X3h6ihpcs6 3(127),2014 35 KHUON MAU XA H Q I CHI PHOI UNG XlT CUA NGUdl NONG DAN CHAU THO SONG HONG T H I KY DOI M(5l NGUYEN DUC CHI$N Dat van de Cuoc song cua nguai nong dan Viet Nam co nhieu thay d6i ke ca vat chat va tinh than sau gan ba mucfi nSm thuc hien cong cuoc Dfii moi Khong chi rieng cf chau tho song Hong ma a khap moi viing nong thon tren pham vi ca nuac, chung ta dang chiing kien su hoi phuc manh me cua cac khuon mau xa hpi ben canh thiet che, dinh che xa hoi chinh thiic Dieu dang quan tam la nhiing loai hinh khuon mau dang co anh huong Ian den ung xu, hay noi each khac la dSn hanh d6ng xa hoi cua ngucd nong dan, khong chi sinh hoat doi thuong ma ca cac boat dong kinh te cua ho Cau hoi dat va can tim bieu la nhiing loai hinh khuon mau xa hgi nao dang ton tai va chi phoi ling xur cua nguoi nong dan ca nuoc noi chung ciing nhu cua nguoi nong dan chau tho song Hong noi rieng thai Doi mai? Han nira, nhiing tuong tac giGa cac ca nhan, nhom va cpng dong dua tren cac khuon mSu xS hpi co giup nguai nong dan thay doi cupc song hay niu chan hp qua trinh phat trien hien nay? Dua vao nguon tai lieu thii cap, bai viet buoc ddu nhan dien va ly giai cac khuon mau xa hpi, chi nhihig rao can anh huong den tien trinh hien dai hoa va phat trien nong thon nuoc ta hien nay, qua dong gop mpt so bang chiing lam ro them cupc tranh luan chua nga ngfl vk ban chat nguoi n6ng dan Viet Nam da duac dAy len each day gan niia thi ky Tro^ lai nhirng tranh luan ve khuon mau irng xv cua nong dan Viet Nam Cupc song va cac quan he xa hpi cua nguoi nong dan Viet Nam tu lau da la de tai khoa hpc thu hut sir quan tam ciia cac hpc gia va ngoai nuoc Hai tac gia John J.Mc Alister va.Paul Mus cong trinh "Nguoi Viet va nhiing cupc cich mEuig" (1970) da cho rang "Nguai nong dan Viet Nam dS duoc day de tin rang cong lao dpng va su s6ng ciia phu thuoc vao su tuan thu cac le nghi thuan y troi" (Mc Alister va Mus, 1970: 30) Luan diem cho thay vai tro cua cac khuon m^u tam linh doi s6ng cua nguoi Viet truyin th6ng Quan trpng han, day la mot nhiing quan diim khai xuong cho cac cupc tranh luan sau ve ban chat va loi ling xu ciia nguoi nong dan Viet Nam, so co hai tac gia noi tieng nguoi My la James Scott va Samuel Popkin nhung nam tiep theo cua thap nien 1970 ' TS, Vi^n Xd hgi hoc Bdi viet hodn thdnh khuon kho de tdi "Trao ddi-vd mgng xd hgi- Tiip can Xd hgi hgc vd Nhdn hgc ve bien doi xd hgi nong thon Vi^t Nam " Quy Nafosted tdi trq 36 Khuon mdu xa hgi chi phdi ungxirciia nguai nong dan Trong cong trinh "NSn kinh tl dao dure cua ngucri nong dan" Scott (1976) da di dSn khai quat vS l6i ling xu cua ngucri nong dan Viet Nam theo khuon mau hay la mot nguyen tie "an toan tren hit" Ong cho ring cupc s6ng muu smh, nguoi nong dan it tinh toan phat huy t6i da Id nhuan, ma chi lo lam an va xil sy: cho trrSnh dugrc nhimg nii ro that bat, tranh din ca nha ho t6i chit doi {Scott, 1976:5) Cl inot hudng tiip can khac, Popkin lai khai quat hoa va dua mpt brie tranh khac hiin vl loi ling xil cua ngucri nong dan Viet Nam Trong cong trinh "Nguoi nong dan hpp ly" (1979), 6ng qua quyet ring hanh dpng cua nong dan theo nguyen tjc "lira chpn hpp ly", co muu Ipi ca nhan, ho thuong tinh toan, so do, can nhjc dupe - mk nhiiu ducmg 16i hanh dpng khac nhau, v4 chpn ducmg lli nio co loi nhit cho minh, dl tang c4i dupe cho minh (Popkin, 1979: 18-22) Co the noi cupc tranh lu$n cua Scptt va Popkin vl ban chit v4 each ling xu ciia nguoi nong dan da gay tiing vang sau rong gicri nghien ciiu quoc te ve xii so Dong Nam A va Viet Nam nhieu thap ky qua (i Viet Nam, vao thap nien 1990 cua thi ky truoc, nha nhan hoc Canada gdc Viet Lucmg Van Hy, cong trinh nghien ciiu ve mpt lang tinh Phii Thp thuoc trung du miin mii phia B5c Viet Nam, dvra tren bSng chiing thuc nghiem thu dupe, cho ring "Sir can nhic dupe - mit co y nghia nhat dinh su phan tich hanh d6ng cua nguoi Tuy nhien, ong ciing dua nhieu bang chiing de bac bo viec Iy giai qua trinh each mang theo tinh toan dupe mat" (Luong Van Hy, 1992: 220-221) Khong dong y voi ca Scott va Popkin ve each giai thich loi ling xu cua nguoi nong dan, gan day, bai viet voi nhan de "Gop phan tim hiSu nguoi nong dan Viet Nam th6i D6i moi", nha xS h0i hpc Mai Huy Bich da cho rang ca Scott Ian Popkin deu chi diing phan nao: m6i tac gia thiy m6t khia canh nao nong dan, nhung nguoi thi xuat phat tir tinh hu6ng cue h ^ (Scott), ngucri thi khai quat hoa qua miic (Popkin) Hon the niia, ca hai da coi nong dan nhu la thuoc loai hinh hogc loai hinh kia, khac bi|t rach roi vcji nhau, tham chi nhu nhiing cue dii lap (Mai Huy Bich, 2004: 23) Tir goc dp hpc thuat nuoc, co thi xem day la nghien ciiu diu tien di vao lam ro tranh Iu$n giOa cac hpc gia qu6c tl vl ban chit nguoi nong dan Viet Nam Nhung dan li?u tren dS cho thiy nhiing each luan giai khac vl khuon mlu ling xu cua nguoi nong dan Viet Nam Diiu ly thii la cupc tranh luan vl xa hpi nong thon va nhflng trao dii tuong tac thucmg cua nguoi nfing dan Viet Nam cho din van chua den hii kit Muc dich cua chiing toi o cac phin tiip sau day la dua mpt each giai thich dua tren cac loai hinh khuon mlu xa h^i dl lam them vl 16i ling xil ciia ngucri nong dan chau thi song H6ng thoi Ddi moi Cac khuon mau xa hoi chi ph6i ung xu- ciia nong dan Vift Nam Nguoi nong dan Viet Nam co nhiiu ca hoi khoi phuc va ma rpng cac mii quan h§ xa hpi ke tir cong cupc Dii mai dupe phat dpng, co vi$c khoi phyc cac khuon mlu van hoa c6 truyin va xuit hien khuon mau moi Duoi day, chiing toi se lin luat lam ro cac khuon mlu xa hpi dang co anh huong toi dai s6ng thuong ciia ngudi nong dan Viet Nam Nguyen Dice Chi^n 37 i Loai hinh khuon mdu "tdm linh " Co mot su troi day tro lai cua cac loai hinh khuon mlu mang tinh tam linh dai song xa hpi nong thon nuoc ta tir sau Doi moi Trong mpt nghien ciiu xuat ban moi day vao nam 2012, vai nhan d6 "Thuong thao dk tai lap va sang tao "Truyen thong": Tien trinh tai cau tnic le hpi t£ii mot lang Bac Bp" cua Luong Van Hy va Truong Huyen Chi (2012) da chi rang co sir khoi phuc manh me va sinh dong cac ll nghi cac cpng dong nong thon Bac Bo tir sau Nha nuoc xoa bo co che kinh te ke hoach Trong thuc te, chiing ta ciing dang chiing kien mpt hien tupng hien nhien la nhieu vung nong thon Viet Nam, phong trao kh6i phuc cac di tich t&n linh nhu den, dinh, chua, mieu va nha tu duong dien rat soi dpng Ben cgnh do, cac khuon mau le nghi co lien quan den boat dpng tin nguong, tam linh ciing duac phuc hoi manh me Dieu dang quan tam la hanh ddng cupc song thuong ciia cac ca nhan, nhom xa hpi, CO nguoi nong d ^ dang bi chi ph6i nhiSu tir cac loai hinh khuon mlu tSm linh hien Chiing ta de dang quan sat thay su kien nguoi dan cac dia phuong, CO nguai nong dan hanh ie den cac ngoi den, ngoi chiia noi tieng va linh thieng de cau may va giai han cho ban than va ngudi thSn gia dinh vao dip Aku nam; hay nhGng hoat dpng hau dong, di xem boi va ciing bai, ke ca chuyen tinh yeu va h6n nhSn cua liia doi cung chiu ap lire rat Ion tir tam linh Ket qua khao sat thuc nghiem ciia de tai "Toan cau hoa va ban sac lang Viet a mi^n Bac" cho th^y co den 98% nguoi dan mau dugc hoi cho biet gia dinh c6 den le lai ng6i chua cua lang vao dip dau nam Phong vSn sau cua cupc nghien ciiu phat hien them nhieu nguoi dan, nhat la nhom phu nii nong dan da danh thoi gian di ll cac ngoi chiia noi tieng a ben ngoai lang vao nhung thang dau nSm Trong cupc phong van sau nguai phy nir 60 tuoi co nghe lam rupng va buon ban thuc pham cho biet "C«vdo mdng mdt let hdng nam, tdi vd ddu chuan bi le chiia cdu mot ndm sue khoe, lam dn phdt tdi vd dat li gidi han cho bdn thdn vd nhihig nguai gia dinh Ngay ram hdng thdng tdi ciing thudng xuyen mua li chiia Idm li Nam nay, tdi da cung mot nhdm chi em lang di chiia Huang lam le cdu mong nhiing dieu tot dep cho gia dinh Tdi dd Idm nhu the nhieu ndm, bdy gid khdng di thi minh edm thdy khdng yen tdm cudc sdng" Ket qua quan sat tham du cung cho thay nhung nhom xa hpi cang co dieu kien kinh te, miic song kha gia thi miic dp tham gia le chiia cang nhieu hon cac nhom khac Ro rang la, cac hoat dpng tam linh da va dang tro khuon mau xkx quan trpng dai song thudng cua nguoi nong dan hien Hp tin ring co siic khoe tot, lam Sn cua gia dinh thuan Ipfi la the giai ben ngoai tran tuc phu hp giiip d5 DiSu gop phin chiing minh hanh dpng cua nguai nong dan chau th6 s6ng Hong thai D6i moi khong phai chi bi chi ph6i boi nguyen tSc ciia "n^n kinh ik dao diic" hay "sir lira chpn hap ly" ma Scott va Popkin dua Mpt cau hoi tiip tuc dat la t£ii nguai nong dan cang le thuoc nhieu hon vao cac khuon mau b6i canh xa hpi nong thon Vi?t Nam dang doi moi va hpi nhap? Di^u cdn dugc tra Idi cac nghien ciru tiep theo 38 Khuon mdu xd hgi chi phdi img xit ciia ngudi nong ddn 3.2 Loai hinh khuon mdu "an loan tren het" Bing chiing vl su tham gia cua cac xa vien vao hop tac xa thai ky kinh tl kl hoach da cho chung ta'thiy mot khuon mau "an toan tren hit" timg ton tai cac hop tac xa Mac dii ban than mdi xa vien khong man ma voi mo hinh kinh te t$p the nhung ho vin khong dam bo hpp tac xa ma chi tham gia hpp tac xa voi phuong thiic doi pho, khong lam viec va dong gop hit kha nang lao dpng cua minh vao hoat dpng kinh te tap the (Martui Rama, 2007) diim chiing ta thiy phin nao y kien cua Scott co gia tri "nguoi nong dan luon ciu an, khdng muln doi mat vcSi nii ro" Trong bii canh D6i moi hien nay, each irng xir theo nguyen tic "an toan tren het" tiip tuc thiy cac nhom nong dan, khong chi rieng a chau thi song Hong tna ton tai o nhiiu vimg nong thon khac ciia dit nuoc Mpt vin dl \aa a nong thon Bac bp Men nhiiu la nong dan lam rupng, trlng liia va hoa mau trdn manh rupng cua minh nhung khong CO lai Thuc tl, nhiiu nhom nong hp da phai dl cho vien gia dinh roi bo lang que din cac phi Ion muu sinh, nhung hien tuong dang chu y nhat la hau het ho khong mao hilm chuyin nhuang rupng dit cho nguoi khac ma chuyin cong viec eua ban than va gia dinh sang ITnh vuc khac ngoai nong nghiep Kit qua khao sat dl tai "Toan ciu h6a va ban sic lang Viet a mien Bac" tai mpt lang thuoc chau thi song H6ng cho thiy tmh trang khong muln chuyen nhupng dit nong nghiep giiia cac nong hp cho dii boat dpng san xuat ndng nghiep cua cac hp nhieu nam qua khong mang lai loi nhuan cho kinh tl hp gia dinh Cupc nghien ciiu ciing phat hien them rang hau hit ndng hp lang nhiiu nam qua tiln hanh hoat ddng gieo trdng Ilia va hoa mau khdng CO lai nhung vin san xuat tren thira rupng dupe giao theo hucing "cam chiing" nhim gift dat Trong si dd, co mpt sd nhom hp da bo hoang hoa ru^ng dat khdng san xuat nhieu nam Ciing theo bao cao ciia lanh dao xa Yen Thudng - noi tien hanh cudc khao sat, sd dien tich dat ndng nghiep bd hoang hoa khdng san xuat hien chiem khoang muoi phan tram tdng dien tich dat ndng nghiep cua toan xa Cudc phdng van sau nguoi ndng dSn 52 tu6i, nam gidi d lang cho biet "Lam rugng bdy gid neu tinh toan chi phi tic cong lam dat, gidng, phdn bdn, thude trir sdu, tiin thuy lai phi, thue gat dap thi hit khdng cd Idi, nhung gia dinh loi vdn phdi lam de giU manh rugng di phdng viec lam dn buon bdn ben ngodi g rui ro se quay lai vai rugng" Day la mdt vin dl rit he trpng va mang tinh phd biln ma chung toi thudmg gap cae cudc trao ddi vdi nguoi dan lang dpt khao sat Dieu ly thii la cac thdng tin cho chiing ta thiy mdt khuon miu ilng phd theo nguyen tac "an toan tren het" dang ehi phdi suy nghi va hanh ddng cudc sing cua ngudi ndng (Ian ehau thd sdng Hdng thdi Ddi mdi Tinh thi tiln thoai ludng nan san xuat ndng nghiep da minh chung them ring ngudi nong dan hien khdng phai hoan toan la nguai ly kinh tl nhu luan diim ciia Popkin tai lieu da din d tren 3.3 Loai hinh khuon mdu "eo di - eo lai" Khudn mau cd di - cd lai (hay hanh dpng tinh, cam) vai phuang thiic va nguyen tac ling xu "co di - cd lai", la khudn mlu diin hinh the hien cac quan hd d Nguyen Dire Chien 39 xa hpi nong dan Viet Nam truoc ciing nhu hien Dac trung da dugc nhi6u nghiSn ciiu ve van hoa luu y dSn (Dao Duy Anh, 2000; Toan Anh, 2005; Tran Quoc Vugng, 2000) Mpt dac diem chung ma cac nha nghien ciiu thuong nhac den la, xa hpi nong thon Viet Nam truyen thong, ngudi nong dan thudng chia se, tuong trg Ian moi vien cpng dong co cac su kien quan trpng nhu hieu, hy, tan gia, khao vpng, v.v Theo quan sat cua chiing toi, su hien dien cua loai hinh trao doi mang tinh tinh cam "co di - co lai" chi phoi cac ling xu thudng cua ngudi nong dan Hien nay, cac s\r kien Ion cua ca nhan va gia dinh nhu viec hieu, viec hy hay mimg tan gia, le khao thp, ngudi ta thay cac nguyen tac ling xir co di - co lai dang chi phoi rat Idn cac quan he xa hpi ndng dan chau tho sdng Hdng Ket qua phdng van sau cua de tai "Toan cau hoa va Ban sac lang Viet d mien Bic" cung phan anh ve dieu Mot ndng dan 62 tudi, nam gidi, tham gia phdng van sau cho biet: "Sdng a ddy phdi theo xdm theo lang, gia dinh ngudi ta cd viec tang la minh phdi den thdm hdi, giiip da, phung viing tien, den gia dinh minh cd viec xay ho mdi din Gid tri eua ede khodn phung viing giua minh vd hq cUngphdi tuang duang"Cach img xir cua ngudi dSn nhu tren la kha phd bien Nhieu cupc nghien ciiu khac ciia chiing toi ciing d§ cho thay cac quan he trao ddi xS hpi trSn dang tdn tai ddi song cpng dong ndng thdn khdng chi rieng chau thd sdng Hong ma d nhieu vimg ndng thdn khac tren ca nude Mac du chi la khudn mau khdng chinh thiic vdi quy udc ngam dinh nhung lai dang dugc cac nhdm xa hpi cdng ddng ndng thdn tuan thii nghiem ngat Dd la mdt qua trinh tuong tac, trao ddi ngang gia tri giiia cac mdi quan h^ xa hpi Tinh hudng da minh chiing them rang ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam hoan toan khdng ly nhu nhan djnh ciia Popkin trudc day 3.4 Loai hinh khudn mdu "phiiu luu mgo hiem'' Khudn mau phieu liru mao hiem (hay noi each khac la khudn mau ly) dang dugc thS hi?n manh me cac quan he xS hdi d cdng ddng nong thdn Viet Nam hien KS tii cd chinh sach Ddi mai (1986) den nay, chiing ta dugc chung kien nhieu nhdm ndng dan da phat huy nSng luc ban than de phat trien kinh te cua gia dinh Trong thdi gian qua, truyin thdng dai chiing cdng bd nhieu tim guong dien hinh ngudi ndng dan d khip mpi noi ddi ddi nhd biit tinh toan san xuit, kinh doanh Chang ban, tren trang bao dien tu vnexpress.net 15/3/2013 cd nhac den tam guong ngudi ndng dan lam giau tir nudi bd siia Dd la anh Nguyen Xuan Khanh (xa Phii Chau, huyen Ba Vi, Ha Npi): "Sinh gia dinh ngheo, anh Khanh khdng cd dieu kiin hoc hdnh, vdt vd vdi nghe nong, vd nhiiu cdng vi$c khdc Anh mgo hiem vay von ddu tu nudi bd sua nhd kinh ti gia dinh di len vd hi^n thu nhap tic nudi bd siia 30 trieu ddng mgt thdng" 40 Khuon mdu xa hgi chi phdi ungxirciia ngudi nong ddn Kit qua cudc khao sat tai mdt cdng ddng d chau thd sdng Hdng de tai "Toin ciu hda va ban sic lang Viet d miin Bic" cung cho thiy, hiu het hd gia dinh ndng dan ngoii lam nong nghiep cdn td chiie budn ban, kinh doanh vdi cac linh vuc rat da dang Dieu dang chii y la pham vi hoat ddng san xuit, kinh doanh cua nhiiu hd gia dinh hien da vuot khdi ranh gidi cua lang vdi nguyen tac "tang tdi da loi nhuan thu dupe" Khi hoi ve cdng viec budn ban, kinh doanh eua ngudi dan lang, thdng tin tir eac cupc phdng van sau da chiing td ngudi ndng dan khdng chi "duy tinh", "duy cam" hay "ling phd", ma cdn ludn tinh toan mpt each hop ly Mdt phu nu" 38 tudi, la ndng dan nhung cd budn ban thuc pham gia cam phd hang cho biet "Buon bdn ngodi cho eUng muon mua duac re vd bdn dugc gid eao nhdt Be bdn hdng cd Idi phdi biet mua hdng chuan, co chat lugng, vd cUngphdi biit bdn eho timg khdeh hdng" Dieu phan anh mdt thuc tl la bdi canh kinh te thi trudng hi^n nay, ngudi ndng dan khdng chi cd thi hdi nhap, ma cdn cd du kha nang de thich irng Hp ludn mong mudn mua duac mdt gia rat thap v^ ban vdi mpt gia rat cao nham mang lai Ipi nhuan cho minh Nhung kha nang hdi nhap va thich ling cua ngudi ndng dan nin kinh tl thi trudng nhieu da di qua xa Khi tae dit trd tie vang, nhiiu hd gia dinh ndng dan vi mudn loi ich tdi da cho minh da Ian ehilm dit cdng, budc chinh quyin dia phucmg phai can thiep va cudng chi Thdng tin tu cudc phdng vin can bd xa Yen Thudng cho biet, sau thang diu nam 2013, xa da phai huy ddng cdng an vien xu ly va cudng chi vu ngudi dan Ian chiim dit cdng lam dit cua gia dinh Kilu hanh xil ciing dang xay vdi ngudi dan d nhiiu ncri khac ma cae kenh truyin thdng dai chiing nude dl cap nhiiu thdi gian qua Hon thi, nhiiu td bao dien td cung dua nhiiu cau chuyen lien quan den phuong thiic lam an bing mpi thu d o ^ dl cd loi nhuan, hay lam an kilu chop giat de dat duac muc dich Rat nhiiu cau chuyen ndi vl ngudi ndng dan san xuit rau mau khdng theo quy trinh dam bao rau an toan, hay tiln hanh chan nudi khdng dam bao vS sinh thuc pham, v.v Tinh hudng chiing minh ring ngudi ndng dan thdi Ddi mdi khdng phai chi hanh ddng theo nguyen tie "nin kinh tl dao diic" vdi phuang cham "an toan la tren hSf' nhu Scott da khing dinh, ma hp sin sang diu tu, kl ca phai ddi mjt vdi nhiing rdi ro mao hilm dl thu lai Nhan xef va ban luan Qua nhung diiu da trinh bay, cd thi nit mdt sd nhan xet, ddng thdi cung la nhitag van de can tiep tuc ban luan nhu sau: ^ I Viee phan tich mdt each khai quat mdt sd khudn mlu ling xd nhu tren da chi rang hanh ddng xa hdi cua ngudi ndng dan chau thd sdng Hdng thdi ky Ddi mdi khdng chi han dinh bai nhiing nguyen tae "nen kinh tl dao diic" nhu Scott da khing dinh, hay "su lua chpn hpp ly" theo ket luan cua Popkin, cung khdng chi phu thudc vao su tuan thil cac IS nghi thuan y troi ma Alister va Mus da nhan dinh trudc day Diiu chiing tdi cd thi bl sung them la xa hpi ndng thdn dang tdn tai nhiiu loai hinh khudn mlu, thiit Nguyen Due Chi?n 41 che xa hdi khac Ngudi ndng dan cd vd so hanh ddng cudc sdng hang ngay, hong dd moi hanh ddng xa hoi cua hp hi quy chieu bdi mdt khudn mlu hay dinh che xa hdi nhat dinh ma hp phai ddng vai va the hien vi the phii hgp vdi mong dgi ciia nhdm va xa hdi Viec phan tich cac khudn mau ling xir va hanh dpng xa hdi cua ngudi ndng dan vimg chau thd sdng Hdng thdi Ddi mdi ciing cho thay, cac gia tri van hoa cd truyen va van hda mdi dang dan ben vao nhau, cimg chi phdi manh me suy nghi va tam the hanh ddng cua ngudi ndng dan khdng chi sinh hoat hang ngay, ddi sdng tam Hnh, tin nguong, ma cdn ca cac boat ddng san xuat va kinh doanh, v.v Dieu chiing td cudc tranh luan ve ban chat va each ling xii cua ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam cac hpc gia qudc te, Alister va Mus khdi xudng, sau dd la sir tham gia ciia Scott va Popkin, va gin day ciia mdt sd hpc gia ngudi Viet van chua ket thiic Cupc tranh luan vin rat can dugc tiep tuc nham phan anh diing ve chan dung ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam nhuridvdn cd ddi sdng hien thuc Dieu diing nhu nha xa hdi hpc Peter Berges da tung vilt: "Cac su vat khdng phai liic nao cung nhu ve ngoai ciia chung, va nhiem vu cua nha xa hdi hpc la phai thudng xuyen kiim chiing mpi diiu, chii khdng thi coi nd la duong nhien" (Berges, 1963) Cung can ndi rang lau chu de nghiSn cim ve ndng nghiep, ndng thon va ngudi ndng dan d nude ta da dat dugc nhieu tiru, rit dang dugc khich le Tuy nhien, neu xem xet mdt each tdng the, rat de dang nhan thay phan Idn nhiing nghien cihi da cd la ve sir bien ddi hoat dpng kinh te, cung nhu sir tien bd cua khoa hpc kj? thuat, nhimg phan tich ve chan dung, cho dung va tam the ciia ngudi ndng dan bdi canh ciia nen kinh te thi trudng, ciia cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, toan ciu hoa va hdi nhap qudc te lai kha md nhat Day la van de can dat ddi vdi cac nghien ciiu xa hpi hpc thdi gian sap tdi, nhat la ddi vol cac chuyen nganh xa hdi hpc ndng thdn, xS hdi hpc tdn giao va xS hpi hpc van hoa Sau cimg, nhiing du: lieu va phan tich bai viet ve khudn mau va hanh xir ciia ngudi ndng dan chau thd sdng Hdng thdi ky Ddi mdi ciing ggi nhiiu ham y lien quan den khd khan va thach thirc dang dat qua trinh hien dai hoa nin ndng nghiep, va phat trien cpng ddng ndng thdn Viet Nam Lam thi nao dl ngudi ndng dan vugt qua thach thiic, hpi nhap va phat trien ben viing van dang la van de cin dugc lam rd cac nghien ciiu tiep theo Tai li€u tham khao Berges, Peter 1963 Lai mdi den voi Xd hgi hgc: A/p( gdc «/»"« nAdn vaw Ban dich ciia Ph^m Van Btch Tu li?ucdnhSn • Dao Duy Anh 2000 Vi^t Nam vdn hoa s^ cuang Nxb Van h6a thong tin Ha Npi J.Mc Alister, John and Paul Mus 1970 The Vietnamese and Their Revolution Harper and Ron Luong Van Hy 1992 Revolution in the Village: Tradition and transformation in North Vietnam, 1925 1988 Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press 42 Khuon mdu xa hgi chi phdi ung xir cua nguai nong ddn Luong van Hy va Truong H u y k Chi 2012 Thuong thao &i tai l?p vk sang t^o "Truyen thong": Ti^n trinh tai ciu tnic le hgi tai mfit lang BJic BO", trong: Nhi^g thdnh uru nghien cuu budc ddu cua Khoa Nhdn hgc TP Ho Chi Minh, Nxb D^i hQC Qu6c gia TP H6 Chi Minh Mai Huy Bich 2004 G6p phSn tim hi6u ngu6i n6ng dSn Vi?t Nam thai D6i mdi H i Npi, Tgp chi Xd hgi hgc S6 Popkin, Samuc 1979 The Rational Peasant: The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam Berkeley University of California Press Rama, Martin 2007 "Nhihig quySt sach kh6 khan: Viet Nam giai d o ^ chuyen d6i" Working paper No 40 The World Bank Hanoi Scott, James 1976 The Moral Economy ofthe Peasants Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia New Haven: Yale University Press Toan Anh 2005 Nip ca nguai Viet Nam Nxb tre, TP U6 Chi Minh T r ^ Qu6c Vupng 2000 Van hoa Vi^t Nam tim toi vd suy ngdm Nxb VSn h6a dSn t^c, Ha Npi ... Huyen Chi (2012) da chi rang co sir khoi phuc manh me va sinh dong cac ll nghi cac cpng dong nong thon Bac Bo tir sau Nha nuoc xoa bo co che kinh te ke hoach Trong thuc te, chiing ta ciing dang chiing... ^ dang bi chi ph6i nhiSu tir cac loai hinh khuon mlu tSm linh hien Chiing ta de dang quan sat thay su kien nguoi dan cac dia phuong, CO nguai nong dan hanh ie den cac ngoi den, ngoi chiia noi... giai ben ngoai tran tuc phu hp giiip d5 DiSu gop phin chiing minh hanh dpng cua nguai nong dan chau th6 s6ng Hong thai D6i moi khong phai chi bi chi ph6i boi nguyen tSc ciia "n^n kinh ik dao diic"