Xây dựng nông thôn mới ở vùng người Khmer Thách thức của sự nghèo đói, sinh kế và di cư.pdf

0^ zi^l CHfNH TRI - GIAO DUC - VAN HOA - XA HOI O^H-f Iff 75 XAY DlTNG NONG THON MOI d VUNG NGl/Ofl KHMER: THACH THLTC C U A SU^ NGHEO DOI, SINH K £ VA DI CU^ Ngay nhan bai:Il/Il/2013 Ngay nhan l^i: 13/12/2013 Ngay duyet dSng: 30/12/2013 Phgm Tiianh Thoi' TOM TAT Qud trinh xdy dung ndng thdn m&i & vitng song Ciru Long noi chung, viing Khmer ndi riing, dang diin bdi cdnh cu ddn "phdn hda gidu ngheo, chuyin ddi sinh ki vd di cu khdi cdng ddng" mgnh me Bdi viit nhdn mgnh rdng, 19 tieu chi xdy dung ndng thdn mof dang vd se thuc hiin, chua ddm bdo dugc rdng: cdng dong, xa hgi, vdn hda cua ndng thdn vimg sdng Ciru Long se dugc phdt triin hin virng vd cd bdn sdc Theo dd, di tiep can vdn de phdt trien & ndng thon vd de cd nhitng hiiu biit ndng ddn bdi cdnh hien dgi hda kinh te, cdc quan sdt nghien cihi cdn phdi tiip can lien ngdnh Cdc dir lieu duoc dua raphdn tich cdn chu y nhiiu hem din cdc dU liiu dinh tinh, thay VI tap trung vdo cdc bdo cdo thdng ki, voi cdc sd dinh lugng chua ldm ro dugc bdn chdt vd qud trinh ndy sinh cdc vdn di & ndng thdn vd ciia ngu&i ndng ddn Tir khoa: Ndng thdn mdi, ndng ddn, ngheo ddi, di cu, ngudi Khmer ABSTRACT New rural development program in Mekong Delta in general and in Khmer communities in specific has been implemented within the context of "large income gap, rapid economic transition and out-migration" of the people The paper proposes that 19 current criteria of new rural development areas are unlikely able to ensure that rural society, culture, and communities in the delta will be developed sustainably and distinctively Accordingly, in order to approach the issues of rural development and comprehend farmers in modern economic context, observations must be interdisciplinary Data need to be qualitative rather than plain statistic figures because numbers seem to be unable to illuminate the nature as well as the process during which problems in rural areas and of the farmers in Mekong Delta emerged Keywords: New rural areas, farmers, poverty, migration, the Khmer ' TTiS, Tru&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hpe Xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn Dai hpe Quoc gia TP.HCM - Bp tiiu chi Quoc gia ve Ndng thon Mdi Ban hdnh theo Quyit dinh sd 49i>QD-Tg ngdy 16 thdng ndm 2009 ciia Thu neang Chinh f^u, Viil Nam 76 TAP CHf KHOA HOC TRUCNG DAI HOC M d TP.HCM - S6 (34) 2014 BOI CANH NGHIEN ClTU Ci Tra Vinh, mdt dia phuong cd ti ie hd ngheo va hd ngu&i ddn tdc thieu sd (Khmer) eao d vimg sdng Ciru Long^ da va dang phdt trien nen kinh te hang hda, canh tranh theo qui luat kinh te thi trudng San pham kinh te ndng nghiep va ddi sdng cua ngudi ndng dan da chtu tac dpng manh me tir su thay ddi gia vdt tu va gia ban cdc loai san pham ndng nghiep minh san xudt (nhu liia, ca, tdm, heo, ga, cu qud.v.v) Hien nay, mpt li le Idn san phdm ndng nghiep la danh cho su tieu thu ben ngoai cdng ddng Hien dai hda kinh te ndng thdn, chuyen ddi ca cau vdt nudi-cay trdng d ndng thdn, cdu hdi dat ra: la ngudi hudng lpi sau su chuyen ddi dy? Thuc te rang, trai qua nhung ban che ve ngudn luc phdt trien kinh le bdi canh kinh te thi trudng, ngudi ndng dan hay hp gia dinh Khmer da phdi thay ddi cac chien lupc sinh ke da dang Ngudi Khmer da khdng chi tap trung su chii y vao nhiing thay ddi lmh vuc co sd tdng ky thuat d ndng thdn hay each lam the nao de tang nang suat tren mdt don vi dien tich ddt canh tac, ma hp da phai linh den tdt ca nhiing phuang thiic mim sinh khac Hp phai tinh den nhiing siic ep va ca hdi boat ddng kinh te ndng nghiep va phi ndng nghiep cd tac dpng nhu the nao den cudc sdng va tuong lai ciia cdi ho Mdt diem dang luu y rang ngudi Khmer tai nhirng diem ma tdi dien da nghien ciiu da td rd su y thiic ve ap luc phdi chuydn ddi sinh kl va di cu nhu Id each dl cai thidn cudc sdng \'a thay ddi tuang lai ciia hp Cdc ca nhan vd hd gia dinh dang chiu nhieu dp luc til ngudn luc tdi chinh khan hilm dl trai qua qua trinh chuyen ddi sinh ke nham thay ddi cupc sdng cua hp Bdi canh phat trien d viing Khmer 20 nam qua (manh me ke tCr nam 1995 din nay) da cd hang loat cac chuang trinh phat trien kinh te-xa hpi, xda ddigiam ngheo cua chinh phii va dia phuang (cu Ihl nhu 135/CP, 132/CP, 134/CP, 167/ CP.v.\') nhlm cai thien dilu kien tdng ky thuat va dich vu y tl, giao due ve sinh mdi tnrdng d cac dia phuang The nhung diing trudc nhiing ap luc tCr nhu cdu cua dai sdng vdn hda, xd hdi va su thay ddi cac quan he xa hdi d pham vi ddng hp, cpng ddng va bdi canh phan hda giau ngheo cang manh me khien cho nhieu cu ddn, nhdt la nhirng ngudi tre tuoi mdi lap gia dinh khdng may quan tdm viec trien khai cac chuang trinh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi Y thiic ve viec phai nd Iuc de thay ddi sinh ke, di cu khdi ddng rudng, thoat li nghe ndng va tap qudn vdn hda cpng ddng de cai thien ddi sdng dang manh me ban bao gid het Hien tupng trd nen phd bien hau het cac hd gia dinh ndng ddn Khmer cd ngudi dp tudi lao ddng "ma nghe chinh la ndng nghe" d Tra "S^nh ma tdi cd dip quan sat, phdng vdn Qua trinh tiep can sd lieu thdng ke da cho tdi cam nhdn dupc ve qui md, ti le tang cua cac ITnh vuc ting ky thudt d ndng thdn nhu dien, dudng, trudng, tram, nha cira, v.v nam sau cao hon nam trudc Tuy nhien, bao cao thdng ke va bao cao kinh te -xd hpi cua cac ca quan hanh chinh cap huyen va xa, thuc te, chua quan tdm thich dang den nhiing thay ddi theo thdi gian cua chien lupc sinh ke timg hd/ nhdm hd gia dinh va quan he xa hpi giira cac giai ting kinh te d dia phuang Dang chii y, cdc bdo cdo kinh te-xa hdi thudng bam viu vao sd lieu de md la, nen hdu nhu khdng cho thay duoc gi tii nhimg ddng thai chuyen ddi cac hanh vi san xudt ^ - Tdng so hg ngheo chung cua tmh Trd I inh chiim 16,64%, tuang duong 43 326 hp Trong sd hg ngheo ddn Igc Khmer Id 23.653 hp chiim 54.59% (Sd hiu cua Ban Ddn tgc lmh Trd iinh thdng I ndm 2013) • Theo kit qua Tdng dieu tra ddn sd vd nlid a ndm 2009, ngu&l Khmer a liet Nam cd ddn sd I 260.640 ngu&i cu tru tgp trung tgi cdc tmh Sdc Trdng JG NONG THON MOfI: THACH f HlTC CUA NGHEO » l , THAY D I SINH K£ VA DI ClT Den nay, sinh ke ciia cac hd gia dinh ndng thdn tai Tra Vinh phdn nhilu CO lien quan mat thiet vdi ddt dai Nhieu ngudi quan sat ve linh trang ngheo ddi d vimg da nhdn dinh ring: ngheo ddi d ndrig thdn cd nguyen nhan ngudi dan thieu ddt san xuat Thieu dat d ndng thdn hien cd nliieu nguyen nhdn, nha nuac quy hoach cdng trinh cdng cdng, khu dan cu, nha may che bien, dudng sd, doanh nghiep/tu nhdn (khdng lam ndng nghiep) thu mua "dd danh".v.v Han niia, dan so ndng thdn ludn tdng, co cau dan sd tre, sd lupng cac hd gia dinh tre ket hdn va tdch hp nam sau tang vpt so vdi nam trudc khien cho dat dai danh cho san xuat cang thu hep Theo dd, ngheo ddi cd lien quan vdi viec thieu ddt dai da dupc nhin thdy phd bien, de quan sat duoc cac hd gia dinh Khmer Trong han 10 nam qua, chinh quyen dia phuang d Tra Vinh da cd nhieu giai phap kinh td va chinh tri nhdm "cap ddt san xuat cho ngudi ngheo" Va den nay, quy dit khan hiem va da het, dd la nhdn dinh ciia nhiing can bd true tiep thuc hien cdc giai phap Thuc te, sd hp ngheo vdn chilm ti le rlt Idn, dac biet la vung cd ddng ngudi Khmer sinh sdng** Quan sat cpng ddng ngudi Khmer d c l u Ngang va Cau Ke tai Tra "Vmh, tdi ghi nhdn nhiing qua trinh chuyen dich ca cdu "vat nudi - cay trdng" tai cac dp da ddn su tdi dinh hudng ve sinh ke dang diln sau sdc Trong truyen thdng, ngudi Khmer coi kinh te ndng nghiep trdng liia va rau cii la phuang thiic sinh tdn chu dao Tu\ nhien bdi canh kinh te, hien dai hda ndng thdn cimg vdi cac gia tri ciia ddi sdng vdt chat, vdn hda, quan he xa hdi thay ddi, \i thi chu dao ciia kinh tl ndng nghiep cang bi thu hep Nghe ndng hien trd mpt boat ddng sd nhieu hoat dpng kinh tl khac cua nhilu hd gia dinh Nd ciing la nghe danh cho ngudi cao tudi, it cd kha ndng tham gia vao vide xudt cu Tuy khd dinh lupng dupc rang, ngudi dan di cu din cdc dia phuang khac va khdng true tiep lam viec tren ddt dai cua hp thi se mdt di dia vi xa hdi la "ndng dan" hay ddn cua dia phuang Nhung ro rang, qua quan sat cua tdi, nhiing hd gia dinh di cu hay cdc ca nhan di cu, da cd mdt su thay ddi CO cdu xa hdi dang ke xet pham vi cpng ddng (lang/dp), than tpc, ddng hp, gia dinh De tri "nha ciia" va "id tien", hoat ddng kinh te ndng nghiep trd ndn cdm chung vd chu yeu thdng qua su thud mudn Iao ddng Phdn Idn cac hd gia dinh da dua vao ngudn tien cd dupc tir viec cho thue ddt vd lien edng Iam tu cac nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep khdc Theo nhieu ngudi Khmer, ngudi giau cd hien d dp "chang phai tai gidi gi dau", chii yeu dua vao cdi di cu di Iam an xa "tren phd" hay "Binh Duong", "Long Khanh" giii tien ve Nong thdn ngdy thudng vang nien ngdy Ie tet mdi sdm uat dy hp trd ve nen hang hda duoc ban mua nhieu, xe cd di lai va an udng, vieng tham nhieu hem Den vung ndng thdn ngudi Khmer hien na}' khdng khd de nhdn dien nhung didn bien hanh vi kinh te va cac quan he xd hpi dupc bieu Id qua cac gid tri vat chdt, cdn dong dem bang lien He qua la sir tai dinh hudng sau sac ve sinh kl vuot khdi pham trii ddt dai, nghd ndng •* - Ohu}-in Chdu Thdnh ndm 2011 ngu&i Khmer chiim 34% ddn sd nhinig niu tinh chung ca hp ngheo vd cdn ngheo thi chiim din 61.24%, tirang img rdi 6.718 hg'10.970 nlidn khdu (I BSD huyen Chdu Thdnh 2012, - Tai huyin Trdn Cu ti li ddn cu Id ngudi Khmer chiim tren 60% tdng elan sd Thdng ke quill ndm 2011, sd hp ngheo vd cgn ngheo chiim den 49 34% chuyJu Id ddn t&c Khmer 78 TAP CHf KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC M TRHCM - SO (34) 2014 truyen thdng dupc coi la co nhieu nii ro "dupc mua rdt gia" va thu nhdp thdp Ca hpi di cu mang Iudi giao thdng, lien lac dupc ma rpng, nien hay trung nien (cd hay chua cd gia dinh) mdt da di cu thi chua tinh ^ den viec se quay lai vdi ndng thdn va nghd ndng Quan niem sdng va ldi sdng ciia hp sau di cu trd ve, it nhieu cung Iam thay doi cac gid tri cua nghe ndng su quan sat va cdm nhdn cua nhiing ngudi tre tudi chua timg di cu Nhitng quan niem vl cudc sdng, each tieu dimg va iing xir van hda, nhdt la d nhiing ngudi tre tudi ciing khien cho nhiing ngudi cao tudi, gan bd lau ddi vdi rudng ddng ciing ehanh long va hii than cho cdng vide "lam ndng" cua hp Mdt su chuyen dich vdi qui md ldn vl sinh ke bieu hien qua qua trinh di cu di Iam an xa cua ngudi Khmer d ap Bd My (Cau Ke) va Soc Giup (Cdu Ngang) Tai noi ddy, nhiing ngudi la ndng dan dang gia di, ngudi tre thi cd xu hudng it th^n gia cac hoat ddng kinh te ndng nghiep va td chiic ddi sdng xa hdi tai que huong cua minh Theo dd, se la nhirng chii nhan tao dung ddi sdng kinh te - xa hdi qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi? HIEN D ^ HOA KINH Tt O NONG THON: QUAN SAT TAI HAI CQNG DONG NGlTCJl KHMER Trong phdn nay, tdi trinh bay ve su chuyen ddi "vat nudi, cdy trdng" - mdt each de "lam giau" va hien dai hda kinh te d ndng thdn - va su tidp can cua ngudi Khmer TTieo do, nhiing he qua nhu la su phan hda giau ngheo, thay doi ldi sdng, thay ddi chien lupc sinh kd va di cu ("li ndng" ldn "li huong") ciia nhieu hd gia dinh Khmer da gia tang dot bien Va thuc te, tdi da coi nhiing hien tupng xa hdi sinh ay chinh la nhiing thach thiie khdng nhd vdi chuong trinh xdy dung ndng thdn m&i dang va se trien khai d vung sdng Cuu Long, nai cd nhieu ngudi Khmer sinh sdng Dii lieu trinh bay phdn dupc tdng hpp tir dot dien da quan sat tham su va phdng vdn ban cdu tnic vao hai dot, thang nam 2010 tai dp Ba My (huyen Cau KeO va thdng nam 2011 tai dp Sdc Giup (huyen Clu Ngang), Tra Vmh 3.1 Tai Soc Giup: tie lua sang nuoi torn Ap Sdc Giup thupe xa Long San, huyen Cdu Ngang'', Tra Vinh Hon 10 nam trudc, ddng bao Khmer d Sdc Giup sdng Hien dai hda kinh te, xa hdi vimg chu yeu bang nghe trdng Ma nudc va danh ndng thdn, ndng dan di cu va chuyen ddi bdt thuy hai san d khu ddng man ven bd sinh ke la dieu dupc du doan Nhung dilu biln (khu vuc sdng Ben Chiia) Nghd trdng ddng chii y, den vdn chua cd nhiing Ilia nudc, cu dan chu yeu lam d cdnh ddng nghien ciiu va phan tich thda dang din ngpt vdi dien tich khoang 225ha; cdn canh nhiing tac ddng ciia nhiing lien trinh ddng man (vimg ven bien, dit nhidm man den ddi sdng van hoa, xa hdi d ndng thdn theo miia) cd dien tich khoang ll6ha, cu va ciia cac hd gia dinh ndng ddn, v.v nhirng dan trdng dupc vu liia va day ciing la nai pham trii co ban ma chuang trinh xdy dung danh bat dupc nhieu ca, tdm, .theo timg ndng thdn mdi at phdi quan tdm ^ Tgi huyin Cdu Ke 2011 ngirdi Khmer chiim 32.62% (tuang irng v&i 35 714 ngu&i) " Cdu Ngang ld_ mdi huyen ndm vitng ngdp man ven biin cua tinh Trd Vinh, co b& bien ddi han 10 km Qua trien khai thuc hiin Nghi quyit Trung irang (khda X), diin mao ndng nghiip, nong thdn vd ddi sdng vdl chdt tmh thdn ndng ddn a huyin Cdu Ngang cd bu&c phdt tnen khd todn diin Nin ndng nghiep phdt trien dn dinh vd cd xu hiedng tdi san xudt theo chiiu sdu, bpmgt ndng thdn ngdy mpt "thay da ddi thii", ddi sdng vgt chdi Hnh thdn ndng ddn dugc ndng len rd net Todn huyin cd tren 500 san xudt theo md hinh ludn canh lua - ldm fliia - tdm cdng xanh, liia - ldm su) 2.600 chiovn canh ldm 1.270 vg lua-1 vg mdu 502 Ida - mdu 344 mdu - liiavd 330 chuven canh mdu Tie dua gid Irj san xudt ndng nghiip tdng truang trung binh 8,34% nam thiiy san Id 9.41% (Ngudn http•//mvw monre.gov.vn irong bdi Trd Vinh- Phdt triin "iam ndng " a vimg ngdp man ven biin Cdu Ngang ngdy 14/3/2011) CHfNH TRI - GIAO DUC - VAN HOA - XA HOI The nhung tir 10 nam nay, dap dap ngan man cho cdnh ddng ven bien' cu dan khdng nhiing khdng trdng dupe vu Ilia va I vu mau, ma thuc te da de ddt boang kha nhilu Nguyen nhdn nay, dupc ngudi ddn giai thich ring: "tii cd dap ngan man d sdng Bin Chiia, canh ddng khdng dii nudc ngpt len xudng nhu du tinh nen phen theo dd trdi len, khdng xii ly noi Khi ngdn nudc mdn thi ca tdm ddng ciing ching cdn, dat Iiia dan trd dat hoang, chd cho chim de!"^ Theo nhieu ngudi Khmer, chua cd dap ngdn man, cu dan Iam mpt vu liia, cdn thdi gian khdc nam, ddng cd nhieu ca tdm nen ciing sdng khoe Liic dy, di vai ba gid, at ciing cd the bdt dupc rat nhieu tdm the, ca keo, ca ddi, cua bien, ca ngat Ngay xua, dat Sa Ngom (dung cu bat ca cua ngudi Khmer) de bat cd tdm, I dem ciing kidm dupc 50 den 100 ngdn ddng Nhieu ngudi dp van ndi "ngay trudc cd tdm dn khong hdt Ai co rupng tii 5-10 cdng, Iam I vu thi du gao cd an quanh nam Khi ngan man thi mdi nha mdi canh, nhiing ngudi co rupng ddng nggt (rudng cd nudc ngpt) mdi cd lua an,"' Nhirng khd khan qua trinh san xult Ilia va kiem sdng kieu "md cua bat dc" cua cu dan ddng mdn d Sdc Giup da dien Tir thuc le do, du an da chinh sira dap va cdng dd dieu tiet nudc man Ien xudng ddng Khi ddng cd nudc, mdt sd hd Khmer bat ddu vay vdn dau tu chuyen rudng vudng de nudi tdm Tir nam 2002, ngdn hdng d dia phuang bat ddu cho ddn cd dat d ddng man vay vdn nudi tdm "Co den 70% sd hd cd rupng tham gia vay vdn cua ngan hang 79 ngudi ta khong trdng liia niia, nhieu nha nudi ga nhung ga cdn khdng biet an liia, vi hp mua gao chp an"^ Mac dii, sd lupng vay no ngan hang kha nhilu, nhung tren thuc te sd luong dau tu nudi tdm khdng cd nhieu Ong Thach Xanh cho ring, "viec dau tu vudng tdm tdn rdt nhieu tiln, ngan hang cho vay 10-15 trieu ddu cd lam du, nhieu hd sir dung tien dd vao viec khac, dat van bd hoang ddn nay, hp chii ylu di lam mudn kiem an"'" Qua trinh tiep can vdi cdng viec nudi tdm da cd su khac giiia cdc hd cdng ddng ngudi Khmer, ehdng han nhu: Tru&ng hgp 1: Hd dng Thach Danh (61 tudi), "ngoai vp chdng, nhd cd ngudi con, gdi, trai, diia gai di phd lam nghe may Nha chii yeu lam rudng, nhung mua nang cdng rudng d ddng man khdng cd nudc Nhd khdng nudi tdm vi khdng co vdn ddu tu Han niia, tom cung may nii, de Id Thinh thoang cd ngudi dupc thi ldi nhieu khdng thi Id rat nang Khdng cdn tre, lai khdng cd lien khdng dam vay mupn them so khdng tra duoc"" Truong hop 2: Hd dng Ldm Vudng (54 tudi), "nha cd dira con, diia da di Binh Chanh lam cdng nhdn Hien cd cdng rudng d ddng man, vudng Ien cdn lai cdng mat nudc, bd rupng Idn chiem het cdng Hien nha ihd nudi 30 ngan tdm, mdi dupc I tuan Mua tdm gidng loai 28 ngan/1 ngan con, tdng cdng het han trieu Trudc ddy, nha lam rudng nhung nudc man vd phen qua lam rudng khdng dupc nen nudi tdm, din thang 6,7 lai Iam liia Rudng nha dupe ' Mgc lieu cua d\e dn ngdn mgn nggt hod ddng rupng (trin dia phdn cdc xd gidp bien thugc huyin Cdu \ gang) la di cac cdnh ddng ven bien nhu a Soc Gigp san xudi dugc vu lua vd I \-u mdu (Titeo dng Thgch Nhd, Sdc Giup, ngdy 25/05/2011) * Tlieo dng Thgch Nhd PVngdy 25'05'20ll « ' TheobdThpch Thi Pha PV ngdy 2" 05'2011 •"PVngdy 27m 20011 " Trich luge PV.ngdy 27/05 2011 80 TAP CHf KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC M TP.HCM - SO (34) cdng, d tren cao thi co ihe lam vu Iiia Vay nha nudc 20 trieu de diu tu, nudi tdm ldi da tra dupc, cdn no lai 3-4 trieu Nam rdi tning tom vu 30 ngan nudi thang ldi dupe trieu Vu tom nam thi Id trieu, bdy gid mdi tha lai va trdng dt them tren bd hd de kiem an them"'- Trudng hpp 3: Hd Thach Thi Mi, "Tir ddng nudc man khdng lam liia duoc, ddng nudc ngpt cd cdng ma ciing ngap hoai, khdng khai nudc dupc nen mdi day cho ngudi ta thue, mdi cdng lay khoang 150kg liia Gia dinh bat ddu nudi tdm dupc nam, nam trudc tdng cdng lo mudi trieu, cdn nam vira rdi khdng nudi Nhung nam rdi lai thdy ngudi ta tning nen nam Heu nudi lai Cha me ben chdng cho cdng dat nude man, cdng ddt nudc ngpt Nudi tdm Ian vet lai hd het trieu, tdm dupc thang rdi, thdy ngudi ta ndi la duac nhung khdng biet Ldn mua ldm gidng loai 40 ngan con/2 trieu, loai tdt ban nhung ldn trudc Lan phai hd, rdi vdi (500 ngan), thuoc ca chet (100 ngan), rdi mdi cho nudc sdng vao, mdi tha tdm Liic diu cho tdm an hai ngaj' Ian Hien tai ldm thang an lan Thirc an bao han 600 ngan, cao ban may nam trudc Tdt ed thiic an nha mua thieu d dai ly dp Hien cung cd kieng nhu: ngudi xa la khdng cho coi tdm dan ba dang hi khdng dupe xudng hd Cdn ciing thi mdi tha, hoae hiia tdm duac hay thang thi minh se cung vit, ga"'^ 2014 cd may bom nudc, la lien vay nha nuac trieu duac nam rdi Nha nudi tdm loan vay muon tidn trudc dd cho tdm an Rupng tdm d gan nha nen khdng lam chdi Vu i^i trudc thd tdm: vet hd het I trieu sau giet ca, bd vdi (1/2 thang) rdi ngam nudc sdng mdy Rdi len xa Hiep My mua tdm loai 1000 gia 22.000 (loai re) ve tha Nghe nudi tdm a day cd tir khoang 6-7 nam Dau tien nha nudi ca sau dd thdy ngudi ta nuoi tdm ldi ndn nudi theo Nam nay, tir thang den thang 10 nudi ca phi ca tram cd ca chim, sau riia hd va qua thang 11 nudi tdra trd lai Trong thdi gian nudi, vg chdng cd di md ca kiem tien thinh thoang keu man mudn thi di kiem tien anthem"'^ Tru&ng hop 5: Hp ba Kim Thi Sa Mi (36 mdi) "vp chdng nudi tdm, chdng cd chay xe dm va lam phu hd kiem them Vp nau ruou lly hem cho nudi heo, heo nai, heo thit Cdch 12 nam, chua dap dap, CO trdng mdt vu liia/1 nam Liic cd 1,5 cdng cha chdng cho, nhung cd dap thi ddt de khdng Sau nay, ngudi d gdn ciing khdng lam liia duac nen ban cho minh, ban heo de danh mua them cdng niia mdi nudi tdm Trudc nudi tdm, vp chdng cd di nghe ldp tap hudn cua xd ve nghe nudi tdm Gia dinh dang vay nha nudc 10 trieu (each ndm) Viee nuoi tdm mdi nam thdi Nam da thd tdm duprc han thang, thiie an minh mua Tru&ng hgp 4: thieu, cdn vdn dau tu den gid tdn 33 trieu Hd ba chi Thach Thi Tha (31 mdi) (vet hd 17 trieu, dng cdng het trieu ba, "Sau cudi hai ben ndi ngoai eho hai may bom nude D6 het 10 tridu, hon 2 cdng rupng nudi tdm duoc it de danh trieu tien gidng mua 70 ngan tdm (lom mua ddt, rdi nha nudc edt cho nha tinh thudng).v.v) Vay mupn ddu tu nhieu cho thuang (each nam) Rupng tdm Men tdm ciing rat lo!"'^ '-' Trich luge PV.ngdy 28/05 201L " Trich luge PVngdy 26 2011 " Trich luge PVngdy 27 05 2011 '' Trich luge PVngdy 2S 05 2011 CHINH TR! - GIAO DUC - VAN HOA - XA HOI Tru&ng hgp 6: Hd ba Thach Thon (54 mdi), "Nha dupe xet hp ngheo nen dupc xdy nha (nha la cdt be tdng) dupc 6-7 nam Cd cdng rupng ddng man ciia nha chong cho, trudc lam liia nudi tdm Vu nudi 15.000 con, tdm duoc thang Vu trudc dupe hon thdng nhung rdi bi hu, gan nhu la hul vdn, chi ldi dupc 500 ngan khoang 4-5 trieu Liic diu nudi tdm cd vay tien 10 trieu ciia ngdn hang va vay them trieu didn hd ngheo, sau nhieu ldn Id thi phai bdn bd dl tra tiln vay Bay gid cdng ddt nudc man khoang mudi miy trieu, re hon ddt ddng ngpt Viec nudi tdm dupc hay khdng la thdi tiet Khi mua nhi6u nudc due, nhieu phen nen phai tdn tidn mua vdi de phen (vi phen gay anh hudng den tdm) Khi trdi nang, nudc it ciing phai tat nudc vao them, neu nudc qua hay qua due ciing khdng dupc, phai de nudc viia Hien tai, cd may bam, I sd ldn ddu tom thdt la vay Vdi nhiing ngudi nudi tdm nhieu, nudi kieu nha nudc, ngudi ta cd cho Ihudc, cho chudi chin vao thiic an cho tdm hoac them ldng hot ga (vit) "'^ 81 Tdm nudi dupc ban cho xi nghiep, it ban cho thuang lai d ngoai Tuy gia t h ^ ban chiit, nhung ban dan budn cdn ddi rat met."" Truong hgp 7: Hp dng Kim Chiec (62 tudi), "nha cd 15 cdng dit nudi tdm, ddt dupc cha vo cho 10 cdng, vp chdng mua them cdng, nam 2000 Khi rudng khdng lam liia dupc can bd thiiy sdn den hpp dan, m vdn each nudi, ngdn hang cd cho vay vdn Nam 2003, vay cua Ngdn hang Ndng nghiep 10 trieu, Iai suit 0.5%/l nam Viec nudi tdm cd dupc that Cd vu ldi dupc 4-5 trieu hay 9-10 trieu Nam rdi Idi dupc 25 trieu Chii >lu nudi thd lang, khdng dau m dupc nhu ngudi Kinh Nha nay, d ddy hp ndi Id giau nhung that vai vu tdm la het sach '* Trich luge PVngdy 26'9 2011 '' Luge trich P f' n^' 28 OS 2011 "' Luge trich i kiin cua dng Tligch Nhd PVngdy 25'05^2011 Qua trinh ngudi Khmer tiep can vdi viec nudi tdm, thuc tl ciang da dang Vdi hd cd nhieu dat, cd it vdn thi da vay vdn nudi tdm kha sdm Cdn da phan, cac hd it ddt va khdng co vdn da bdt chudc va bi ddng Iam theo Viec trdng liia va danh bat ed khdng cdn dii sdng, neu dupe vay mupn nhidu hp cung lam Vdi nhirng ho dupc cha me cho it ddt, tach hp, cdn tre, hp bd ddt hoang, hoac ban ddt cho nhiing ngudi nudi tdm ben canh, sau dd "lam thud lam mudn" d nhieu nai de muu sinh Nhiing hp khdng dat trudc kiem song bang nghe "md cua, bat dc" da phan hp da di Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Binh Duong, Long Khanh (Ddng Nai) de tim viec lam Sdc Giup hien nay, nhiing hd ngudi Khmer cd tdm, cd liia dupc xep vao hd kha Hd cd tdm ma khdng liia, dupc coi Id chua dn dinh, tuong tu nhu nhiing hp bd nha di lam nai t h ^ phd Nhirng hp khdng ddt, phdn nhieu duoc coi la hd ngheo! Cupc muu sinh bdng cdc nghe "lao ddng tu do", dil d noi dau, cung bi coi la nhiing ngudi chua cd cudc sdng dn dinh Dac thil cua nghe nuoi tdm ludn ddi hdi vdn diu m va ky thuat nudi Nen d Sdc Giup da cd "ngudi la" tir cac dia phuang khac din thue dil nudi tdm, hp nudi 5-7 vu ddt cdn mdi, dat het chdt thi trd Iai "Khi rudng dd ao, viec lam liia cua nhilu hp gia dinh sau dd gap nhieu khd khan Nhilu ngudi khdng co tien de sang sura ao trd lai rudng Han niia, qua trinh nudi tdm, nhiing "ngudi la" den nudi tdm hp ciing it thue lao ddng d Sdc Giup Cd le vi hp ludn sp neu thue lao dpng cd nha d gdn, tom ldn de mat c^"'* 82 TAP CHf KHOA HOC TRUCJNG DAI HOC M d TP.HCM - S6 1(34) 2014 Chang ban nhu dng Nguydn Van Timg (to 4), Iiic diu lam 4,5 cdng, hien dd thue ddt them ciia dng Thach Sua (5 cdng), ong Chd (2 cdng), dng Lanh (2 cdng) v.v den da cd gdn 20 cdng dit trdng cam Tir nam 2005, liic diu mot sd ngudi dp va noi khdc den thue ddt cua ngudi Khmer d td \'a td de trdng cam Gdn ddy, ngudi thue dit md rdng pham vi din cdc td Hdu bet nhihig ngudi din thue dit la nhiing ngudi cd kinh nghiem trdng cam nhieu nam va dac biet la cd vdn diu tu Ngudi thue ddt trdng cam thudng sd lam hpp ddng thue nam "Mdi cdng la trieu ddng cho ndm Khi lam hpp ddng thue, ngudi thue ddt se dat tiln 50% (tinh tren long dien tich va va sd nam thue) va cdy cam duoc trdng ndm Theo nhieu ngudi, qua trinh chuyen ngudi thud se dua het sd lien 50% cdn lai ddi til ddt trdng liia sang trdng cam d Gia ca thud dat trdng cam dupc nhiing Ba My dien sau va cham hon cac dja ngudi d xa Tam Ngdi, An Phii Tdn, Hda phucmg khac (xd, dp) vimg Trdng Tdn, Thdng Hda, dua va giir gia"^\ liia vdn la cdy luong thuc truyen thdng tir Trong ddi sdng kinh te cua ngudi bao ddi cua ba ddng bao Khmer Khmer tai dp Ba My, viec cam cd dat da Tuy duac tap huan, nhung viec trdng cam, dien kha phd bien Nhieu hd gia dinh trdng dau, trdng budi, hay cac logi cdy trdng Ilia thua Id, cdi dng ba benh tat, cdng nghiep ngan ngay, dai khac cudi hdi, tang ma v.v ldm ngudi da cam cd ludn ddi hdi nhieu vdn vd ky thudt cham ddt de CO khoan lien ldn lo chi phi Trong sdc, van chua phai la the manh ciia ngudi truyen thdng dd, viec cho thue dat dupc ddn Khmer d Bd My gid cao ban vdi ngudi trdng cam ciing Id Viec trdng cam tren rudng liia chi viec binh thudng^'' "Nhieu ngudi ciing cd y dinh cho thue, vi neu tu lam thi khdng ed ngudi Kinh Liic ddu ngudi Kinh chi cd du kha nang Chi rieng tiln thue nhan trdng cam tren ddt rudng cua minh Nhung cdng chuyen cdng ddt rupng liia vai nam sau dd, hp thue rudng cua ngudi dit trdng cam it nhdt ciing tdn khoang Khmer xung quanh de md rdng dien tich^- 3.2 Tai ap Ba My: tu liia sang cam Ap Bd My thude xa Hoa An'', huyen Cdu Ke-°, Tra Vmh Trudc nam 2000, cac hd gia dinh ngudi dan Khmer van chii yeu sdng bdng trdng lua nudc Trong chimg 10 ndm nay, sd cd dit vudn trdng budi, nhan, dira cd nhieu hon Dang chii y, tir nam 2005 den nay, dien tich ddt rudng ciia ngudi Khmer lai dp dd dupc ngudi Kinh d vd ngoai dp thud trdng cam kha ldn Theo thdng ke cua Ban nhan dan dp, hien cd trdn 150ha dat rupng liia da chuyen sang trdng cam sanh (thdng 5/2010) Ciing theo y kien ciia can bd dp Ba My, "du kien chimg hay 10 ndm niia, dien lich cam ciia dp cd the len den 2/3 tdng sd dien tich dat rudng"^' Xd Hod An hiin cd khodng 30% sd hg ridn la hp ngheo (nam 2001 Id 49%) Diin tich ddi Id 2097.8ha, chu yiu Id ddt ndng nghiip chuyen trdng lua Xd cd 2233 hp VOT 10176 khdu, 60,05% Id dong bdo ddn tpc Khmer Tir ndm 2001 din nay, xd dd ldm dugc 500 cdn nhd ttnh thuang ^^ Huyin Cdu Ke tmh Trd Vmh trin 30% ddn sd id ngir&i Khmer Han 10 ndm qua, tie ngudn vdn CT 135 huyin da xdy dung dugc 49 cdng irinh vi co sa hg tdng dcdcxS ddc biit khd khdn xa cd dong nguai ddn lpc Khmer -' Tlieo y kiin cua dng Nguyen Vdn Hu&ng Phd bi Thu Truang Ban nhdn ddn ^ Bd My, trieh PV ngiiy 20/05/2010 " O.Td Tam Ngdi gidp ranh dp Bd l/i, ngudi Kmh da Cam tren rugng Ida cdch ddy 7-8 ndm rai, hiin chiim din 80% tdng dlin tich -' Ykiin cua dng.\guyen Vdn Tiing, Inch PVngdy 19/5/2010 •'' OBd My hg dng Thgch Thiip cho thue 4.5 cdng: hp dng Thgch Sua cho thui cdng, hd dng Kim Min cho thui cdng; hg dng Thgch Kiin cho thui cdng: hg Thgch Thj Summia cho thui cdng; hg dng Thgch Yem cho thue cong: hp Kim Thf Luang cho (ngir&i Bin Tre) thue cdng v.i CHfNH TR! - GIAO DUC - VAN HOA - XA HOI 83 tridu ddng Tien gidng phdn thude nhan nudi tdm), ngudi Khmer Ba My cung duac cdng, keo dai nam, vdi ngudi it tap huan ky thudt nudi trdng (cdc loai cay tiln khong thd lam ndi"^ Nhung theo dng trdng nhu cam budi nhan, sdu rieng ) Thach Sol, "vdi ngudi gidu thi ddu m cam nhung khac la hp khdng dupe trien khai se la ti phii dng Duong Vdn Minh (td 6) Ngudi Khmer d Ba My chi cd ddt, khdng mdi trdng cong, nam rdi thu dupc han ed vdn Hon niia, "nha Iam ngudi, ngudi la ti ddng Hon thi, trdng cam nam sp \a} muon neu trdng cay bi thua Id thi se diu cd trdng xen canh vao ddt cac loai ddu chang cdn ddt ma d"'*! xanh, ca tim bap nghe ddu cung dupc Vdi nhiing hd chua cho thue ddt, viec trieu/1 cdng"-^ lam Ilia bay gid gap khdng it khd khan Khi Ngudi Khmer d Bd My biet ddt ed vudn cam ben canh, rudng liia bi mdt rupng ciia minh cd the trdng cam dupc nudc (vi nha vudn len lip, \"et muong), sau Biet trdng cam la ldi hon gap nhieu lan rdy chim chupt tij dd sang hai liia tir Ilia, "1 cdng trdng cam chap 10 cdng lam mai gieo sa den liia chin trd nen rat Ilia", nhihig de lam dupc vdi hp thi khdng nhieu Cd hp chang may, neu ngudi trdng de Trdng cam rdt tdn cdng, phai biet ky cam dd trdng het ben, rudng liia d giiia thuat cham sdc, phai cd thude phdng trir chang nhiing lam liia khdng dat ma mudn sau benh, phai co nai bdn.wv nhung cdi eho thue ciing chang mudn Theo kinh chinh vdi ho la phdi cd hang ehue trieu nghiem ciia ngudi trdng cam vudn cdeh vudn can cd khoang trdng de cam khdng ddng tay mdi lam dupc ldy benh va cd dii nang gio mdi phdt trien IdL Theo dng Thaeh Thiep (td 6), ngudi cho thue cdng ddt (thang 5/2010) ndi, Ve viec cho thue ddt, van de xay "lam Ilia chua tinh cdng ciia minh, cdng d Ba My ciing cd nhiing diem mong ddng khdng de kiem ldi dupc trieu ddng vdi Sdc Giup Nhiing hd cd it dat neu Trdng cam thi khdng cd vdn Iam, cho thue khdng eho thue thudng se phai bd hoang vira dupc lien, cdn lao ddng d nha di kiem Mec trdng liia khdng cdn thich hop viec khac Iam them Nhd eho thue ddt la} dieu kien xung quanh cd cdc loai "cay tidn xdy nha dudi, sua lai chudng heo \ a trdng vdt nudi" khac Ciing nhu Sdc Giup gidng nudc Con cdi thi di phd, vp ngudi Khmer d Ba My hien da lo ngai den chdng d nha keu gi mln day!"-' 5-6 ndm sau, nhdn lai ddt Dat liic dy 3.3 Phan hoa giau ngheo, thay dot da thdnh ludng, hdng Gdc cam sdu va to cung ddu de phd bd Mdm sdu benh sinh ke va di cir Qua trinh tilp can vdi viec trdrig cam lich tu dat neu mudn trdng lai liia ciia ngudi Khmer tai Ba My vd tilp can thi chu ddt phdi ddu m kha nhieu edng sue nghi nudi tdm d Sdc Giup ciing khd khan va tien bac Qud trinh cdi tao ddt dupc du nhu Tren ddngrudng oBdMy bdy gid bdo chdc chdn khdng phai de dang Sdc CO nhilu vudn cam nhung chua cd \Trdn Giup, diing trudc "cac khd khdn cho \ iec cam ciia ngudi Khmer (hp chi trdng budi/ cai tao vudng ao lai rudng cd ngudi nhan d vudn nhd) Nhu bao ngudi Khmer da ban dat"-' khac d Sde Giup (dupc tap hudn k} thudt -•' Ykiin cua dng Thgch Chenh, trich PVngay 18 52010 -'• Trich PVngdy 17 2010 J' Trich PVngdy I& 2010 •'Theoy kien cua dng Tligch Shuang, PVngdy 17 2010 -'* Theo dng Thgch Sa Bay PI 'ngcn- 28 05 2011 84 TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HQC M TRHCM - SO (34) 2014 Trong 10 nam qua dp Sdc Giup va Bd My deu dupc nha nudc ddu m phat trien theo cac chuang trinh 135/CP: 134/ CP Quyet dinh 167 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu v.v Tuy md hinh kinh te ndng nghiep cd sy khac nhau, nhung theo sd lieu thdng ke tai Ba My (5/2010), sd ho ngheo 167/409 hd^ va d Sdc Giup (5/20il)3^ thi cd 228 hd ngheo/386 hd (98% la hd ngudi Khmer) Dang chii y theo doi danh sdch hd ngheo, sd hd ngheo phdt sinh nam qua tai dp, ngudi la chu hd ngheo cd dp mdi ducri 30 mdi ludn chiem tren 70% Nhung gia dinh tre la the he thii hai cua gia dinh ngheo hoac can ngheo (chii yeu thieu ddt, benh tdt, ddng cdn nhd) IE^ gia dinh tach hd, phdn nhieu sd hp ia nhiing hd ngheo mdi Hp la nhiing hd ngheo chi cd dat ciia cha me cho vira du chd de cdt nha tinh thuang, khdng cd dit san xuat, hoac cd it, nhung khdng cd vdn de theo dudi md hinh kinh te mdi nhu trdng cam, nudi tdm, chu yeu sdng bang nghe lao ddng chdn tay dan, neu d dia phuang keu gi mdn Lam ngudi sd hp, da di phd, hp lam cdng nhdn Nhin chung, qua tiinh chu\ en dich ca cdu kinh te d Ba My \a Sdc Giup dupc danh gia la kha tdt San lupng va hieu qud kinh td tren cac canh ddng cd the tang gap nhieu lan Tuy nhien, van de dang quan tdm d day, sd cu dan dia phuang chua tiep can tdt va Iam chii dupc qua trinh phat trien Neu ndi ve ngu\ en nhdn di cu tai cdc vimg ndng thdn hien han co rdt nhieu ly Nhung d day, su chuyen ddi kinh te ciia Sdc Giup va Ba My, nien va cdc gia dinh tre ngudi Khmer, phan Idn da tham gia vao ddng ngudi di cu ma muu sinh tai cac tinh/thanh khac la mpt thuc te KET LUAN Hien dai hda ndng thdn ngheo ddi, thay ddi sinh ke va di cu dd la hien mpng dien vdi thdp nien qua d vimg ndng thdn, noi cd nhieu ngudi Khmer sinh sdng Da cd nhieu hd, nhieu cd nhdn ngudi Khmer, vdn la ndng dan dang dan xa rdi khoi ddng rudng va ddi sdng xa hdi vdn mang tinh edng ddng va cd ban sac dan tdc d ndng thdn Thuc tien ndy, ciing chinh la nhiing thach thiic khdng nhd cho chien lupc xay dung ndng thdn mdi hien Theo sd lieu thdng kd cua Ban Nhan De phat trien ben vung, xay dung dan dp Sdc Giup (5/2011), d dp cd khoang ndng thdn mdi khdng the khdng quan tam 700 ngudi dp mdi lao ddng, thi cd den cac giai phap dap iing nhu cdu cua ddi den 500 ngudi di cu di lam an xa Nhiing sdng vdt chdt Tuy nhien, vide xdy dung va hd nudi tdm gia dinh tre chiem ty le ciing nudi dudng cac gia tri van hda, xa hpi ciing cao, nhung chua phai nhieu so vdi danh phai la trung tdm ciia mpi hieu biet sach hd ngheo cua dp Nhimg gia dinh cd qua trinh triln khai cac tieu chi xay dung ddt nudi tdm nhieu, cdng viec chi ndng thdn mdi vd chuyen ddi co cau kinh cha me ddm trach Gidng nhu nhieu te d ndng thdn nien d Ba My du cho cha me nudi eon Xay dung ndng thdn mdi bdi gi, trdng cay gi, nhiing loai cdng viec dd canh cua su gia tang dan sd khien cho khdr^ giii chdn hp lai dupc "tir nam ngudn lyc dat dai ban hep va dang gay siic nay, nien va cac gia dinh tre d Sdc ep len chiln lupc sinh ke ciia cac ho gia Giup di phd (nhu Bmh Duong, Long dinh ndng dan; hon niia, vdi su hien dai Khanh, TP.HCM, Long An, ) gin het" (dd hda ndng thdn va nhiing thay ddi co la ghi nhdn ciia dng Thach Xanh, bi thu clu vat nudi cay trdng, xu hudng nhiing Chi bp dp Sdc Giup, 26/5/2011) ngudi ngheo se diing ngodi le Do vdy, xd}Tdng sd hg ngu&i Kinh a Bd My chiim ty le ddng han ngu&i Kinh a Sdc Giip (trin 50 hg) Cd hg ngudi Kinh rai vdo danh sdch hg ngheo oBd My ^' Ap Sdc Giup cd 386 hg vai 1.656 nhdn khdu, dd cd din 98% Id ngir&i ddn tgc Khmer CHfNH TRI - GIAO DUC - VAN H O A - XA HQI dyng ndng thdn mdi phai tinh din khdng lam tang them tinh trang ngheo ddi va phdn hda xa hdi dan din sy bit cdng bang CO Ihl cdng md rpng va ngudi ngheo cd thd rihdn ring sinh kl ciia hp da bi Iam tdn hai, thi hien su rdi chuyen khdi vimg ndng thdn cua hp Nhiing kit qua tii viec iing dyng cae phat minh hda sinh lien quan din cong nghd trdng trpt; sdn luang cao va hat phdt trien nhanh, phan bon, thuoc tru sdu va thuoc diet cd; su dung may mdc tiet kiem nhdn lyc chiing ta da dat dupc nhiing tyu dang ke Tuy nhien, ndng thdn mdi hien dang can Iam cac ngudn luc tir cdc phuang dien kinh te, van hda, xa hpi dd ddm bao cac kha nang: bao dam sinh ke cho ngudi ngheo; ngan ehan sy md rdng 85 ciia bit binh dang hien cdn phd bien; mang lai nhiing co hpi mdi cho ngudi ngheo va ngudi khdng cd dit san xuat, nhiing ca hdi ma trudc ddy khdng san cd vdi hp; giiip bao tdn cac cpng ddng ndng thdn va quan he xd hdi cd truyen thdng tdt dep; dap ung nhu cau da dang hda siiih ke/phi ndng "S^i^P d ndng thdn dl giam di cu Han niia, dl tiep can sau rdng han van dd phdt trien d ndng thdn va de cd nhiing hidu biel ndng dan bdi canh phat trien hidn nay, cac quan sat va nghien cuu cin tilp can lien nganh, chii y nhilu ban din cac dii lieu dinh tinh, thay vi tap trung vao cac bao cao thdng ke, vdi cac sd dinh luong chua lam ro dupc ban chdt vd qua trinh sinh cdc vdn de d ndng thdn va cua ngudi ndng dan TAI LIEU THAM KHAO De Haan, A, 2002, Migration and livelihoods inhistorical perspective: A case study of Bihar, India, Joumal of Development Studies 38(5): 115-142 Dd Thai Ddng-Vu Trpng Khdi-Pham Bieh Hpp, 2004, Phdt triin ndng thdn Viet Nam tit ldng xd truyin thdng den vdn minh hiin dgi, NXB Ndng nghiep Eder, J.F, 1993, Family farming and household enterprise in a Philippine community, 1971-1988: Persistence or proletarianization? Joumal of Asian Smdies 52(3): 647-671 Eder, J.F, 1999, A generation later: Household strategies and economic change in the rural Philippines Honolulu: Uni\"ersit}' of Hawai'i Press Griffin, K., A.R Khan and A Ickowitz, 2002, Poverty and the distribution of land, Joumal of Agrarian Change 2(3): 279-330 Hoang Chi Bao, 2004 Hi thdng chinh tri & co s& nong thon nu&c ta hien nay, NXB Chinh tri Qude gia James C Scott, 1976, The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia, Yale University Press, Jeffrey, C 2000, Democratisationwithout representation? The power andpolitical strategies of a rural elite in north India, Political Geography 19: 1013-1036 Kelly P 2000 Landscapes of globalisation: Human geographies of economic change in the Philippines London: Routledge 10 Ngdn Hang The Gidi, 2003, Chinh sdch ddt dai cho tdng truong vd xda ddi gidm ngheo, Ha Npi, NXB Vdn hda -Thong Tin 11 Tran Thi Thu Luang, 1994, Che dd s& hiru vd canh tdc rugng ddt & Nam bd nua ddu thi ky XIX, NXB Thanh Phd Hd Chi Minh b TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC MCJ TRHCM - Sd (34) 2014 12 Trdn Van Bdn 1999, Mdt sd li tuc ddn gian nguoi Khmer Ddng bdng Sdng Ciiv Long, Ha Ndi NXB Van hda Ddn lpc 13 Vien Khoa hpe Xa hdi tai TP.HCM, 1990 Mien Nam su nghiip ddi m&i cua cd nu&c, TRHCM, NXB KHXH I4.\^en Nghien ciiu Phat trien (nhieu tdc gia), 2008 Ndng ddn, ndng thdn vd ndng nghiep-nhOng vdn di ddt Ha Ndi, NXB Tri Thiic IS.Viensiihpc, 1977,Ndngthdn Viet Nam lich sir, Hk'Sgi NXB KRXH 16 Vien Van hda, 1993, Tim hiiu von vdn hda ddn tgc Khmer Nam Bd, NXB Tdng hpp Hdu Giang n.A^en Vanhda, 1993, Vdn hda ngu&i Khmer vimg ddng bdng Sdng Ciru Long, Ha Ndi, NXB Van hda Dan tpc  ... sdng va tuong lai ciia cdi ho Mdt diem dang luu y rang ngudi Khmer tai nhirng diem ma tdi dien da nghien ciiu da td rd su y thiic ve ap luc phdi chuydn ddi sinh kl va di cu nhu Id each dl cai... thi se mdt di dia vi xa hdi la "ndng dan" hay ddn cua dia phuang Nhung ro rang, qua quan sat cua tdi, nhiing hd gia dinh di cu hay cdc ca nhan di cu, da cd mdt su thay ddi CO cdu xa hdi dang ke... nhiing ngudi tre tudi chua timg di cu Nhitng quan niem vl cudc sdng, each tieu dimg va iing xir van hda, nhdt la d nhiing ngudi tre tudi ciing khien cho nhiing ngudi cao tudi, gan bd lau ddi vdi rudng