Bình đẳng giới trong đổi mới và phát triển xã hội.pdf

orSi^^ 78 h5 \^ TAP CHI KHOA HQC 5(5 (20) 2011 BINH BANG GlOfJ TRONG D I MOfI VA PHAT TRIEN XA HOI ThS Li Thi Mp Hiin' TOMTAT Doi m&i tgi Viit nam the hiin tren nhiiu mat Bdt ddu v&i su doi m&i ve kinh te da mang lgi sir thay ddi vu0 bgc, gdp phdn cho muc tieu xda doi gidm ngheo cua quoc gia vd mang din suphdt trien xd hgi Trong tien trinh phdt trien bin cgnh su cdi thiin ro ret vicuQCsdng, thi hiin qua cdc chi sS phdt trien ngu&l cua quoc gia, thivaitrd, vi tri cita phu nir xa hgi cUng da chuyin bien khd ro net, xda ddn nhieng khodng cdch giai Thdnh qud cua ddi mdi cdn tiip tuc phdt huy de dgt dug^c binh ddng gi&l dgc biit Irong cdc link vuc gido d\tc, chinh Iri, kinh ti, sue khoe, nham khdng dfnh cho suphdt trien todn diin vd bin virng ciia quoc gia ABSTRACT Doi moi ~ Renovation- in Viet Nam has been shown in various aspects, starling with economic renovation lhat created enomous changes such as contributing to national goal of hunger alleviation and poverty reduction and social development Besides obvious improvements of living standards in development progress which have been shown through human development index - HDI, the transition of the roles and positions of women in society were also clearly recognized, and this gradi/allly lessened gender gap in the society It is necessary to maintain and develop the achievements of Doi moi to reach gender equality, particularly in education, politics, economics, health in order to affirm the comprehensive and sustainable development of the nation Gidi Thi^u Phdt trien, tthai niem xuat hien Viet Nam trai qua han 20 ndm Ddi Mdi vdn ban cua cdc td chuc quoc li vdo ddu da mang lai su thay ddi tdn ca nudc thdp nien 1960s Ndm 1961 Lien Hi^p Tinh hinh kinh ti, xd hpi, chinh tri ddn 6n qude (LHQ) tuyen bd giai doan 1961-1970 dinh vd timg budc phdt triln mang lai cudc Id "Thap nien Phdt trien thii Nhdt" Cudi sdng mdi cho nhdn ddn cd nudc Ngay nay, Thap nien Phat trien thu Nhat, lupng gid tuu cua ddi mdi dupc tiip tuc phat s^r cdng khong nhu mong dpi, chi huy tren nhieu ITnh v^rc ciia ddi sdng xd hpi dua vdo sy gia tdng thu nhdp qude gia d i Bai viil lien he khia canh gidi qua danh gia sir tang trudng va phat triin cua trinh ddi mdi vd phat triin xd hdi mpt qude gia Thuc l i sd nhitng qude Mot sh khdi ni|m gia dang phat triin bdt ddu dat dupc nhdng D6i Mdi Id Chinh sdch duac Dang ^^!^ '^^ ^ ^ S trudng 5% hang nam, nhieu va Nhd nudc Viet Nam xdy dung v^ chinh q"^c gia bat ddu ddi mat nhirng vdn nan thdc thirc hi?n tu ndm 1986 Bdt ddu Id vi?c "hu thdt nghi?p, hdt binh ddng va ngheo Doi Mdi v i kinh ti d i giai quyit tinh trgng tuyet ddi Nam 1970, LHQ thdng bao Chiin khiing hodng cua ddt nudc thdi bdy gid Nin lupc Hdnh dpng: "Muc tieu nen tang vd kinh te theo co che thj trudng dinh hudng xd cudi ciing cua phat trieij phdi ben vimg, cai hpi chu nghTa, bao gdm nhieu thdnh phdn, thi?n sinh ke cho cd nhan va tyu cua thay cho nin kinh l i ki hoach hda tap trung phat triin phdi duac chia diu bdi tdt cd mpi bao cdp da td khdng hpp thdi, inh hudng ngudi Niu ddc quyin d i gidu nhanh chdng tdi ddi sdng cua nhdn ddn cd nudc va cho phep mdt cdng bdng xa hpi duac 'Pho Truang khoa Kboa Xa H^ hpe A Cong lac Xa *pi Irvang Dat hac Ma Tp HCM VAN HOA - XA HQI tri phdt triin sg thdt b^ii viec d?t disgc nh&ng muc lieu quan upng"-Phat frien xa hpi, ta su v^n dpng bien doi theo hudng tiin lj0, hpp quy luat, thu|n tdng ngudi cua co cdu x3 hpi, cdc thiet che ^ hpi, vi^c gidi quyet cdc nhu cdu cua ddi sdng ngudi Irong xa hdi vd cac mdi quan he xd hpi ciia ngudi Phdt Uien la mpt tien Irinh cua thay ddi xd hpi, khdng chi dan thudn la tap hpp nhihig chinh sach, chuang Irinh dupc thi chi Phdt trien xd hpi cdn t^p trung ngan sdch va chinh sdch hop ly cho y ti, gido due, phuc lpi xd hdi, uu tien eho viec kiSm soat dan sd, ke hogch hda gia dinh, cdc chuang trinh phat triin kinh tS cd ca che ngan chdn hay giam bdt hgu qud tieu cue ve xa h^i, cdc chinh sach phdt triin cd quan tdm den ling ldp thiet thdi khdng phai bdng tir thi?n md bdng ca che, vd chinh sach ptidl triin cac khoa hpe xa hpi ung dung de tdc dpng cd hieu qud vdo ca chi xa hpi vd hdnh vi ngudii Chi s^ phdt trien ngudi (HDIHuman Development Index), la chi sd ludng sy phat triln ciia ngudi cua mpt nudc theo lieu chi ca ban cua phat tri€n ngudi: Mdt cudc ddi khde manh vd Idu ddi, bdng tudi thp 79 Chi sd phat tri§n gidi (GDI Gender-related development index), td chi sd quan trpng ciing vdi chi sd phat yien ' ngudi di chi linh uang phat triin cua mpt quoc gia Chi sd phat trien gidi la thude sy chenh tech ve cdc tyu d^t dupc giiia gidi nam vd nU Chi sd phat trien liSn quan den gidi GDI k i i hpp giiia nhdn td: chi sd ky vpng sdng, chi sd hpe vdn vd chi so GDP binh quan ddu ngudi tinh theo PPP theo cdng thdc: GDI=I,0[chi sd ky vpng sdng + chi sd hpe vdn + chi sd GDP binh qudn ddu ngudi theo PPP $ cd diiu chinh] Cung nhu chi so HDI, GDI nhan gid tri khodng din Khi chi sd GDI tinh cho bdt ky qude gia ndo cang tien den gid tri 0, thi muc d0 chenh lech giira hai gidi cdng ldn va nguac lai Binh ddng gidi, Id viec nam, nO: cd vi tri vai trd ngang nhau, dupc tgo dieu ki?n va ca hpi phat huy ndng lyc ciia minh cho su phat trien cua cpng dong ctia gia dinh, vd thu hudng nhu ve qud ciia sir phat trien dd* Hoi nhap quoc te tren linh vyc xd hdi, la tham gia ky ket vd thuc hi|n cac cdng udc qude te ve xS hpi vdn dung cdc tieu chi cua qude te di trinh dp phdt trien xa hpi ciia qude gia, md rdng hop tdc qude te ve ITnh vuc phdt trien xd hdi va ddng gdp sdng kien, kinh nghiam cua minh cho viec giai quyet nhirng van dt xd hpi chung ciia cpng ddng qude ti Kiin thdc, bdng ti I€ biet chud ngudi ldn (trpng sd 2/3) vd ti sd ket hap tdng tupng hoc sinh di hoc tieu hpe, trung hpe vd dgi hpe (trpng sd t/3) Muc sdng hpp Iy, bdng GDP/ddu Khuynh hirdmg phat trien ciia ngudi theo Can bdng sue mua tuong quoc gia duong (PPP)' tinh theo USD Gidi, la khdi niem chi ddc diim, vi tri, Han 20 ndm qua, "Ddi mdi'* da mang vai trd cua nam va nu tdt cd cac.mdi nhiJng thay ddi ve mdt ehinh sdch, tien bp quan h^ xdhpi* khoa hoc ky,thudt, tu dd da mang ddn sy •' Kobeer 1994 trieh irong Women and dm mat in i'leinam ' Nguyin Thj Oanh Mdy- wirt di phdi irien xd ftpt DH Ma BC TP HCK} 1994 •> PPP- Pvrchaieper Person ' U19I Binhddng giai S6 73/200&QHU 29ihang If ndm 2006, hfu lue tir h'7.'2007 *SM TAP CHl KHOA HQC SO (20) 2011 Vifc th\rc hi$D cac muc tieu thien cdi thi^n dang k i nhieu khia canh cua phdt triin ngudi Chdt lupng sdng duac nien ky thi hi^n qua phdn Idn nguoi dan ngdy Ngay ttr sau ky Tuyen bd Thien diu khde manh hon, sdng lau hon, dupc nien ky nam.2000, Vi$t Nam dd cy thi hda gido dye tdt hom vd cd the tiep can nhieu muc lieu Nhihig Muc lieu Phat trien han vdi cdc hdng hda vd dich vy Ve chi Thien ni^n ky - MDGs' - thdnh 12 mye tieu sd phdt triin ngudi, thu hgng ciia Vi^t phdt triin Icinh l i xd hpi cua quoc gia de Nam tren tdng sd cdc nudc duac xep hgng thyc hifn cdc MDGs cua Lien Hifp quoc tan lupt thay ddi qua cdc ndm nhu sau: Qua hai ky' bdo cao, ndm 2005, vd nam 2010 U 2/177 (ndm 2002), 116/182 (ndm 2009), dd cho thdy nd lyc ciia Vift Nam vdi nhihig va 113/169 (2010)' Nhu v|y, mdc dii tyu dat dupc d tdt ca MDGs thgp nien qua, thu nhap binh quan ddu MDG1 Xda bd tinh trgng ngkeo dot ngudi cua Vi$t Nam da tdng tdn vd Vi^t cilng cfir vd thiiu ddi Nam hi$n ddng thu danh sdch 10 Vdi chinh sach dung dan ddc bift Id nudc tdng trudng GDP d^u ngudi cao nhdt, chinh sdch ''Xda ddi gidm ngheo", Yitt Nam nhi€n chi s6 phdt trien ngudi ciia da dgl dupc tiin bp vupt b g c vdi nhiJng thay Vi$t Nam Iai chua thay d6i ddi dn tupng, so vdi thdi ky trudc Tir mpi Bing: Xip hgng 10 quoc gia c6 tbay d§i chi nudc vdi tilf ngheo Id 58,l%nam 1990, dd 56 HDI vd tang tnrdng GDP cao gidm cdn 14,5% ndm 2008 Ti If thidu ddi gidm han 2/3, tir 24,9% nam 1993 xudng Thil HDI TTw]iMp(GDP) hvig 6,9% nam 2008 Tuy nhien, theo chudn ngheo mdi giai doan 2011-2015 vdi mdc Id Oman Thing Q u ^ 350.000 ddng/ngudi/thang lgi ndng thdn, vd Botswana Tnjng Quic thi la muc 450.000 ddng/ngudi/thang HinC?ti6c Nepal tgi th) thi ty If hp ngheo sg ldng tir Hdng K6ng Indonesia 13% ien ldi 20% Ridng tai mpt sd A rtp Xd ut Malaysia phd, dd khdng cdn tinh trang ddi, chdng hgn, CHtXND U o Indonesia TRHCM, Id thdnh phd ddu lien triin khai Malta Tunisia chuang trinh "xda ddi gidm ngheo" Ndm 2009, chinh quyen phd dd quyit djnh VietNam m n Qu6c ddi chuong trinh "xda ddi, giam ngheo" Mauritius Angeri thdnh chuang trinh *"giam hp ngheo, ldng hp AnD? 10 Morocco NguSn: UNDP, Bdo cdo phdt trien khd" Tinh din cudi ndm 2009, sd hp ngheo ciia phd chi cdn lgi 130.645 hp, chiim ngudi 2010 7,21% theo chudn ngheo mdi cua thdnh phd Cdn cii vdo ti€u chi cua HDI, nhu dd (12 trifu ddng/ngudi/ndm) d i cdp phdn tr6n, cho thdy tyu phat triin khdng chi dupc bdng mtic thu nhgp, MDG Pko c^p gido due tieu hoc va tang trudng kinh t i dan thudn khdng O mye tifu nay, Viet Nam ciing the duang nhien cai thifn chAt lupng cupc sdng hifn sy tiin bp ddng ki Ndm 2009 ti If cho ngudi dan Tudi thp vd ti tf biit chu Id nhdp hpe tiiu hpe Id 97%, vd 88,5% tre em hai thdnh td quan trpng khac ludng di hpe dd hoan thdnh ndm liiu hpe Trong sy phai h-iin ciia mpt quoc gia sd ndy, han 90% liip tuc hoc trung hpe co sd Khdng cd sy chenh tfch cao giira thi va ndng thdn, cung nhu ti lc ve gidi vdi ' Theo bdo cdo Phdi triin nguat eta Choang trinh PhdiLiin iriinhiep qude (UNOP) qua cdc ndm 'MtXjS Millennium Development Goals VAN H6A - XA Hpl gdn nua hoc sinh Id tre em gdi d ca cdp tieu hgc lan trung hpe khoang 30% nam 2007 len den 53,7% vdff* ndm 2009 Viec Idng ghep gidi thv«l' MDGS: Tdngcir&ng binh ddnggiMvd hien chiin luac bdng giai phap huy d^i^ • doanh nghiep tham gia phong chong HIV/ ndng cao vf thi cho pku nir AIDS, kham sue khde dinh ky, vd kham, Vdi ti If khdng chenh tfch cao: ti le chOa cac nhiem khudn Idy truyen qua dudng hpe sinh nit bdc tiiu hoc Id 48,2% trung tinh dye cho ngudi Iao ddng dac bift Id lao hpe ca sd la 48,1 %; va U-ung hpe phd thdng dpng nd Dam bdo cho phu nd dupc tdng la 49,1%, Vifl Nam da nd lyc Ihyc cudng sy hieu biit va ddm bao vai trd, hien MDG3 ciia Lien Hifp qude dk la quyen binh dang ctia phu nd de hp tham gia xda chgnh lech gi&a nam va nu d cdc cdp tich eye vao hoat dgng phdng chdng HIV; hpe vdo ndm 2015 Ben cgnh dd, vdi li If AIDS Ben canh ngan chdn HIV/AIDS, Vift 25.76% nC dgi biiu Qude hdi nhiem ky XII Nam da dat mye tieu v i phdng, chdng sdt (2007-2011), VietNam la mot nhimg ret; vd cQng dupc cdng nhdn dd khdng chi nudc dung ddu khu vyc v i ti le phu nu tdt cdc dich benh khac nhu SARS, II5NI tham gia Qude hpi vaHINl MDG 4: Gidm ti Ie tur vong & tri em Sy phat triin v i kinh l i dan din he thdng phuc lpi tre em cdng cdi thien Tinh trang tu vong d tre em dudi ndm tudi vd tre sa sinh da gidm manh, ti If giam tir 44,4%o ndm 1990 xudng cdn 16 %o nam 2009 Tuang ty, ldn lupt cdc ndm nhu k i tren, ti le tu vong ddi vdi tre dudi tudi la 58%o xudng cdn 24,4 %a MDG S: Nang cao sue khde bd me MDG 7: Ddm bda bin vOng mdi tru&ng Trong bdo vf tai nguyen rung, dien tich rimg bao phu tdng tir 27.8% ndm 1990 ldn khodng 40% nam 2010 khoang 83% dan sd vLing ndng thdn cd thi tiip cdn nudc saeh, tang so vdi 30% vao nam 1990 Tuy nhien, \^et Nam la nudc chiu nhiiu lae dpng tieu cue cda biin ddi hdu Hien m5i ndm dd cd hon trieu ngudi d Viet Nam chiu anh hudng bdi thien tai tucmg tai sd cd chieu hudng gia tdng va theo dy bao Vift Nam cijng la mgt nam nudc sS bj anh hirdng nang bdi bien ddi hau Dupc quan tam ddu tu, chdm sdc phii hpp bao gdm chdm sdc sire khde sinh sdn cho mpi ngudi, ke hogch hda gia dinb, cac MDG S: Xdy dung quan h$ d6i tdc todn bifn phdp trdnh thai hien dai, chinh sdch ve quyen sinh san, cdc dich vu chdt tuong cao, cdu vi sftphdt triin Cdng tae giam ngheo va phat trien ben tt If tu vong eiia ba me giam mgnh vdng hai thap ky qua, tu 23,3 %o ndm 1990, vimg cd mdi lien he mdt thiet vdi cac hoat dpng thuang mai xda np va vifn trp, va cd xudng cdn 6,9 %o ndtn 2009 MDG 6: Ngdn chgn HIV/AIDS vd cdc thi dupc cdi thifn thdng qua vifc xdy dung cac mdi quan he ddi tac todn eau Viel Nam h?nh djch khdc da dat dupc nhieu budc tien Idn vifc Chiin lupe qude gia phdng, ctidng HIV/AIDS din ndm 2010 va tdm nhin xdy dung cac mdi quan hf ddi tdc todn cdu 2020 theo QD sd 36/2004/QD-TTg dupc cho phai triin k i ttr nam 2000, cd triin khai trfn khdp cac tinh, viec gia nhdp Td chdc Thuong mai the gidi cd nudc dd mang lgi kit qua dang ki Ty If nhilm HIV tdt ca cac nhdm tudi vao ndm 2010 udc linh la 0,28% Do bao phu ciia dich vu diiu trj klidng virus dd tdng lu Nhu vgy, qua bao'cao vifc thuc hien mye ti8u Muc ti^u Phat trien Thien nien ky eua the gidl da thi hifn nd lyc hpi nhdp cua Viet Nam phat trien TAP CHI KHOA HQC SO 2(20)2011 Nhung tdn t^i d mgt so ITnh virc qnan trpng phat trien xa hpi - xet ve khia canh binh dang gidi Binh ddng gidi vd ddm bao quyen cda phu nO la muc tieu quan trpng duac the hien xuyen sudt cdc bdn Hi6n phdp cua W l Nam (ki tu nam 1946 din nay) Khang dinh diiu ndy qua Ludt Binh ddng gidi dupc Qude hpi Viet Nam ban hanh vdo nam 2006 Bao cdo viec thuc hifn Muc tieu Phat trien Thien nien I^ cung cho thdy nhimg tyu dgt dupc d cdc mdt, ddc biet mye ticu binh ding gidi Kit qud vi binh ding gidl da giup nang cao ddi sdng vdt chat, tinh than cua ngudi ddn ddc bifl la cua ndng ddn nam vd nU, gdp phdn quan trpng vdo vifc phat trien kinh le - xd hpi ciing nhu viec hpi nhap cua Vift Nam vdi the gidi Chi so phdt trien gidi (GDI) dd tdng tir mue trung binh thdp nam 1995 vdi gia tri 0.554, dung v| ui thu 72/130 nudc, len mirc trung binh cao nam 2009, vdi gia tri 0,723, dting vi Ui 94/155 nudc dupe xep hang Sy thay ddi ddng ke 20 ndm