Đánh giá chất lượng cuộc sống của lao động nhập cư làm việc tại các khu công nghiệp Tp.HCM.pdf

12 2}\ TAP CHt KHOA HQC TRUONG DAI HOC M TRHClul - SO f3012013 BANH GIA CHAT LlTONG CUOC SONG Ct A LAO DQNG NHAP ClT LAM VIEC TAI CAC KHU CONG NGHIEP TP.HCM TS Nguyen Minh Ha' ThS Nguyen Quang Bai^ Nghien ciru ndy nhiim ddnh gid stt chuven bien chdt luong cuoc song cua lao dong nhap cu ldm viec lai cdc khu cong nghidp TP.HCM ke tit ho quyel dinh di cu Dong thai, ddnh gid chdt lucrng cuoc song hien lai cua lao dpng nhdp cu qud lrinh hot nhgp cuoc song Thong qua phong vdn Irjec tiep 516 lao dong nhgp cu dd ldm viec tren ndm tgi cdc khu cdng nghiep TP.HCM bdng bdng cdu hoi vd sur dung phumig phdp Ihong ke-mo td, vd phdn tich nhdn to khdm phd (EF.4}, nghien cuu cho thdy phdn lan nguai lao dong ddnh gid cudc song ho tra nen tot han sau di cu, nhien hai ndm gdn ddy tinh hinh khong co gi thay doi thdm chi mot so vdn de tra nen xdu di Kel qud nghien ci'nt ndy bo sung them buc tranh ve cuoc song ciia nguai lao dong nhdp cu, vd gai y mot sd gidi phdp cdp hdch cho nhihig kho khdn hien lgi cua ngudi lao dong nhdp cu nhdm timg budc cdi thien chdt luang cuoc song Tir khoa: chat lupng cupc song, lao dpng nhap cu, khu cong nghiep, TP.HCM ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the change in life quality of migrant workers who are working al industrial parks in Hochiminh City al present and from the migration lime lo now Through interviewing directly 516 migrant workers who experience more than years at industrial parks in HoChiMinh city, and using method of descriptive slalislics and Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA), the sludy finds out lhal the migrant workers evaluate belter their present life quality comparison wilh their life quality before migrating However, comparison with two years ago, their present life quality is not change, and even somefactors of life quality become worse These results add the picture of migrant workers life quality in HoChiMinh City and suggest policy implications to solve migrant wakers 'present difficulties lo improve their life quality Keywords: life quality, migrant worker Industrial park, Hochiminh City GIO) THIEU at d l vl phd nhSm Um kiim cac Tioiig nhimg n t a qua, vdi vai ud dau lau ve phit uiin cong nghiep va dich vu tren ca nudc, Thanh phi H6 Chi Minh luon dl dau viec dong gop vao su ting mrOTig Chung ctia ca nudc Sir phat tnen da keo theo mpt luon di cu tu ' Tmong Khoa Ddo iga Sau O^i hoc Tnmng DHUv ' Tong cong ^ Hang lAong He( \'nm TPMCM cp hpi lam viec thay ddi cupc song Nhihig ngudi di cu dii la lao dong tu hay Iam vi?c cac thinh phin kinh tl diu cd nhiing ddng gdp to lan cho su phat triln chung ciia thinh phd Thi nhung d l cii thien thu nhap, ban than hp qua trinh 13 di cu da danh doi nhieu van de nhu nha a, moi trucmg sdng, strc khde, thai gian ngjii ngoi lam cho chat luong cuoc song xau di o nhi£u m|t Theo so lieu thong ke nam 2012, TP.HCM vdi l6ng s6 dan hon 7.75 tri^u ngucri ke ca dan nhap cu, dang doi mSt VOT sue ep rdt idn Ifin viec quy hoach, 16 chuc, sip x£p ciia chinh quyen dia phuong trSn nhi£u mat tir tao cong an viec lam, xSy dung nha 6, giao thong di lai, den mang luoi ting xa hoi nhu trucmg hoc, benh vien Nhu vay vdi toe tSng tnrong cao va dan nhap cu cang nhieu da va dang khidn ph6 cang tro nen chat chgi buc b6i, moi trucmg song nhiem trim trgng D6 la hien trang cua TP.HCM nhihig nSm gan day Ben do, su gia Icing gia ca lien tuc tu nam 2008 lam phat cang lam cho doi song lao dong noi chung va Iao d6ng nhap cu noi rieng trcr nen khd khSn hon, gay anh huong xau den chit lucmg cupc song tao nen nhieu buc xuc xa hpi doan lao dpng Hai Phong (2003) ve su hoa nhap cupc song cua lao dong nu nhap cu Tuy nhien, chua co nghien cuu nSo ve chat luong cuoc song cua lao dpng nhap cu lam viec tai cac khu cdng nghiep TRHCM Cac phan tidp theo cua bai viet gdm: Ph5n trinh bay co so ly thuyel; Phan liep theo trinh bay phutmg phap va mo hinh nghien cuu; Phan uinh bay ket qua nghien cuu; va cuoi cung la kdt luan va khuyen nghi C O SO LY THUYET VA MO HINH NGHIEN c O U Chat lupng cupc song la mpi khai niem kha rpng dupc thao luan va ban cdi nhieu, hien cd rat nhieu quan diem kbac ve chat luong cupc song liiy ihupc vao lrinh phat trien, quan ni?m van hoa xa hpi, truyen tbong ciia moi dan lpc, m6i cpng d6ng Theo Sharma (1998) chdt lupng cupc song la su cam gidc duprc hai long (hanh phOc) hoac (thoa man) vdi nhimg nhan to cua cupc sdng, ma nhung nhan td dupc coi la quan trpng nhat ddi Vi vay nghien cuu vdi mong mu6n danh gia su chuyen bien chat lugng vdi bdn than mpi ngucri Chat lupng cuoc song cua nguoi lao dong nhap cu lam la SIT cam giac dupc hai long vdi nhung vi?c tai cac khu cong nghiep TP.HCM ke gi ma nguai co duprc Theo do, muc til hp quyet dinh dSn dianh lam song ciia moi-ca nhan, gia dinh va cpng viec Bong thoi nhan dinh cac yeu to dong xa hoi dupc coi la yeu to quan trpng dang tac dpng xiu den chat lupng cuoc de t^o chat lupng cupc song Theo song ngucri lao dpng Qua co cac chinh Wiliam Bell (2001), chdt luang cupc sdch phat trien kinh te, chinh sach ho trp song gan vdi cac dieu kidn kinh te, chinh lao dpng nhap cu ciia chinh quyen Dong tri, van hoa, sinh thai, dac trung boi ihoi iam CO so de dieu chinh chinh sach 12 diim: '\l) An todn did chat ca nhan; quan Iy n h ^ tiep luc huong ddn su cai (2) Sung tiic vd kinh td; (3) Cong bdng thien chat lucmg cupc song cua ngucri dan khudn kho phap luat; (4) An ninh nhap cu bdi hp chinh la nhung nguoi da quoc gia; (5) Bao hiem Iiic giayeu va dau dong gop cong site cho su lang irucmg ci\a 6m: (6) Hanh phiic tinh thdn; (7) Su tham thdnh va cd nudc Den nay, co mpt gia vao ddi song xa hpi; (8) Binh dang so nghien cuu tnrdc nhu: Nghien cuu ciia ve gido due nha d, nghi ngoi; (9) Chat Tong Cue Thong ke va Quy dan so I-.ien lupng ddi sdng van hda; (10) Quyen tu Hiep Qu6c (2004) vd Chat lupng cupc cdng dan; (11) Chdi lupng mdi truong s6ng cua cua nguoi di cu d Viet Nam ky Ihuat (giao th6ng van tai, nha d, thidt nghien ciiu ciia Tran Hijru Quang (2009) hi sinh boat thiet bl gido due, y tc); (12) ve chai Iupng cupc song ciia nguoi dan Chai lugng moi trudng sdng vd kha ndng Ihi t^i TP.HCM, va nghien ciru cua Lien chdng nhiem"- TAP CHl KHOA HOC T R U Q N G DAI HQC M TP.HCM - SO (30) 2013 Khai niem cua id chuc y le thd gidi Muc dd sang khoai vd tam thdn: gdm (ft'HO: chdt lupng cupc sdng dugc dinh yeu Id tam ly, ydu td tam linh (tin ngudng ngbia nhu mdl cam nhdn cd tinh each chii Ion giao) quan ciia ca nhan dat bdi canh moi Miic dp sai^ khoai vd xS hpi: cac mdi trudng xa hpi va thien nhien, the hien d quan he xa hdi (ke cd quan he tinh due), mirc dp sang khodi cua ngudi ddn tren sau mdi trudng sdng (bao gdm mdi trudng dd muc: vd the chit, an uong, ngu nghi, xa hdi: an loan, an ninh, kinh td, van hda, ca viec le thude chuyen di lai, thuoc men; chinh tri vd moi trudng ihien nhien) vd tdm didn thi gdm ca ydu t6 tdm ly va To chuc hgp tac vd phdt tridn kinh ydu to tdm linh (tin ngudng t6n gido), vd td (OECD) dua bang chi sd "Sdng kidn xa hpi gdm cac mdi quan he xa hpi kd ca cupc sdng tdt hon (better life initiative), tinh due vd mdi trudng sdng (bao gdm ca la thude miii ngodi sd lieu vd tong san m6i trudng xa hpi: an toan, an ninh, kinh phdm qude ndi GDP, hang nam thuc hien te \an hda, va mdi irudng thidn nhien) so sdnh 34 quoc gia vidn cua OECD (Uich theo D6 Hdng Ngpc, 2007) dua tren 11 chi tidu, gdm c6 nha cua, ihu Ld Van Thanh (2005) cho rang chat nhap, viec Idm, cdng ddng, gido due, mdi Iugng cupc sdng phu thuoc vao rdt nhieu Irudng, qudn ly, y td, miirc dp hai long yeu td dua udn su idng hda ciia mgi van cupc sdng, an toan, va su can de lidn quan den cugc sdng ngudi tu bang giiia cdng viec va cudc sdng (trich lit chinh tri kmh te xa hdi ddn mdi trudng he Ta Linh, 2011) ihong giao ihong cham soc sue khde, an ninh gido due Tieu chi danh gia chil Ivgng cupc sfing: To chuc Y td thd gidi (WHO) dua mpt so tieu chi cua chat lupng cu^c song la: Mirc dp sang khodi ve the chat gdm sue khde tinh than, an udng ngii nghi, di l&i, thuoc men (y id, cham sdc sire khde) Mo hinh nghiea cihi de xuat: E>ua vdo phuong phdp nghien cuu ciia Tran Hdu Quang (2009) vd Lidn doan lao dpng Hai Phdng (2003) ddng didi kdt hgp vdi nghien cuu ve chat lugng cudc sdng ciia Tdng Cue Thdng ke va Quy dan sd Lien Hiep Quoc (2004), vd nghien cdu dinh tinh va ihao lu^n nhdm nghien ciiu co md hinh nghidn cuu nhu sau: Hinb Mo binh nghieu cirn -Nhao -Dieuki;nan uong - Giao thfing di lai - Viec lam - Thu nhSp - Cht phi sinh hoai - Cac thu tuc hanh chinh tai dja phui - Su hfi irg cua chinh qtiyin - Mdl Uvtmg tir nhi^n - Moi tiudng an ninh - Moi tniimg, xi h^i - Si>c khoe - Ch5m s6c ) le - Bao hicm - Dai song tinh than - Oin song vSn hoa -Dai sdng tinh cam Chat lic^g cu§c song cua lao dpng nhap cu lam vi?c lai cac KCN' PHlTONG PHAP VA D C LIEU NGHIEN C i r u KET QUA NGHIEN CUU Xay dung thang do: Sur dung thang Likert bac gdm; bac I hiong ung vdi miic rat xdu va bac tuang ung vdi muc dp rat tdt Bang cau hdi vdi ndi dung danh gia cac vdn de ve chat lugng cudc sdng bdn than ddt bdi canh: danh gid thdi diem hien t^i, danh gia so vdi llic chua ddn TP.HCM, ddnh gia so vdi nam trudc day tai TP.HCM Muc dich nhim nhdn dinh su bien chuyen chdt Iugng cupc song ciia lao dpng nhdp cu theo thdi gian ke tir liic hg quyet dinh den phd Iam vide Ve gidi tuih cua mau dieu tra hpp Id, ty le nam vd nii chenh idch luang ddi nam chiem ty Id 39% va nH chiem ty le 61% Sy chenh lech la hop ly vi sd lugng cdng nhan nir tai cdc khu cdng nghiep nhieu han so vdi nam 4.1 Thong ke mau nghien cu'u Ve dd tudi ciia mau khdo sat, da so ngudi lao ddng nam dp ludi tir 21 den 30 tudi vdi ti le 82%, nhdm tir 15 den 20 tudi chiem ti Id 6%, nhdm tir 31 ddn 60 tudi chiem ti Id 12% Ve trinh dp hgc van, da sd ddi tugng khao sat dat trinh cap chiem 78%, Cac thang dugc md ta chi tidt trinh dp cap chidm % va mpt t>' Id bang l Ngoai nghien cim cdn nhd trinh dd cap vdi ti Id 1% Nhu vay xem xet dnh hudng ciia cac ddc diem da sd lao dpng cd lrinh dp hgc vdn tuong nhan chung hgc (Gidi tinh, Do tudi, Trinh ddi cao, nhien phdn ldn Iai dp hgc van, Nghe nghiep Que quan, Sd chua qua dao tao cac bdc cao hem Trong nam da di cu tdi dja phuong, tinh trang 516 mdu khao sat gdn 16% la cd uinh dp ket hdn, thu nhap trung binh) den muc chuyen mdn tir trung cap trd ldn Con phdn dp danh gid cdc nhan t6 ve chat lugng ldn (84%) khdng cd trinh dp chuydn mdn cudc sdng (dudi trung cap) Nhu vay da sd lao dgng Pfan-ong phap nghien cun: SO* dung c6 trinh dp hoc van tucmg ddi cao nhien thdng kd md ta, so sanh va phdn tich kham lai chua ddo tao qua cdc bac chuydn mdn pha (EFA) de ddnh gia chat lugng cupc Ve miic' thu nhdp binh quan/thang sdng ciJa lao dpng nhap cu d TP.HCM cua ngudi dugc phdng van, 60% thu nhap Mau Dghien cuu: Ddi tugng nghien cuu la ngudi lao ddng lam viec tai cac khu cong nghiep uen dia ban TP.HCM tren nam va d nha thue Ddi tupng nghien cuu sinh sdng tai cdc viing ven khu cdng nghiep ndn miu didu tra phai dugc phan bd ddn hau hel cac khu cdng nghiep tai TP.HCM Cdch thuc thu thap thdng tin la phdng van true tidp ca nhdn tai ncri d (nha trp) thdng qua cdc phdng van vidn Vdi 550 mau phat ra, sd mau thu ve vd d^t yeu cau su dung la 516 chiem t>' le 93% So mdu khdng dat yeu cdu la 34 mau chidm t>' le 7% Mdu didu tra dupc phdn bd hau het cac khu cdng nghiep tren dia ban TP.HCM Tuy nhidn tai moi khu cdng nghiep chpn mdu theo kieu thudn tien tir 2.5-3 trieu ddng/thang, % co thu nhap ttr 3,1-5 trieu dong/thang Ke tiep la nhdm cd mirc thu nhap 1-2.5 trieu chiem 16% Trong ngudi lao ddng cd muc luong cao tren trieu chi chiem !>• le tiho 4% Nhin chung t>' le cd muc luong dudi irieu dong/thang chiem den 76% d6i lugng khdo sdt, day la muc thu nhdp khd ddm bao ddi sdng ngudi lao ddng hoan cdnh hien ma mat bdng gia ca tang lidn tuc vai nam gdn day Ve tinh tr^ng hdn nhan cua ngudi dugc phdng van hon 2/3 d6i ttrpng khao sdt d tinh trang ddc than chidm 76%, phdn cdn Iai la da lap gia dinh Chi cd mpt ti le rat nhd bang dang d tinh trang ly than v a l y d i (chidm 0.6%) TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRl/CJNGDAI H Q C M TRHCM - SO (30) 2013 Ket qui tiiong ke mo ta cac bien dinh Ivvng Bang Thong ke mo ta cac bien djnh hrang ! Gia tri trung binh Mlu Ten bien Do lech chuan Gia tri nho nhat Gia tri Ion nhat Nhao' HOUl Di^n ttch nha 6/dau nguai 516 2.49 715 H0U2 Tinh trang nha 516 2.75 768 HOU3 Vai dting sinh hoat 516 2.91 702 S H0U4 Chi phi thue nha 516 2.42 863 {Hen Iden n DODg FODl Dinh dirong b^ an 516 i 3.09 563 P0D2 V^ sinh thtrc phim 516 ' 3,08 561 FOD3 Noi mtia thtrc pham 516 3.16 538 F0D4 Nuoc sach nau i n ' 516 3.02 596 Giao thoae di Iai TRAI Phirtmg tien ca nhan 516 2.91 544 TtLM Phuong tien cong cong 516 299 473 *i TRA3 Tral tu giao thong 516 2.50 573 TRA4 Tinh trang ket xe 516 2.44 556 TRA5 Tai n ^ giao thong 516 2.75 614 TRA6 He thdng dirong sa 516 3.02 539 Viec lam j JOBI Cong viec phil hop idia nang 516 3.17 644 J J0B2 Tinh on dinh cong viec 516 2.95 719 1 JOBS Dieu kien lam viec 516 3.14 605 11 J0B4 Ky nSng ngh£ nghiep 516 3.43 654 JOBS Su thang tien cong viec 516 2.94 591 516 3.05 605 516 2.72 667 T h a Qhf p INC! Thu nhap hang thang INC2 Tinh on djnh ihu nhap '• INC3 Tiet kiem hang thang 516 2.51 589 INC4 Kha nang giiip 6d ngudi than ve vat chat 516 2.66 619 Chi phf sinh hoal EXPl Mat bang gia ca 516 2.40 587 EXP2 Kha nang tii cac khoan thirdng xuyen 516 2.22 523 EXP3 Kha nang tra c i c khoan bdt thircmg 516 2.41 530 EXP4 Tinh trang thu chi hang thang 516 2.22 599 Cdc thti li^c hanh chinh FORI Vi^c dSng ky ho khau 516 3.00 504 F0R2 Vi|c dang ky truong hgc 516 3.03 465 F0R3 Dang k>' mua ban lai san 516 3.04 418 F0R4 Viec dang ky cac thu tuc khac 516 3.11 477 Tu van ihu tuc hanh chanh phdp lual 516 2.89 403 G0V2 Ho Viy thong tin viec ISm 516 87 396 G0V3 NhOng ho tro khac tii chinh quy^n 516 2.85 420 NATI Moi trudng tu nhien xung quanh 516 2.59 583 NAT2 Tinh hinh nhiem xung quanh 516 2.55 560 NAT3 Tinh hinh ve sinh/thu gom rac 516 2.94 500 NAT4 C&nh quan xung quanh noi cr 516 2.92 478 5 S y hS trf' ciia chinh quyen dja p h m m g GOV I Mdl tnromg ttr nhien Moi triFcmg an niah PUBI An ninh biit tu noi d 516 2.60 683 PUB2 Cac te n^n xa hpi noi d 516 2.71 629 PUB3 Nep sc»ig xung quanh ncri d 516 2.85 507 516 93 i 595 PUB4 Kha n ^ g dam bao an ninh cua diaphuong |.,^.„ IOtM9lP.W H 'MUVIEN i TAP CHI KHOA HOC TCUONG DAl HOC M O TRHCM - SO C30) 2013 SOCI S0C2 „ 'iCiCA Mdi tminig x3 hoi Tham gia cac hoat dpng xa hoi 516 3.0C 353 g^^ 2.96 481 Sir ho tro cua ngudi dan dja phuong 516 2.87 454 ^^^' ^"*" ^^ ^^ thuoc mang ludi di cu 516 2.93 403 , 0"an b? vdi ngudi dan dia , phuang ' Sire khoe HEA1 Tinh trang sue khoe noi chung 516 2.96 246 HEA2 Tinh Irang the chat 516 2.96 202 HEA3 Tinh trang tam l;f' 516 2.91 280 516 3.13 456 ChSm s6c y tc MED MED2 Vi?c tiep c|n cac dich vy y te , Chat lucmg djch vu j le 516 3.17 450 MED3 Kha ning toan cac djch vu y tc 516 2.98 368 MED4 Kien thl^c cham soc su'c khoe 516 3.14 420 ^P^ '"*'"' Kien thirc ve tranh thai, phong ; HIV-AiDS 516 3.10 407 Bio biem y ti IN'S I Ding ky mua bao hiem y te 516 3.05 J68 1NS2 Kha ning chi tra cho vi^c mua cac bao hiem 516 3.04 J12 INS3 Hi?u qua su dyng bao hi6m 516 3.07 J39 Doi song tinh than SPII H^nh phuc tinh thin 516 3.03 572 SPI2 Sy can bing cong viec va cupc song 516 2.73 J55 SPI3 Vi?c sip xep thoi gian nghi ngoi • 516 2.60 629 I SPI4 Thich n ^ i vdi noi d mdi 516 3.16 553 SPI5 Niem tin vao cupc song 516 3.26 574 Dfri song v i n hos CULI Cic phuong tien giai tri tai nha 516 2.98 196 ' CUU Cdc phuong tien giai tri ben ngoai 516 2.96 221 CUL3 Cap nhiit thong tin ve chinh ni, van hoa, xahoi, 516 2.96 225 BM s6flg tinh cam RELl Moi quan hi giOa cac viSn gia dinh 516 3.09 493 REL2 Moi quan he hang x6m 516 3.03 485 REL3 Cac quan h@ tinh cam rieng tu 516 3.06 ,527 REM Ca hoi phat trien ttnh cam rieng tu 516 3.04 634 QUA Dinh gi& chung ve chat luong cuoc song 516 3.17 663 Nghien cuu su dyng thang Likert mua thyc pham, cdng viec 6n dinh, ky diem ludng muc dQ bien thien cua cac nang nghe nghi?p, chat lugng dich vuy te; cau tra loi tir (1) R4t xiu - dSn (5) Rdt t6t thich nghi voi nai a mdi va niem tin vao Vdi 72 biln du(?c phSn tich, co th6 tdng hpp cugc sdng Day Ik nhdm yeu to dugc mong gia tri trung binh cua cac bien dinh lu^ng dgi nhat khao sat bdi vi nhdm thinh cac nhom nhu sau (xem bang 1) cang nhieu thi cugc song ngudi lao dgng - Nhom CO gia tri trung binh tir 2- 2.8 cang dugc cai tfiien Nhung rat it cac yeu diem, CO 20 bicn, g6m cac yeu to duQfc td dugc cai thien tdt hon chung td cugc dinh gia co sir chuyen bi€n tuong doi xiu sdng nguoi lao dgng dang rat nhieu Trong gia tri trung binh nho nhk 2.2 khd khan, diem (gom bien - Kha nang chi tra cdc 43 Danb gia chat Invng cugc sdng khoan chi thuong xuyen hang thang va so vdi noi cQ va so voi tnrffc dSy bien Tinh tr^ng thu chi hang thang) Di^u Trong bang 2, so vdi Iiic chua ldi phan anh linh tr^ng thu nhap t h ^ te TP.HCM CO gan 45% ngudi Iao dgng cho dang thap di chua dam bao du'en dia phuong, mdi trudng xa hgi, sue khde ban than, bao hiem, ddi sdng tinh thin, ddi sdng tinh cam Trong bai nam trd lai day phan Idn cac van de cugc sdng hg khdng thay - Nhirng yeu td dugc danh gia luong ddi nhieu, ngoai trir vi?c lam, cham sdc ddi idl so vdi que cu: di€u ki^n an udng sue khde, ddi sdng van hda cd chuy£n bien viec lam, thu nhgp, sir ho trg ciia chinh theo hudng tdt nhung khdng nhieu (3.3/5 quyen dia phuamg, cham sdc sue khde, diem) Trong dd cd van de hg cho bao hiem rang tiep tyc chuyen bien xS.u han (2.47- Nh&ng yeu td dugc danh gia hau 2.81/5 diem) dd la nha d, giao thdng di lai, nhu khdng ihay ddi so vdi que cu: thu tuc chi phi sinh hoat, mdi trudng tu nhien, mdi hanh chinh, mdi trudng x2 hdi, sue khde truimg an ninh Nhu vay hai nam ban than, diri sdng linh than qua cugc sdng hg hau nhu khdng cd sy cai Nhu vay mgt quyet dinh dSn thi^n, tham chi mdt sd vin dk trd nen xiu phd iam viec ngudi lao ddng cam thiy mdt hem Dd \k tin hieu khdng tdt bdi nd cho s6 van de cua cugc sdng trd nSn tdt hon so thay chat lugng cugc song ciia ngudi lao vdi que cu nhu vi?c lam, thu nhap dilu ddng nhap cu hai nam qua khdng klen an udng, su ho trg ctia chinh quyen dugc cai thi?n tdt hon ma cd diu higu xau dia phuang, cham sdc sue khde bao hilm hon Day la thuc trang dang Io ngai Tuy nhien ban ihan hg phai cd sy danh ddi, bdi canh kinh d suy thoai, lam phat tang mgi sd van de hg cam diSy xiu hem dd la cao vai nam trd lai day, ddi hdi c^n cd sy nha d, giao thdng di Igj, chi phi sinh hoat, quan tam va cac bicn phap hd trg tii phia mdi trudng ty nhien moi trudng an ninh, chinh quyen phd d^ giam bdt khd diri sdng van hda, ddi sdng tinh cam khan cho ngudi Iao dgng nhgp cu KlNHTf 21 Bang T&ng hyp gia trj tmng binh cila cic yeu to d|t cae boi canh khac SIT CACTltUCHj Sovoii *- • que cil Sovflri2 nam truvc Sanh gia hien tfi Nhacf 2.62 281 2.73 Dieu kien an uong 3.24 3.02 3.09 Giao thong ili tai 2.75 2.86 2.77 Viec lim 3.13 3.22 3.12 Thu nh^p 3.04 2.95 2.74 Chi phi sinh ho^t 2.57 2.47 2.31 Cic thu tuc hanh chinh 3.04 3.05 3.05 Su ho tro cua chinh quyen dja phuong 3.10 3.06 2.87 Moi liuong tu nhien 2.58 2.75 2.75 10 Moi tnrcmg an ninh 2.59 2.90 2.77 11 Moi Inrong x3 hpi 3.05 3.09 2.94 12 Sue khoe ban thSn 3.02 3.07 2.94 13 ChStn soc si^ khoe 321 3.25 3.11 14 B&ohiem 3.13 3.10 3.06 3.06 2.97 3.31 2.97 2.71 3.18 3.06 3.33 3.07 3.16 15 Doi song tinh than 2.95 16 Doi song vSn hoa 2.96 17 Doi song tinh cam Bdnh gid chung vechat lierntg cu^ sdng 4.4 Ket qua kiem d{nfa Cronbach Alfa de xac dinh cac bien tac dgng den chat IvQrng cuoc song ciia lao dgng nh^p cir Ky thugt Cronbach Alfa dimg dl kiem dfnh urang quan giOra cac bi6n quan sat thang Phin trinh bay ket qua Cronbach Alfa cua cac thang ciJa cac bien dgc lap va thang ciia bien phy thude vfi chat lugng cugc sdng K6t qua ki£m dfnh Cronbach Alfa cho thay vdi 72 bien dgc lap ban dau, sau kiem • i dinh Cronbach Alfa da loai bien khdng dap ung dugc dieu kien, sd bien quan sat cdn lai 69 bien Ket qua kiem dinh cac thang bang h? sd Cronbach Alfa cua tung nhan td nhu sau: Nhan td ve dieu kien nha d la 0.641; Nhan td ve dieu kien an udng la 0.676; Nhan td ve giao thdng di lai la 0.711; Nhan to ve viec lam la 0.623; Nhan td ve thu nhap la 0.663; Nhan td vh chi tieu la 0.692; Nhan td ve thii tyc hanh chinh la 0.652; Nhan td ve sy hd trg ciia chinh quyen la TAP CHI KHOA HOC T^aCiNG PAI HQC M O TP.HCM - SO (30) 2013 0.884: Nhan id ve mdi trudng tu nhien la 0.668; Nhan td vi mdi trudng an ninh la 0.682: Nhan td ve mdi truimg xa hgi la 0.636: Nhan td vg sire khde la 0.672; Nhan td vl cham sdc y 16 la 0.654; Nhan td ve bao hi^m la 0.732; Nhan td vh doi sdng linh thin la 0.713; Nhan td va ddi sdng van hda laO.797; Nhan id vl diri sdng tinh cam la 0.669 Nhu vay tir 72 bien quan sat ban diu cdn 69 biSii sau qua kiem djnh Cronbach Alfa Cd hitn bi loai nham Iam cho he sd Cronbach Alfa tang len, dd la: H0U4 - Tinh xr^g dien nudc; SOCI tiep cjn cac dich vu xa hdi; SPI6 - giu gin nhung gia tri uruy^n thdng 4.5 Ket qad phan tfch kham pha tim cac yeu to anh hirdng den chit hrrrng cuoc song cda lao dQiig nhap cir Y \ qua phan tich EFA cho ihay vdi 69 bi6n dgc lap dua vao phan tich chi 55 bi&i dgc lap dugc gift Iai 14 bien dgc lap bi loai khdng bao dam lieu chuin he sd tai nhan td (Factor loadings) > 0.45 bao gdm cac bian: HOUl H0U5 J0B4, J0B5, F0R2 F0R3 F0R4, S0C2, S0C5 MED2, t ^ D , MED5 SPI2, REL2 (xem bifen bang 1) Nhu vay, kSt qua phan tich EFA da nit ggn 69 bidn quan sal dgc lgp thinh 12 nhan td mdi Kel qua cua bang KMO and Bartlett's Test cho thay chi sd 0,5 < KMO = 0.751 < I, cd the k^t luan phan tich nhan to la thich hgp Ddng then ket qua cua bang KMO and Banlett's Test ciing cho thay k i ^ dinh Bartlett cd y nghTa thdng ke vdi Sig = 0.000 < 0.05, cd \\\t kk luan cac bien quan sat cd tuang quan Uong tdng the Ket qua ciia bang Total Variance Explained cho ihay phuang sai trich (Cumulative % of variance) = 50.594 % > 50%, nhu vay gSn 51 % bien thien cua cac bien quan sat dugc giai thich bdi 12 nhan td dugc rut Til kel qua thdng ke cua cac nhan td nit trich EFA, ta thiy 12 nhan td (trong dd cd cac bien) dat yeu ciu va anh hudng din chat lugng cugc sdng cua lao dOng nhap cu lam viec tai TP.HCM nhu sau: yiu tS ve ddi song tinh cdm - tinh than gdm cac khia canh; Hanh phuc tinh thin, sy can bing cdng viec cugc sdng, ihich nghi vdi noi d mdi, nigm tin vao cudc sdng mdi quan h? giiia cac vien yong nhi, quan hS tinh cam rieng tu, va co hgi phai trign cac mdi quan he rieng tu Yiu Id vi moi Inrong tu nhien vd xd hoi, gdm: Mdi trudmg xung quanh nai d, tinh hinh ve sinh/thu gom ve sinh, tinh hinh d nhilm, canh quan xung quanh nai d, mdi quan he ciia ngudi dan dia phucmg, sy giup d9 cua nguiri dan dia phuong Yiu to vi bdo hiem vd chdm soc y te, gdm cac bien nhu; Tiep can cac djch vu y ta, kha nang loan chi phi y ta, thii tuc dang ky mua bao hiSm y li, kha nang todn cho viec mua BHYT, hieu qua su dung BHYT kham chita benh Yiu to vi nhung hd tr(r cUa chinh quyin diaphuong, gdm: Dang ky hg khau tu van thu tuc hanh chinh - phap lual, ho irg thdng tin ve vi?c iam, cho d, nhtmg hd trg khac Yiu to vi dieu kiin nhd d - cong viic, gdm cac biSn nhu: Tinh kien cd nha d, vat dung sinh boat nha, cdng viec phu hgp, tinh on djnh cdng vige, didu ki^n 1am vi^c Yeu td ve dieu lain giao thdng di hli, gdra cac khia c?nh nhu trang bj phuang tien ca nhan, sir dung phuang lien cdng cdng, trat ly giao thdng, linh trgng ket xe, tai nan giao thdng, va he thdng duomg si Yeu to ve moi tnrang an ninh, gdra; Tinh hinh an ninh trai ty, cac te n?ji xa hdi, nep song ciia ngudi dan xung quanh, va kha nSng dam bao an ninh cua chinh quyen dia phuang 23 Yeu to vi chi phi sinh hogt, gdm: Nguygn nhan cd the chiu tac dgng ciia M91 bing gia ca ncri d, kha nang chi cudc khung hoang kinh te toan cau den tra cac khoan chi thudng xuyen kha cac doanh nghi?p Viet Nam NhiSu doanh nang chi tra cac khoan chi dot xuat, nghiep lam an thua lo hoac cam chung keo theo thu nhap cua ngudi lao ddng khdng va tinh trgng thu chi hang thang Yeu to ve thu nhdp, gdm cac bien nhu:the kha hon dugc Cac nhan td nhu mdi trucmg ty nhien Thu nhap hang thang, tinh dn dinh cua thu nhap, muc tiet kiem, va kha - xa hdi mdi tnidng an ninh, dilu kien giao nang giiip d£^ ngudi than ve vat chat thdng di Igi cung dugc danh gia tuong ddi Yeu td ve ddi song vdn hoa gdm; xau di (2.77 diem) cho thay chinh quyen Phuang tien giai tri tar nha (tivi, bao Ihanh phd chua that sy giai quygt hieu qui dai, internet, ), sii dung cac phuang cac v ^ de ve giao thdng, an ninh trat tu tien giai tri ben ngoai (xem phim ca mdi trudng ty nhien nhac, kich, ), va cap nhat tin tuc ve KET LUAN VA KHUYEN NGHI chfnh tri, van hda xa hgi 5.1 Kit luan Yeu td vi dieu kien dn uong, gdm: Nghien cuu phan tich dya vao Chat lugng dinh dudng bfia an, ve ket qua dieu tra tryc tiep ciia 516 lao sinh Ihyc pham, nai mua thyc pham dgng nhap cu dang lam viec d cac khu va nudc sgch cho nau an, sinh hoat cdng nghiep tai TP.HCM Du day la cam Yeu Id vi siic kJide, gdm: Tinh trang nhan chii quan tir phia ngudi lao ddng sue khde ndi chung, tinh trang thg nhung nd cho thay sy khdng hai Idng cua chat, va tinh trgng tam ly hg ddi vdi chat lugng cugc sdng ban than Tir ket qua nghien cuu cho thay cd Nhieu van de cugc sdng khdng cd nhan td cd gia trj trung binh tir 2.9 - 3.1 su cai thien lot han, tham chi mgt sd van diem Cdn Igi nhan td cd gia tri trung dg da trd nen xau di vai nam qua binh tir 2.2 - 2.8 diem Dieu cho thiy Trudc tinh hinh kinh te suy thoai hien nhieu van de cua cugc s6ng khdng dugc khdng chi lao ddng nhap cu ma hau cii thi^n tdt hon ma cdn cd mdt sd van nhu tat ca ngirdi lao dgng deu gap khd de trd nen xau hon Ndi each khac ngudi khan cudc sdng Tuy nhien dac lao dgng danh gia chat lugng cugc sdng thu la lao ddng nhgp cu nen hg cang de cua minh dang yd nen xau di Cac yeu bi tdn thuong han so vdi ngudi ban xu td dugc danh gia xau dl dd la: chi phi d nhieu phuang dien nhu nha d, thii tuc sinh hoal dieu kien giao thdng di lai mdi hanh chinh an ninh, sy ky thj, ddi sdng truimg an ninh mdi trudng ty nhien - xa van hda tinh ilian, lam cho cugc muu hgi va thu nhap sinh khd khan lgi chat chdng khd khan Trong nhdm nhan td chi phi sinh Do can phai cd giai phap can ca ve hogt dugc danh gia thap nhat (2.3 diem), lau dai va cac giai phap tirc thi de hd trg dieu phii hgp vdl thyc te tinh hinh ngudi lao dgng nhap cu vugt qua khd lam phat tang nhanh nhirng nam gan khan hien nay, giiip hg hda nhSp tdt vao day lam cho thu nhap thyc te giam, mirc cugc sdng dd thj gia sinh hoat leo thang lam cho ddi sdng 5.2 Mgt sh khuyen nghi ngucri lao ddng ggp nhieu khd khan dac Nghien curu chi dua khuyen nghi biet la nhOng nguiri cd ihu nhap Ihap ddi vdi mgt sd van dg rieng cua lao ddng Nhan td thu nhap cUng dugc danh gia nhgp cu dang lam viec tai cac khu cdng cd xu hudng tiKmg ddi xau di (2.73 diem) nghi?p TP.HCM TA3 CHi »