khdc (learning to live together) Cd thi hilu Xd hdi hda ed nhdn la hi md cde nhd xa hpi hpc Vn Thi Hdng Khanh 95 dung mgt each hdn 1dm, cdn kj* nang sdng la tir cd cdng ndi hdm nhung dugc dung ddi sdng thudng nhdt cho mgi ngudi dl hieu vd dd tiep can hon Theo H Spencer vdi thuyit thich nghi xd hdi: "Chi cd nhdn ndo, he thdng xd hdi ndo cd khd ndng thich nghi nhdt vai mdi trudmg xung quanh mai cd thi tdn tgi duac cugc dau tranh sinh tdn (Pham Tdt Dong vd Le Ngge Hung, 2006) Vdi quan diim nhu vdy, ta thdy qua trinh thich nghi dl tin tai chinh la qud trinh tich liiy cac ky ndng sdng E Durkheim, phan tich vl qud trinh hda nhdp ciia cd nhan vdo cdc quan he xd hOi dd eho rdng: "Su ket dinh xd hdi la su ddng cdm chung ve cdc gid tri chudn muc md mdi thdnh vien xd hoi tu nguyen, tiep thu vd hod ddng Dd Id qud trinh cd nhdn tiip nhdn nen vdn hoa xa hdi md dd cd nhdn dugc sinh vd nha dd cd nhdn dgt dugc nhung dgc trung xd hdi ca bdn cho ban thdn, hgc dugc cdch iing xii dugc cho Id thich hgp xd hdi md cd nhdn sinh sdng " (Phan Trgng Ngg, 1997) Tir dd, dng mudn xdy dvmg mgt xd hdi cd svr doan kit cao, dl cdc cd nhdn tvr nguyen kit dinh, ddng cdm xa hdi vdi nhau, cung giup 1dm nen mdt xd hgi tdt dep, nhdn vdn Thuyet doan ket xd hgi cua dng dd tao nen mdng cho vice cac cd nhdn phdi tu tich luy, hgc hdi cdc ky ndng sdng nhu nhihig ky ndng giao tiep irng xii, ky ndng 1dm viec nhdm, ky ndng an todn phdng tranh rui ro, ky ndng quyet dinh nhdm dat dugc nhihig ddc trung xa hgi co bdn md minh sinh sdng Qua trinh xa hgi hda cd nhdn la dieu kien, phuong ti?n vd dudng nhdt de cd nhdn hdi nhdp vdi xd hgi Nhd Xd hgi hgc ngudi Nga G Andreeva quan nidm: "Xd hgi hda Id qud trinh hai mat Mgt mat cd nhdn tiSp nhdn kinh nghiem xd hdi bdng cdch thdm nligp vdo mdi trudng xd hdi, vdo he thdng cdc mdi quan he xd hgi Mgt khdc cd nhdn tdi sdn xudt mgt cdch chit ddng hi thong cdc mdi quan h$ xd hgi thdng qu chinh viec hg tham gia vdo cdc hogt dgng vd thdm nhgp vdo cdc mdi quan he xd hgi dy" (Pham Tdt Dong vd Le Nggc Himg, 1999; Nhu v|y, qua trinh xd hdi hda cd nhdn ehfah la qud trinh cd nhan hgc tap ren luyen va tich liiy cdc ky ndng sdng Theo Andreeva thi mjt tilp nhdn kinh nghi$m xd hdi vd mdt tai sdn xudt ehd ddng he thing cdc mdi quan he xd hgi chinh Id qua trinh cd nhdn thvre hi?n dugc rat nhieu cdc ky ndng sdng nhu: ky ndng hgc tap, ky ndng giao tiep, ky ndng tvr qudn ly bdn thdn, ky ndng thuong lugng, thuyit trmh, dam phan, thdm chi ca ky ndng phdng trdnh nhihig tai nan rdi ro dl an toan cho bdn thdn minh Ky ndng song chinh la iihitaig ky ndng tinh thdn hay nhttng ky ndng tdm ly - xa hdi CO bdn gidp cho cd nhdn tdn tai vd thich ilng cudc sdng Nhiing ky ndng giiip cd nhan the hign dugc chinh minh cijng nhu tao nhttng ndi Ivrc can thilt dl thich nghi vd phdt trien Ky ndng sdng dugc xem nhu mdt bieu hien quan trgng cua ndng Ivc ttoi ly xa hdi, giup cho cd nhdn vflng vdng trudc cu0c sdng cd nhilu thdch 96 Ky nang song td cdch tiep cgn xa hpi hoc thdc nhung cung nhieu eo hdi thyc tgi Trong qua trinh xd hpi hda cd nhdn, cde cd nhan can ed ede ndng lye gidi quydt ed hi?u qud ede yeu cau thdch thde eua eupc sdng vd thich nghi vdi cuOc sdng Sy ddng vai, tham nhgp vdo ede mli quan h? xd hOi ddi hdi cac cd nhan phdi ludn hpe hdi cdc kinh nghidm sdng, Id qud trinh tieh luy cde ky nang sdng Cdc ky ndng sdng ea bdn nhu giao tidp, kiem ehl cdm xdc, gidi quylt tinh hudng, ty qudn ly bdn thdn, tu phdng vp moi ngudi ddu phai ty tim tdi, hpc hdi Khi tieh luy dupe nhidu ky ndng song, chung ta se phdn ling mpt edch hi^u qua trude nhdng van dd ddt cudc sing Xd hdi hda la qud trinh thich dng, ep xdt cdc gid trj, chudn myc va hinh mau hdnh vi xa hdi rad eac thdnh vidn xd hpi sd tidp nhdn vd tri khd ndng hogt dpng xa hpi (G.Endruweit vd G Trommsdorff, 2001) Su "ep xdt" dh "tidp nhdn" vd "duy tri" dd lien quan trye tilp den hi$u qud sd dyng ngdn ngd, kha ndng hda nhgp xa hpi, thdi dp vd hdnh vi dng xd dp dung vdo vide giao tiep gida ngudi va ngudi Dd Id nhdng ky ndng Hen quan din vipe hda minh vdo, sing vdi hay tuong tac vdi xa hpi, cdng ddng, tdp thd bode to chuc va hudng ddn hipu qua hay dinh cao cua vipe lam hay nghe nghipp Day la nhiing bilu hipn cu thd cua ndng lye hdnh vi md ddc bidt Id nhdng ky ndng cd nhan hay ky ndng ngudi, nd thudng gdn lidn vdi nhOng thi hidn cua tinh each ca nhan mpt tuong tdc cu thi, dd la ky nang ehuydn bi^t r^t "ngudi" eda ngudi, bdi kha ndng thidn vl mdt tinh thdn cua cd nhan nhdm ddra bdo eho qud trinh thieh dng vdi ngudi khdc, cdng vi§e nhdm tri tit mdi quan h? tich cyc gdp phan ho trp thyc hipn cdng vipe m^t cdch hi^u qud Quan nipm nhdn mgnh sy chu dpng tdi sdn xudt cdc kinh nghidm xd h^i eua Andreeva eho thdy, hidu qud eua qud trinh xa hpi hda phy thupc rat Idn vdo sy chu dpng hpc hdi eac ky nang sdng cua cdc ca nhan Cung vdi su phdt tridn eua xa hpi hipn dgi, ede ca nhdn nhdn thdy nlu ehi thy d^ng hpc va tich liiy cdc ky ndng sdng hoan cdnh thyc te tde dpng den bdn thdn thi ea nhdn sd rat thipt thdi, khdng ehd ddng vd thdnh edng cudc sdng Trudc nhu eau phdi thich nghi tich cyc vdi cudc sing hi^n dgi, cdc cd nhdn phai chu dpng tim kilm nhiing co sd dao tgo vl nhihig ky ndng song Nhihig ndm gdn ddy, vipe ede trung tdm dao tao ky ndng sdng mpc Idn nhu "ndm sau mua" theo hudng dap iing nhu clu xa hpi, bu lip vao khodng trlng ma ngdnh gido dye eua ta cdn chua that sy chu trpng Day dupe eoi nhu mpt hidn tupng xa hpi Da so cdng chiing duac tidp can vdi khdi nipm ky ndng sing theo mdt tdn gpi mdi la "ky ndng mem" Ky ndng mem Id thugt ngu dung de chi cdc ky ndng quan trpng cudc sdng ngudi nhu: ky ndng giao tiep, lanh dgo, lam vi?c theo nhdm, ky ndng qudn ly thdi gian, thu gidn, vupt qua khung hodng, sdng tgo va ddi mdi Id nhiing thu thudng khdng dupe hpc nhd trudng, khdng lien quan den kiin thuc chuyen mdn, khdng the sd ndm, khdng phdi Id ky ndng cd tinh dgc bi$t md phu thudc chu yiu vdo cd tinh cda tieng ngudi Chung quyit dinh bgn la ai, Idm viec thi ndo Id thudc hi?u qud cao cdng vi^c (John Wirm, Coramisioner, J.David Armstrong, Jr Chancellor 2006) Vu Thi Hdng Khanh 97 Ky ndng mim (soft skills) cdn md td nhttng ddc tinh rieng vd tinh each eiia ngudi xin viec nhu su duydn ddng giao tiep, svr thdn thien vd tinh thdn lac quan "Soft skills" bd trg cho "hard skills" Id nhttng ky nang chinh nhd tuyIn dvmg yen cdu d ung vidn Nguge lai vdi ky nang mIm, ky ndng cdng (hard skills) thudng xudt hien tren ban ly lich, khd nang hgc van cua ban, kinh nghiem vd su: thao vl chuyen mdn Ban nghT rdng ngudi ta se rdt dn tugng vdi hdng loat cac bdng cdp cda ban, mgt sd lugng Idn cdc kinh nghiem cd gia tri vd nhung mdi quan he d vi tri eao Nhung chi nhimg dilu dd thdi cd thi khdng du dl giiip ban thdng tiin cdng viec Bdi hen canh dd, ban cdn cdn phdi cd cd nhttng ky ndng "mIm" vi thuc tl cho thdy ngudi thdnh dat chi cd 25% Id nhttng kiln thdc chuyen mdn, 75% cdn 1^ dugc quylt dinh bdi nhimg ky nang mIm hg dugc Uang bi Chia khda dan din thdnh cdng thirc su Id b ^ phdi bilt kit hgp cd hai ky ndng Ky ndng mIm ngdy cdng dugc ddnh gid cao Rdt nhilu nhd tuyIn dving xem trgng nhiing ky ndng thien ve tinh each vd xem ddy la mgt nhihig yeu edu tuyIn dung quan ttgng Nhu vdy, cudc sdng hien dai vdi mdi hirdng 1dm vi$c cdng ndng ddng, nhilu silc ep vd tinh canh tranh thi ky ndng "mIm" la mgt ylu td khdng thi thilu, ddc biet la vdi ngudi tre Ketlu^n Nlu theo quan nidm cua WHO vol ba nhdm ky ndng sdng: nhdm mgt - nhdm ky ndng nhdn thiic, nhdm hai - nhdm ky nang lien quan den edm xiic, nhdm ba - nhdm ky ndng xd hgi thi qua trinh xd hdi hda ca nhdn, cdc cd nhdn ddu phdi hgc bao gim ca ba nhdm dd Neu dvra theo quan diem cua UNESCO thi ky ndng sdng phdi dugc phdn chia dvra tren nhimg ky ndng nen tdng co bdn cung nhu nhttng ky nang ehuyen bift ddi sdng ca nhdn ciia ngudi d nhirng mdi quan he xd hgi khac cung nhu d nhihig ITnh vvrc khae Ky ndng song giup ngudi tdn tai edng vifc va mdi quan h? vdi ngudi vd ca nhihig ky nang giup ngudi thieh irng vdi mdi trudng xung quanh, thich img vdi thien nhidn, thieh img vdi dilu kien khdc nghidt cua cugc sdng, nhung tinh hudng nguy hilm hay th(im ehi Id nhttng tinh the hilm ngheo nhu sdng than, dgng ddt, hi rdn cdn, dudi nude vd cac dai dich lien quan den ngudi nhu dich cum, dich sdt ret, dich td, dich HIV-AIDS Ttt nhung phdn tich tren, cd thi dua mdt cdch hilu tu giac xd hdi hgc vl ky ndng sdng: Ky ndng sdng la khdi niem chi nhihig ky ndng giup cho ngudi khd ndng tdn tgi vd thich img trudc cugc sdng thuc ti Bd cUng Id mgt ndng luc quan trgng di ngudi lam chi dugc bdn thdn vd chung sdng vai nhiing ngudi xung quanh cUng nhu xd hgi mdt cdch hi(U qud Ky nang sdng ngodi viec giiip ngirdi tdn tgi cong viec v mdi quan h$ vdi nguai cdn giup ngudi thich ung vai mdi truang xung quanh, thich ung vai thiin nhien, thich img vdi diiu ki$n khdc nghiet cua cudc sdng 98 Ky ndng sdng tir cdch tiep cgn xa hpi hoc nhiing tinh hudng nguy hiim hay thgm chi id nhiing tinh thi hiSm ngheo vd cdc dgi dfch lien qugn den ngudi Hgc ky ndng sdng Id qud trinh ca nhan chii dgng hgc hdi de thich ung vdi cugc song - vl bdn chdt dd Id qud trinh xa hgi hda cd nhdn Tdi lifu tham khao Bg Giao due vd Dao tao, Vdn phdng UNESCO tai Viet Nam, Uy bdn Quoc gia ve UNESCO 2003 Ky ylu Hdi thdo qudc gia vi chdt lugng gido dye vd gido due ky ndng sdng Pham Tdt Dong vd Le Nggc Hung 1999 Xd hgi hgc dji cucmg, Nxb D^ hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi Phjm Tdt Dong vd Le Nggc Hdng 1999 Xd hOi hgc d?u cuong, Nxb Dsii hgc QuIc gia Ha Ngi Endruweh G vd Trommsdorff G 2001 Tit diln Xa h^i hgc, Nxb Thi gidi Phan Trgng Ngg 1997 Xa hdi hgc dji cuong, Nhd xudt bdn Chinh trj QuIc gia, Hd Ngi Nguyen Thj Oanh 2011 Cac khda hgc ky ndng mIm giup sinh vien tdng svr cdng hgc tap, Nxb Trd, Tp Hd Chi Minh Nguyin Thj Oanh 2011 Ky ndng sdng cho tudi vj nien, Nxb Trd Unicef 2002 Ky ndng sdng - Do ludng vd cdc chi sd ddnh gid giao dvic ky ndng song CO ban Winn, John, Commisioner, J.David Armstrong, Jr., Chancellor 2006 Cdc khda hgc ky ndng mem giup sinh vien tdng svr thdnh cdng hgc tap